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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Particle accelerators. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (306 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783527617289
    Series Statement: Wiley Series in Beam Physics and Accelerator Technology Series
    DDC: 539.7
    Language: English
    Note: An Introduction to the Physics of High Energy Accelerators -- Contents -- Series Preface -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Prerequisites -- 1.2 Uses of Accelerators -- 1.2.1 Luminosity of a High Energy Collider -- 1.2.2 Synchrotron Radiation Sources -- Problems -- 2 Acceleration and Phase Stability -- 2.1 Acceleration Methods -- 2.1.1 DC Accelerators -- 2.1.2 Time Varying Electromagnetic Fields -- 2.1.3 Resonant Cavities -- 2.1.4 Accelerating Structures -- 2.2 Phase Stability -- 2.2.1 Synchrotron Oscillations -- 2.2.2 Adiabatic Damping and Longitudinal Emmittance -- 2.2.3 Transition Crossing -- 2.3 The Need for Transverse Focusing -- Problems -- 3 Transverse Linear Motion -- 3.1 Stability of Transverse Oscillations -- 3.1.1 Weak Focusing -- 3.1.2 Strong Focusing -- 3.1.3 Stability Criterion -- 3.2 Equation of Motion -- 3.2.1 Piecewise Method of Solution -- 3.2.2 Closed Form Solution -- 3.2.3 Courant-Snyder Parameters -- 3.2.4 Emittance and Admittance -- 3.2.5 Adiabatic Damping of Betatron Oscillations -- 3.3 Momentum Dispersion -- 3.3.1 Equation of Motion for an Off-Momentum Particle -- 3.3.2 Solution of Equation of Motion -- 3.4 Linear Deviations from the Ideal Lattice -- 3.4.1 Steering Errors and Corrections -- 3.4.2 Focusing Errors and Corrections -- 3.4.3 Chromaticity -- Problems -- 4 Resonances and Transverse Nonlinear Motion -- 4.1 Transverse Resonances -- 4.1.1 Floquet Transformation -- 4.1.2 Multipole Expansion -- 4.1.3 The Driven Oscillator and Rational Numbers -- 4.2 A Third-Integer Resonance -- 4.2.1 Equation of Motion -- 4.2.2 Recognition of the Sextupole Resonance -- 4.2.3 First Integral and the Separatrix -- 4.2.4 Application to Resonant Extraction -- 4.2.5 Comments on Correction Systems -- 4.3 The Hamiltonian Formalism -- 4.3.1 Review of Hamiltonian Dynamics -- 4.3.2 The Hamiltonian for Small Transverse Oscillations. , 4.3.3 Transformations of the Hamiltonian -- 4.3.4 The Third-Integer Resonance Revisited -- Problems -- 5 Transverse Coupled Motion -- 5.1 Linear Coupling -- 5.1.1 Coupled Harmonic Oscillators -- 5.1.2 Perturbation Treatment of a Single Skew Quadrupole -- 5.1.3 Matrix Treatment of a Single Skew Quadrupole -- 5.1.4 Matrix Formalism of Linear Coupling -- 5.2 Nonlinear Coupling -- 5.2.1 Two-Degree-of-Freedom Sum Resonance Due to Distribution of Sextupoles -- 5.2.2 Multipoles and Resonance Lines -- Problems -- 6 Intensity Dependent Effects -- 6.1 Space Charge -- 6.1.1 The Transverse Space Charge Force -- 6.1.2 Equation of Motion in the Presence of Space Charge -- 6.1.3 Incoherent Tune Shift -- 6.1.4 The Beam-Beam Tune Shift -- 6.1.5 Image Charge and Image Current Effects -- 6.2 The Negative Mass Instability -- 6.2.1 The Longitudinal Space Charge Field -- 6.2.2 Perturbation of the Line Density -- 6.3 Wake Fields and Impedance -- 6.3.1 Field of a Relativistic Charge in Vacuum -- 6.3.2 Wake Field for a Resistive Wall -- 6.3.3 Wake Functions -- 6.3.4 Impedance -- 6.4 Macroparticle Models of Coherent Instabilities -- 6.4.1 Beam Breakup in Linacs -- 6.4.2 The Strong Head-Tail Instability -- 6.4.3 The Head-Tail Instability -- 6.5 Evolution of the Distribution Function -- 6.5.1 The Vlasov Equation -- 6.5.2 The Dispersion Relation -- 6.5.3 Application to the Negative Mass Instability -- 6.6 Landau Damping -- Problems -- 7 Emittance Preservation -- 7.1 Injection Mismatch -- 7.1.1 Steering Errors -- 7.1.2 Focusing Errors -- 7.2 Diffusion Processes -- 7.2.1 RF Noise and Excitation of Oscillations -- 7.2.2 Beam-Gas Scattering -- 7.3 Emittance Reduction -- 7.3.1 Transverse Stochastic Cooling -- 7.3.2 Longitudinal Stochastic Cooling -- 7.4 Some Remarks on Beam Distributions -- Problems -- 8 Synchrotron Radiation -- 8.1 Radiation from Relativistic Particles. , 8.2 Damping of Oscillations -- 8.3 Quantum Fluctuations and Equilibrium Beam Size -- Problems -- Appendix A Tables of Accelerator Parameters -- Bibliography -- Index.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 2 (1990), S. 45-55 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Flow fields within spatially periodic arrays of cylinders arranged in square and hexagonal lattices are calculated, with microscale Reynolds number ranging between zero and 200, employing a finite element numerical scheme. The terminology of an "apparent permeability'' is introduced to establish a relationship existing between mean velocity and macroscopic pressure gradient characterized by a finite Reynolds number flow. In contrast with the low Reynolds number "true '' permeability, the apparent permeability is shown here to generally depend upon the direction of the applied pressure gradient, owing to nonlinearities existing within the local fluid motion. The orientation-dependent permeabilities of both square and hexagonal monodisperse arrays are observed to diminish with increasing Reynolds number. Similar behavior is also observed for a bidisperse square array, though the apparent permeability of the latter is shown less sensitive to Darcy velocity orientation at large Reynolds numbers in comparison to the corresponding monodisperse square array, for all cylinder concentrations examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 3121-3131 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ion-beam mixing of tin on iron provides corrosion protection against high-temperature oxidation. Previous studies have been inconclusive as to the exact composition and distribution of alloys produced at the Fe/Sn interface. This study provides a detailed diagram of Fe-Sn specimens after ion-beam mixing with Ar+ at 40 keV and a dose of 5×1016 ions/cm2 . The interface was isotopically labeled with 7.5 nm of 57 Fe and 119 Sn so that dual perspective conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy could be performed. Analyses in this manner allowed comparison of 119 Sn conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) and 57 Fe CEMS spectra to accurately assign spectral components which could not be conclusively assigned using a single CEMS perspective. Information from Rutherford backscattering