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  • 2020-2024  (7)
  • 1985-1989  (13)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Satellite measurements of sea surface cooling during hurricane Gloria (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 326 (1987), S. 373-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] Hurricane Gloria (1985) began to form very late in the hurricane season off the Cape Verde Islands1. Gloria moved nearly due westward with the trade winds to about the Leeward Islands, and then turned north-west toward the Sargasso Sea. On 25 September the minimum central pressure fell to 919 mbar, ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/326373a0
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  • 2
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    Seasonal variability of meridional temperature fluxes in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean (1988)
    Sears Foundation of Marine Research
    In:  Journal of Marine Research, 46 (2). pp. 281-299.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-11-28
    Beschreibung: Seasonal meridional ocean temperature fluxes were computed in a regional study of the eastern North Atlantic Ocean east of 30°30′W between 12°30′N and 39°30′N for the upper 1500 m of the ocean. Historical oceanographic and meteorological measurements are the data base for the direct method of computing temperature fluxes. Seasonal changes in temperature fluxes caused by the seasonality of Ekman transport and geostrophic transport are strongly dependent on latitude. Between 19N and 25N the meridional temperature flux shows low seasonality. In this area the permanent subtropical gyre and the stable trade-winds result in low seasonal changes. North of 25N the Ekman transport shows large seasonal variations. The latitude of the transition of southward Ekman temperature flux to northward Ekman temperature flux is located at 28N in winter. In summer it is found at 38N. The seasonal variability of the meridional temperature fluxes in the subtropics north of 25N is influenced by this annual cycle in Ekman transport, as well as by the southward displacement in summer and the northward movement of the Azores Current in winter. The tropical eastern Atlantic Ocean shows seasonal changes both in the geostrophic and Ekman transports. South of 17N the total temperature flux is always to the north. The largest meridional temperature fluxes, with more than 0.7 PW, are found in fall at 12°30′N directed northward, and in winter at 33°30′N to the south. In general the subtropical eastern North Atlantic Ocean transports heat to the south all the year round, while in the tropics heat is transported to the north. The seasonality in the eastern Atlantic Ocean is found to be different from seasonal variations in global investigations. The seasonal heat budget computations show a heat gain in the ocean in the area investigated from April to September and a heat loss from October to March. Over the whole year the eastern North Atlantic gains about 0.09 PW from the atmosphere.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1357/002224088785113577
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  • 3
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    Satellite measurements of sea surface cooling during hurricane Gloria (1987)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 326 (6111). pp. 373-375.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-02
    Beschreibung: Hurricanes and other strong storms can cause important decreases in sea surface temperature by means of vertical mixing within the upper ocean, and by air–sea heat exchange. Here we use satellite-derived infrared images of the western North Atlantic to study sea surface cooling caused by hurricane Gloria (1985). Significant regional variations in sea surface cooling are well correlated with hydrographic conditions. The greatest cooling (up to 5°C) occurred in slope waters north of the Gulf Stream where the seasonal thermocline is shallowest and most compressed; moderate cooling (up to 3 °C) occurred in the open Sargasso Sea where the thermocline is deeper and more diffused; little or no cooling occurred in shallow coastal waters (bottom depth less than 20 m) which were isothermal before the passage of hurricane Gloria. There is a pronounced right-side asymmetry of sea surface cooling with stronger (by a factor of 4) and more extensive (by a factor of 3) cooling found on the right side of the hurricane track. These qualitative results are consistent with the notion that vertical mixing within the upper ocean is the dominant sea surface cooling mechanism of hurricanes.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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    DOI: 10.1038/326373a0
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  • 4
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    Baroclinic Flow and Transient-Tracer Fields in the Canary–Cape Verde Basin (1986)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 16 (5). pp. 814-826.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-04
