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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple repetitive sequences are associated with differentiation of the sex chromosomes in the guppy fish (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 30 (1990), S. 456-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Chromosomal sex determination ; Heterochromatin ; “Junk” DNA ; DNA fingerprinting ; Oligonucleotide hydridization in situ
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Hybridization of restriction enzymedigested genomic guppy (Poecilia reticulata, Poeciliidae) DNA with the oligonucleotide probe (GACA)4 revealed a male-specific simple tandem repeat locus, which defines the Y chromosome in outbred populations. The related (GATA)4 probe identifies certain males with the red color phenotype. In contrast only in two out of eight laboratory guppy strains was the typical (GACA)4 band observed. By specific staining of the constitutive heterochromatin one pair of chromosomes could also be identified as the sex chromosomes, confirming the XX/XY mechanism of sex determination. All males exhibit Y chromosomes with a large region of telomeric heterochromatin. Hybridization in situ with nonradioactively labeled oligonucleotide probes localized the (GACA)n repeats to this heterochromatic portion. Together these results may be regarded as a recent paradigm for the differentiation of heteromorphic sex chromosomes from a pair of autosomes during the course of evolution. According to the fish model system, this may have happened in several independent consecutive steps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02101117
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct visualization of botulinum neurotoxin-induced channels in phospholipid vesicles (1993)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 364 (1993), S. 827-830 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We induced ordered arrays of the NT by a modification of the phospholipid monolayer technique5'6 (Fig. 1 legend). Botulinum NT serotype B preferentially formed ordered arrays on the surfaces of vesicles and induced a shape change from their original spherical form to closed tubes (Fig. 1). ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/364827a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An expression vector inhibits gene expression in Xenopus embryos by antisense RNA (1992)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 201 (1992), S. 340-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Antisense RNA ; BPV ; Episomal expression vector ; Actin gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An expression vector was constructed containing the entire bovine papilloma virus (BPV-1) genome and part of the a-actin gene of Xenopus laevis cloned in the antisense orientation into the neomycin resistance gene under the control of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase (TK) promoter. When this vector is microinjected into X. laevis embryos it replicates extrachromosomally, at least up to the tadpole stage, and a fusion RNA is synthesized after the mid blastula transition (MBT). The expression of the antisense gene results in a morphological abnormality of somites demonstrating that antisense RNA generated by an episomal replicating expression vector can inhibit the expression of a selected gene during early embryogenesis of X. laevis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365121
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The organization of macronuclear DNA sequences associated with C4A4 repeats in the polytene chromosomes of Stylonychia lemnae (1991)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 100 (1991), S. 300-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gene libraries of the micronucleus and the macronuclear anlagen of the polytene chromosome stage of Stylonychia lemnae were screened for internal C4A4 repeats. The number of these internal repeats was shown to be identical in both kinds of nuclei. Analysis of macronuclear sequences associated with C4A4 in the polytene chromosomes showed that several macronuclear DNA sequences are clustered. However, interspersed between short exons of one gene are located exons of several other genes, i.e. the exon of one gene is an intron for several other genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00360528
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early stages of sex chromosome differentiation in fish as analysed by simple repetitive DNA sequences (1992)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 101 (1992), S. 301-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Animal sex chromosome evolution has started on different occasions with a homologous pair of autosomes leading to morphologically differentiated gonosomes. In contrast to other vertebrate classes, among fishes cytologically demonstrable sex chromosomes are rare. In reptiles, certain motifs of simple tandemly repeated DNA sequences like (gata)n/(gaca)m are associated with the constitutive heterochromatin of sex chromosomes. In this study a panel of simple repetitive sequence probes was hybridized to restriction enzyme digested genomic DNA of poeciliid fishes. Apparent male heterogamety previously established by genetic experiments in Poecilia reticulata (guppy) was correlated with male-specific hybridization using the (GACA)4 probe. The (GATA)4 oligonucleotide identifies certain male guppies by a Y chromosomal polymorphism in the outbred population. In contrast none of the genetically defined heterogametic situations in Xiphophorus could be verified consistently using the collection of simple repetitive sequence probes. Only individuals from particular populations produced sex-specific patterns of hybridization with (GATA)4. Additional poeciliid species (P. sphenops, P. velifera) harbour different sex-specifically organized simple repeat motifs. The observed sex-specific hybridization patterns were substantiated by banding analyses of the karyotypes and by in situ hybridization using the (GACA)4 probe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00346009
