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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New York, NY :Springer,
    Keywords: Microbiology-Data processing. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Sponsored by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology of the International Council of Scientific Unions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (310 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781461249863
    Series Statement: Springer Series in Microbiology Series
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oxford :Elsevier Science & Technology,
    Keywords: Microbiology -- Technique. ; Microbiology -- Laboratory manuals. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Methods in Microbiology.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (529 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780080860480
    Series Statement: Issn Series ; v.Volume 19
    DDC: 591.51
    Language: English
    Note: Front Cover -- Current Methods for Classification and Identification of Microorganisms -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Classical and Rapid Identification Methods for Medically Important Bacteria -- Chapter 2. Characterization Tests Appropriate for Numerical Taxonomy Studies -- Chapter 3. Enzyme Tests in Bacterial Identification -- Chapter 4. Lipid and Cell-Wall Analysis in Bacterial Systematics -- Chapter 5. Microbial Systematics Based on Electrophoretic Whole-Cell Protein Patterns -- Chapter 6. Characterization of Microorganisms by Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry -- Chapter 7. Labelled-Antibody Methods for Detection and Identification of Microorganisms -- Chapter 8. Identification of Microorganisms by Rapid DNA-DNA Hybridization -- Chapter 9. Isolation, Purification and Enzymatic Sequencing of RNA -- Chapter 10. The Application of 16S rRNA Cataloguing and 5S rRNA Sequencing in Bacterial Systematics -- Chapter 11. Computer Programs for Classification and Identification -- Index -- Contents of Previous Volumes.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 32 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The use of indicator organisms for estuarine and coastal waters has been reviewed. The natural flora of the environment must be considered in selecting an indicator organism, but, more importantly, recent work which shows a viable but non-recoverable stage of pathogens entering the marine environment demonstrates that the conventional detection of indicator microorganisms is misleading, if not inaccurate. Results suggest that the newly developed epifluorescent/immunofluorescent direct detection of pathogens in the environment may be the most reliable method for determining public health hazards in marine and estuarine waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reacting with cholera toxin (CT) of Vibrio cholerae strain 569B were characterized in cross-section and GM1 ganglioside inhibition assays. MAbs were characterized by reaction with CT and Escherichia coli heat-labile porcine strain (LTp) and human strain (LTh) enterotoxins, and by GM1 ganglioside inhibition of mAb binding. Eight of 10 CT-A specific and 3 of 10 CT-B-specific mAbs cross-reacted with LTh and LTp. GM1 ganglioside inhibited reactions of the CT-B cross-reacting antibodies. Results showed that these epitodes common to the B subunit of CT and LT are located in or near the GM1 ganglioside binding region, and that the GM1 ganglioside-binding region of LT differs from that of CT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] Marine polysaccharides are being increasingly used in coatings, adhesives, feed stocks, substrates, foods, pharmaceuticals and biotechnological separations, as the gene pools of marine bacteria are tapped by recombinant DNA technology to increase polysaccharide yield. Two examples include ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved chemical inducers of settlement behavior of veliger larvae of the oysterCrassostrea gigas are found in supernatants of both pigmented species of bacteria (Alteromonas colwelliana, Vibrio cholerae strain HTX) as well as nonpigmented bacteria (Excherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae strain 596-B). Usually less than 10% of veligers exhibited settlement behavior in response to supernatants from the early bacterial growth phases, whereas 30–90% of larvae responded when exposed to supernatant from late-log and stationary phase cultures. Percentages of larvae exhibiting settlement behavior were inversely correlated with oxygen levels in the culture. Furthermore, the behavioral response decreased with pigment formation, suggesting that quantities of noxious compounds such as quinones may build up in the supernatants of cultures of pigmented bacteria. Tyrosinase, an enzyme that converts L-tyrosine to L-DOPA in the first step of melanogenesis, was detected both in the bacterial pellet and the supernatant during growth of the pigmented species. The enzyme is not required for the production of settlement inducer as the nonpigmented speciesE. coli andV. cholerae (596-B) also released inducer into the supernatant and had no detectable tyrosinase. The data suggest either that there is more than one inducer of settlement behavior found in bacterial supernatants or that the inducer is not L-DOPA or an L-DOPA-mimetic associated with the melanin biochemical pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 12 (1986), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 12 (1986), S. 101-110 