    Beschreibung: Simulated transient-tracer distributions (tritium, 3H3, freons) on the isopycnal horizons σ0=26.5 and 26.8 kg m−3 are presented for the East Atlantic, 10° −40°N. Tracer transport is modeled by employing a baroclinic flow field based on empirical data in a kinematic isopycnal advection-diffusion numerical model, in which winter convection is taken as the mechanism of communication with the ocean surface layer, and the isopycnal diffusivity is a free parameter. Diapucnic transport is ignored. The simulations employ time-dependent tracer boundary conditions, which are constructed on the basis of available observations. Simulations are compared to data obtained on a meridional section in 1981 (F/S Meteor, cruise 56/5). Best simulations were obtained by means of a subjective optimization procedure. On both levels, the observed distributions and the best simulated distributions agree well. The fact that the surface boundary conditions and interior distributions of the tracers are distinctly different leads us to the conclusion that our model provides a consistent description of upper main-thermocline ventilation and interior transport Surface-water densities in February are found to represent adequately the winter outcrop boundaries with an uncertainty of about ±300 km across. The required isopycnal diffusivity south of 29°N is 1700 m2 s−1, and 2900 m2 s−1 further north (+70/−40%). Interior transport is found to be predominantly advective. Advective ventilation across 30.5°N east of 33°W amounts to only 12% and 40% for the 26.5 and 26.8 horizons of the total ventilation rates reported by Sarmiento. The North Atlantic/South Atlantic Central Water boundary near 15°N is found to be predominantly determined by advection.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1986)016〈0814:BFATTF〉2.0.CO;2
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  • 5
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    Seasonal Changes in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (1988)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 93 (C7). pp. 8111-8118.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-26
    Beschreibung: The eastern part of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre is found in the region between the Azores and the Cape Verde Islands. A study of the gyre structure in the area east of 35°W between 8°N and 41°N is presented. The geostrophic flow field determined from historical temperature-salinity data sets by objective analysis indicates seasonal variations in shape but no significant changes in the magnitude of volume transports. The eastern part of the gyre has a larger east-west and smaller north-south extension in summer compared with the winter season. The center shifts by about 2° latitude to the south from winter to summer. Long-term temperature time series (6.5 years) from a mooring near the Azores are consistent with these results, showing always a consistent temperature increase at the beginning of the year which is apparently due to the displacement of the northeastern part of the gyre. A comparison between the mean flow fields and fields obtained from individual zonal sections indicates large deviations north and south of the gyre but small deviations within the gyre.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/JC093iC07p08111
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  • 6
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    The Brazil current transport south of 23°S (1989)
    Pergamon Press
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part A: Oceanographic Research Papers, 36 (4). pp. 639-646.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-08-04
    Beschreibung: Geostrophic computations from historical data across the Brazil Current at 23° and 24°S lead to transports of 10.2 and 9.6 Sv, respectively. Data exist from all four seasons at about 24°S, but no seasonal signal can be seen in the baroclinic transport of the Brazil Current there. At 33°S the Brazil Current transport is estimated to be 17.5 Sv. A recirculation cell of 7.5 Sv is found in the western South Atlantic south of 28°S. The major problem in computing transport of the Brazil Current is not with determining the correct reference depth, but with the Brazil Current flowing partially over the shelf and therefore not being sampled completely by deep-water hydrographic stations. As long as the vertical distribution of water masses is taken into account for choosing a reference depth, geostrophic computations lead to results consistent with previous estimates.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(89)90012-5
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  • 7
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    Processing and analysis of large volumes of satellite-derived thermal infrared data (1987)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 92 (C12). pp. 12993-13002.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-04-04
    Beschreibung: Reducing the large volume of TIROS-N series advanced very high resolution radiometer-derived data to a practical size for application to regional physcial oceanographic studies is a formidable task. Such data exist on a global basis for January 1979 to the present at approximately 4-km resolution (global area coverage data, ≈2 passes per day) and in selected areas at high resolution (local area coverage and high-resolution picture transmission data, at ≈1-km resolution) for the same period. An approach that has been successful for a number of studies off the east coast of the United States divided the processing into two procedures: preprocessing and data reduction. The preprocessing procedure can reduce the data volume per satellite pass by over 98% for full-resolution data or by ≈84% for the lower-resolution data while the number of passes remains unchanged. The output of the preprocessing procedure for the examples presented is a set of sea surface temperature (SST) fields of 512 × 1024 pixels covering a region of approximately 2000 × 4000 km. In the data reduction procedure the number of SST fields (beginning with one per satellite pass) is generally reduced to a number manageable from the analyst's perspective (of the order of one SST field per day). This is done in most of the applications presented by compositing the data into 1- or 2-day groups. The phenomena readily addressed by such procedures are the mean position of the Gulf Stream, the envelope of Gulf Stream meandering, cold core Gulf Stream ring trajectories, statistics on diurnal warming, and the region and period of 18°C water formation. The flexibility of this approach to regional oceanographic problems will certainly extend the list of applications quickly.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/JC092iC12p12993