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of a small ring chromosome in the complex karyotype of a girl with Turner syndrome (1991)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 87 (1991), S. 680-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blood samples of an 8-year-old girl with Turner syndrome were examined using cytogenetic and molecular methods. Chromosomal analyses revealed a mosaic karyotype consisting of 25% 47,X,der(X),+r(X) and 75% 46,X,der(X) cells. Southern blot hybridizations with Y-specific DNA probes excluded a Y chromosomal origin of the small ring chromosome. In situ hybridization using DNA probe pXBR showed it to be X-derived. Examination of C-, Q-, and R-banding patterns indicated that the der(X) chromosome probably arose by a translocation event.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00201725
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterogeneities in the distribution of (GACA)n simple repeats in the karyotypes of primates and mouse (1990)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 85 (1990), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tandemly organized simple repetitive sequences are widespread in all eukaryotes. The organization of the simple tetrameric (GACA)n sequences at chromosomal loci has been investigated using in situ hybridization with chemically pure oligonucleotide probes. Both biotin- and digoxigenin-attached (GACA)4 probes reveal specific hybridization signals over the short arms of all acrocentric autosomes in man. In the other examined primates the NOR-bearing autosomes could be detected by in situ hybridization with (GACA)4, and a major concentration of the GACA simple repeats could be observed on the Y chromosome in the gibbon and mouse; the hybridization site in the gibbon Y chromosome coincides particularly with the silver-stainable NOR. In the past, accumulations of (GACA)n sequences were demonstrated mainly on vertebrate sex chromosomes. Therefore, the organization of GACA simple sequences is discussed in the context of their evolutionary potential accumulation and the possible linkage with the primate rDNA loci.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193194
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aneuploidy and ageing: sex chromosome exclusion into micronuclei (1994)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 94 (1994), S. 295-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In lymphocyte cultures, the number of aneuploid cell nuclei increases with proband age mainly because of the loss of sex chromosomes. Since one possible cause of aneuploidy in cell nuclei is chromosomal lag at anaphase, with subsequent chromosome loss via micronucleus formation, we scored 5000 interphase nuclei from ten female and ten male probands for associated micronuclei. Whereas, in young (〈 10 years) probands, an average of 0.15% interphase nuclei exhibited micronuclei, the frequency rose to 0.46% in older probands (〉 70 years). In situ hybridizations with X-specific and Y-specific DNA probes were carried out, and the signal distribution in ten nuclei with associated micronuclei was documented for each donor. Our results indicate that the exclusion of sex chromosomes into micronuclei doubles during a human life, from 11% in young probands to 20% in old donors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208287
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetochore formation in experimentally undercondensed chromosomes (1990)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 84 (1990), S. 535-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Treatment of human and mouse cell cultures with the cytidine analogue 5-azadeoxycytidine and the AT-specific DNA ligand Hoechst 33258 dramatically inhibited condensation of the pericentromeric heterochromatin in several chromosomes. When stained with antikinetochore autoimmune sera, these experimentally undercondensed chromosomes showed kinetochores with preserved antigenicity. The undercondensed and normally condensed chromosomes share the major antigenic determinants of the kinetochore.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210805
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Y isochromosome associated with a mosaic karyotype and inactivation of the centromere (1990)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 85 (1990), S. 486-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A patient with azoospermia and a Y isochromosome is described. The breakpoint producing this i(Y) was within the terminal short arm of the Y chromosome. Lymphocyte cultures from peripheral blood contained a high proportion of 45,X cells and cells with different Y-chromosome rearrangements. The i(Y) had either a monocentric or dicentric appearance. In dicentrics, anti-kinetochore immunofluorescence was present at both centromeres. However, this was also true for most of the functional monocentrics (pseudodicentrics). Kinetochore staining was generally positive at the site of the inactive centromeres; only a minority of the suppressed centromeres had lost their antigenic properties. Permanently growing lymphoblasts consistently showed a monocentric i(Y) with only one fluorescing kinetochore; the immunonegative Y centromere did not recover antigenicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194221
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