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Conclusion As the interactions between marine invertebrates and their bacterial commensals and symbionts are better understood, the application of biotechnology will enhance both environmental and economic benefit. In the immediate future, marine bacteria, either selected or genetically engineered, will play a significant role in enhancing the development of selected invertebrates in aquaculture and in the field. Luck may also favor discovery of mechanisms to suppress the development of biofouling species, perhaps by making it possible to coat submerged surfaces with bacterial films designed to repell larvae and/or interfere with larval morphogenesis. In any case, the future is appealing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1986), S. 41-49 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le développement rapide de la biotechnologie a fait naître des préoccupations concernant le relâchement délibéré dans l'environment de micro-organismes génétiquement manipulés. Des études sont en cours pour déterminer le sort et les effects de ces micro-organismes dans la nature. Les travaux entrepris montrent que la microscopie d'immuno-fluorescence et d'épifluorescence, associée à la détérmination de séquences-marqueurs de r-ARN 5S, permet de détecter des micro-organismes non-cultivables, mais demeurés viables dans les milieux naturels. Les études déjà réalisées sur divers microcosmes indiquent que des micro-organismes peuvent effectivement se trouver dans un état viable, mais non-cultivable, qui ressemble à une dormance, ce qui exige, pour contrôler le relâchement dans la nature d'organismes génétiquement manipulés, l'emploi de méthodes de détection directe. Ce phénomène se produit fréquemment aussi dans le cas de beaucoup d'autres organismes, y compris des pathogènes potentiels, qui sont relâchés dans l'environnement. Des études réalisées avecVibrio cholereae fournissent un exemple de méthodes utiles et de résultats intéressants. Il résulte de ces études queV. cholereae est largement distribué dans l'environnement naturel et ne peut souvent y être détecté que par microscopie directe, à cause de l'état viable, mais non-cultivable, sous lequel il se maintient dans la nature. Les études sur l'animal montrent qu'on peut collecter à partir d'échantillons de milieu naturel des cellules deV. cholereae viables mais noncultivables, après avoir donné, dans le cas des souches entéro-toxigènes, une réponse intestinale positive. Il est clair que les idées courantes sur la persistance et la fonction des micro-organismes dans l'environnement demandent à être modifiées en fonction de l'émergence de nouvelles méthodes et de nouveaux concepts en écologie microbienne.
    Abstract: Resumen En el campo de la biotecnología, en rápida expansión, causa preocupación la liberación deliberada al medio ambiente de microorganismos manipulados genéticamente. Se estan llevando a cabo estudios para determinar el destino y el efecto de tales microorganismos en el medio ambiente y especialmente su impacto ambiental. Estos estudios indican que la detección directa de dichos microorganismos, no cultivables pero que permanecen viables en un entorno natural, se puede realizar empleando microscopía de inmunofluorescencia/epifluorescencia junto con secuencias 5S rARN utilizadas como ‘etiquetas’, lo que proporciona un sistema eficaz para rastrear estos organismos en muestras del medio ambiente. La utilización de microcosmos y los estudios realizados hasta el momento indican que, efectivamente, los microorganismos sufren una transformación que los mantiene viables aunque no recuperables, en un estado similar a la dormancia, por lo que se requieren métodos de detección directa para controlar la liberación al medio ambiente de microorganismos producidos mediante ingeniería genética. Este fenómeno ocurre también frecuentemente en otros microorganismos liberados al ambiente, entre ellos posibles patógenos. Los estudios realizados sobreVibrio cholerae proporcionan un ejemplo interesante tanto de los métodos empleados como de los resultados obtenidos. Las conclusiones obtenidas indican que el organismo esta ampliamente distribuido en el entorno natural, pero que solo puede ser detectado mediante microscopía directa debido al estado viable, aunque no vultivable, en que se mantiene en el ambiente. Ensayos en animales muentran que se pueden recolectar células deV. cholerae a partir de muestras del medio ambiente y recuperarse como células viables despues de haber sido inyectadas en el íleo de conejos, habiendose demostrado una respuesta ileal positiva para aquellas cepas que son enterotóxicas. Obviamente las ideas actuales acerca de la persistencia y función de los microorganismos en el ambiente necesitaran ser modificadas a medida que se vayan desarrollando nuevos métodos y nuevos conceptos en ecología microbiana.