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  • 8
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    Some observations of the Azores Current and the North Equatorial Current (1989)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 94 (C3). p. 3181.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-04-17
    Beschreibung: The regions containing the two zonal currents of the subtropical gyre in the eastern North Atlantic, the Azores Current and the North Equatorial Current (NEC), have quite different physical characteristics. Associated with the Azores Current are strong horizontal thermohaline gradients that can be located easily both at the surface and at depth with temperature data alone, thus making satellite IR imagery and expendable bathythermograph profiles suitable for observing it. During winter, the surface expression of the Azores Current is often found to the north of the strongest subsurface gradients. In contrast to the Azores Current and to the central water mass boundary just to the south, the NEC has relatively weak horizontal temperature and salinity gradients, requiring density information in order to identify it. There is no clear surface manifestation found with the NEC. Common to both currents, though, is that each transports O(8 Sv) in the upper 800 m of the ocean near 27°W, with the largest velocities being in the upper 400 m.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/JC094iC03p03181
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  • 9
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    Meridional temperature fluxes in the subtropical eastern North Atlantic (1986)
    Pergamon Press
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part A: Oceanographic Research Papers, 33 (2). pp. 209-223.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-08-04
    Beschreibung: In a regional study of the eastern North Atlantic Ocean east of 35°W between 41°N and 8°N the mean meridional ocean temperature flux was computed from oceanographic and meteorological measurements using the direct method. In the area of the permanent subtropical gyre between 36°N and 22°N, a southward geostrophic temperature flux dominates. The Ekman temperature flux is weak and changes from a southward flux north of 32°N to a northward flux south of 32°N. In the area of the North Equatorial Current and in the tropics the Ekman temperature flux is comparable in magnitude to the geostrophic temperature flux. Therefore, the total temperature flux changes to a northward direction at 20°N, where the geostrophic transport is still to the south, and becomes large in the tropics, where both components show northward temperature fluxes. The heat flux divergence for the area investigated leads to an ocean heat gain of 0.19 PW. A comparison of annual mean temperature fluxes with temperature fluxes of east-west CTD sections from the winter half-year shows a small seasonal signal in the geostrophic temperature flux in the subtropical gyre but large differences in the tropics. The seasonal changes for the Ekman temperature fluxes are weak.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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    DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(86)90119-6
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  • 10
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    The distribution of diurnal sea surface warming events in the western Sargasso Sea (1985)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 90 (C6). p. 11811.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-02-26
    Beschreibung: Large diurnal sea surface warming exceeding 1°C is common in the western North Atlantic Ocean and is often of large horizontal extent. These events correlate closely with very light winds and high insolation. In the area investigated, 17°–40°N and 55°–80°W, the largest warming is found in the western portion of the ridge associated with the Azores-Bermuda high, where the lowest wind speeds are observed. The distribution of warming events shows that the largest number occur between June and August, when insolation is highest and percent cloud cover and wind speed are low. The most probable latitude of warming events moves north from approximately 25°N in spring to near 30°N in summer, a shift similar to that seen in the minimum of the climatological winds. Local areas have a probability as high as 30% for diurnal warming in excess of 1°C in the summer. The net heat flux into the ocean, calculated by using monthly mean values for low latitudes in the summer, excluding diurnal warming events, is biased consistently high by as much as 5 W/m2 relative to the same values calculated with warming events included.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/JC090iC06p11811
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