    Notes: Summary Genetically engineered micro-organisms (GEM) at present are the subject of much public attention. They are being considered for biological control, frost protection of plants, and other applications. There is a need to test such organisms before release to the environment. Examples of GEM includePseudomonas fluorescens into which have been cloned δ-toxin genes ofBacillus thuringiensis, ‘ice-minus bacteria’, and other organisms modified by addition, rearrangement and/or deletion of genetic material. Prior to release, the survival, fate, and effects of GEM in the environment must be established. Because organisms, once released, cannot be recalled or always controlled, it is imperative that a full understanding of the risks be known. Predictive ecology must include the new sub-discipline of molecular microbial ecology, if the need for information prior to release of GEM is to be met. One of the most important aspects of deliberate release which must be considered is the ability to detect and monitor GEM in the environment. It has been discovered that micro-organisms can undergo ‘dormancy’, i.e. enter a viable but non-recoverable stage in the natural environment. New techniques have been developed, employing immunofluorescent/epifluorescent microscopy, coupled with 5S rRNA sequencing, which allow accurate non-genetic detection of GEM. These techniques have been employed in aquatic systems. Charateristics of GEM important in release to the environment include ability to colonize surfaces, transfer genetic material and persist in specific environments. Clearly, the effects of GEM on the environment cannot be precisely predicted, unless the organisms have been so debilitated that they cannot persist in any natural habitat and cannot exchange genetic material with any other organism. It must be recognized that micro-organisms are extremely diverse and versatile. Uniformly applied, standard regulations governing deliberate release of GEM to the environment cannot be applied in the same way as for regulation of chemicals or medical devices. Case-by-case regulation appears to be the best approach for the immediate future. The implications of each organism, in terms of its own biology, will have to be considered.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1986), S. 5-17 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les extraordinaires développements de la biotechnologie dans le monde modifieront de façon significative le commerce mondial, aussi bien que la santé et le bien-être de l'homme. Des progrès considérables ont déjà été accomplis dans le domaine de la technologie médicale et agricole. La production de vaccins par les méthodes de l'ADN recombinant est un exemple du potentiel du génie génétique pour le traitement des maladies héréditaires et transmissibles. On connait moins le potentiel tout aussi considérable de la biotechnologie marine où on trouve d'excellents exemples d'applications industrielles réalisables aussi bien dans le pays développés que dans les pays en voie de développement. Les succès récents, obtenus par clonage des gènes d'hormones de croissance chez le saumon et par clonage d'autres gènes et groupes de gènes chez les poissons et les crustacés, laissent prévoir des changements majeurs dans le domaine de la production des poissons et crustacés d'intérêt commercial. Grâce à la biotechnologie, des composés pharmacologiquement actifs peuvent être obtenus à partir d'animaux et de végétaux marins. Des produits chimiques et des enzymes doués de propriétés nouvelles et spécifiques au milieu marin ont été découverts et sont suscéptibles d'applications industrielles. Ainsi, de nouveaux produits et de nouveaux marchés pointent à l'horizon. Ce qui a changé le tableau de façon décisive, c'est la facilité avec laquelle ces nouvelles substances peuvent être obtenues par les méthodes du génie génétique. Il n'est plus nécessaire d'avoir recours à des récoltes exposées aux aléas climatiques. Les gènes codant pour des caractères économiquement désirables peuvent être clonés au laboratoire et utilisés pour une production en cultures contrôlées. Faute de disposer des moyens technologiques et du potentiel scientifique nécessaires, les pays en voie de développement ne peuvent pas utiliser par eux-mêmes leurs énormes ressources naturelles. Des coopérations entre pays développés et moins développés doivent s'établir de façon à ce que la biotechnologie soit mutuellement profitable. La biotechnologie aura ainsi un rôle important et dont on peut attendre des effets considérables à l'échelle mondiale, à condition toutefois d'instituer une coopération effective entre les pays hautement industrialisés et le Tiers Monde.
    Abstract: Resumen El extraordinario desarrollo de la biotecnología en todo el mundo va a generar importantes cambios tanto en el comercio mundial como en la salud y bienestar de la humanidad. En las áreas de biotecnología médica y agrícola se han realizado importantes progresos. Un ejemplo de las posibilidades de la ingeniería genética en el tratamiento de enfermedades hereditarias y contagiosas es la produccion de vacunas utilizando técnicas de recombinación de ADN. La biotecnología marina es un área menos conocida pero no por ello con menos posibilidades de aplicaciones industriales tanto en países en desarrollo como en los desarrollados. Los éxitos obtenidos recientemente en la clonación de genes que codifican para las hormonas de crecimiento del salmón, así como de otros genes y conjuntos de genes de distintos peces y moluscos, suponen cambios importantes en la producción comercial de pescados y mariscos. Compuestos farmacológicamente activos procedentes de plantas y animales marinos pueden ahora cosechar se más eficientemente gracias a la biotecnología. Se estan descubiendo compuestos químicos y enzimas con propiedades especiales, unicas en el ambiente marino, cuya aplicación industrial tiene un futuro prometedor. Así pues, nuevos productos y nuevos mercados aparecen en el horizonte. La facilidad de acceso ahora disponible a estos nuevos materiales y compuestos, mediante la aplicación de los métodos de la ingeniería genética, ha cambiado significativamente el panorama. Ya no se ha de depender de cosechas sujetas a las variaciones del tiempo y del clima. Mediante la ingeniería genética los genes que codifican para características económicamente deseables pueden clonarse y los sistemas así obtenidos establecerse en laboratorio en condiciones de cultivo y producción controladas. La cantidad de recursos naturales que poseen los países en desarrollo no pueden ser utilizados productivamente por ellos mismos debido a la escasez de desarrollo tecnológico y potencial intelectual de los mismos. Deberián establecerse colaboraciones entre países en desarrollo y países desarrollados de manera que tanto unos como otros puedan beneficiarse de los progresos en biotecnología. Es este un papel importante que puede tener la microbiología aplicada y se puede predicir, a nivel global, un enorme impacto si se crean colaboraciones eficientes entre países en desarrollo y países desarrollados.
    Notes: Summary The extraordinary developments occurring in biotechnology throughout the world will lead to significant changes in world commerce, as well as in human health and welfare. A few dramatic advances have already been made in medical and agricultural biotechnology. Production of vaccines employing recombinant DNA methods is one example of the potential for genetic engineering applications in the treatment of hereditable and communicable diseases. Lesser understood, but with equally dramatic promise, is marine biotechnology, an example where the excellent possibilities for industry applications in both developing and developed countries can be elucidated. Recent successes in the cloning of growth hormone genes in salmon and other important genes and gene complexes in fin fish and shellfish promise major changes in production of commercially important fish and shellfish. Pharmacologically active compounds from marine animals and plants can now be harvested effectively, using biotechnology. Specialty chemicals and enzymes with unusual properties, unique to the marine environment, with potential for industrial applications, are being discovered. Thus, new products and new markets appear on the horizon. What has changed the picture significantly is the ready access which is now available to these new materials and compounds by the application of the methods of genetic engineering. No longer is it necessary to depend on sustained harvest, which may be subject to vagaries of weather or climate. By means of genetic engineering, genes coding for economically desirable traits can be cloned and those systems established in the laboratory in controlled culture and production. The enormous natural resources of developing countries cannot be productively harnessed by the developing countries themselves, since the industrial resources needed for the technology and the trained intellectual potential are not in abundant supply. Partnerships between developed and developing countries should be established so that the benefits of biotechnology can be achieved by both. An important role for applied microbiology, thus, is described and a dramatic impact at the global level can be predicted if effective biotechnology partnerships between the developing and developed countries of the world are created.
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