spectrometry confirmed the layered nature of specimens prior to implantation and was used for depth determination of the mixed region after implantation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy also provided information after implantation. Data indicate the formation of a uniform amorphous surface during implantation resulting in a heterogeneous mixture of components consisting mainly of dilute tin in iron (approximately 8-at. % Sn) and FeSnx (x≈1). About 80% of the 37.5-nm tin overlayer was removed by sputtering. The components identified are somewhat more iron rich than previous assignments and illustrate the difference in surface structures resulting from various implantation parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 28 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Confined production of poultry results in significant volumes of waste material which are typically disposed of by land application. Concerns over the potential environmental impacts of poultry waste disposal have resulted in ongoing efforts to develop management practices which maintain high quality of water downstream of disposal areas. The timing of application to minimize waste constituent losses is a management practice with the potential to ensure high quality of streams, rivers, and lakes downstream of receiving areas. This paper describes the development and application of a method to identify which time of year is best, from the standpoint of surface water quality, for land application of poultry waste. The procedure consists of using a mathematical simulation model to estimate average nitrogen and phosphorus losses resulting from different application timings, and then identifying the timings which minimize losses of these nutrients. The procedure was applied to three locations in Arkansas, and three different criteria for optimality of application timing were investigated. One criterion was oriented strictly to water quality, one was oriented only to crop production, and the last was a combination. The criteria resulted in different windows of time being identified as optimal. Optimal windows also varied with location of the receiving area. The results indicate that it is possible to land-apply poultry waste at times which both minimize nutrient losses and maximize crop yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 30 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Application of fertilizer can degrade quality of runoff, particularly during the first post-application, runoff-producing storm. This experiment assessed and compared runoff quality impacts of organic and inorganic fertilizer application for a single simulated storm occurring seven days following application. The organic fertilizers used were poultry (Gallus gallus domesticus) litter, poultry manure, and swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) manure. All fertilizers were applied at an application rate of 217.6 kg N/ha. Simulated rainfall was applied at 50 mm/h for an average duration of 0.8 h. Runoff samples were collected, composited, and analyzed for nitrate N (NO3-N), ammonia N (NH3-N), total Kjeldahl N (TKN), ortho-P (PO4-P), total P (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), fecal coliforms (FC), and fecal streptococci (FS). Application of the fertilizers did not alter the hydrologic characteristics of the receiving plots relative to the control plots. Concentrations of fertilizer constituents were almost always greater from treated than from control plots and were usually much greater. Flow-weighted mean concentrations of NH3-N, PO4-P, and TP were highest for the inorganic fertilizer treatment (42.0, 26.6, and 27.9 mg/L, respectively). Runoff COD and TSS concentrations were greatest for the poultry litter treatment. Concentrations of FC and FS were greater for fertilized than for control plots with no differences among fertilized plots, but FC concentrations for all treatments were in excess of Arkansas' primary and secondary contact standards. Mass losses of fertilizer constituents were low (≤ 3 kg/ha) and were small proportions (≤ 3 percent) of amounts applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 41 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Experimental results are reported concerning the nature of reflected flows generated when density currents are incident upon ramp-type flow obstructions. The reflected flows are bores (moving hydraulic jumps that transport mass) with flow characteristics in common with either a group of solitary waves (weak Type A bores) or the original density current (strong Type C bores). Alternatively, the bore may have attributes in common with both of these end-member forms (intermediate Type B bores). Bore strength is positively correlated with the ratio of reverse flow thickness to that of the residual tail of the forward flow. The largest values of this ratio occur when ‘proximal’reflections arrive at the steeper ramps. Measured particle paths in the bores indicate that natural examples will have the potential to transport and deposit sediment. Strong bores have velocity characteristics very similar to the original current and thus in nature the generated sequence of sedimentary structures will resemble those of the original depositing current. The train of solitary waves that make up a weak bore sequence exhibits a pulsating velocity profile at a point. Such flows may thus generate repeated sequences of structures separated by fine ‘drapes’that are distinguishable from the deposits of the original turbidity current. These conclusions are applied to examples of reflected turbidites described from the Palaeozoic to Quaternary sedimentary record.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Shock waves 2 (1992), S. 237-243 
    ISSN: 1432-2153
    Keywords: Blast wave ; Explosive ; Hopkinson bar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The paper reports the results of experimental measurements of the reflection pressures close to spherical charges of TNT. These measurements were made using a pressure bar technique. Charge weights of up to 3.6 kg were used, with the reflecting plane in the range 25 to 300 mm from the charge surface. A possible wave interaction model is discussed, to account for the observed pressure profiles, and its qualitative correctness checked by means of numerical simulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Crayfish ; Electrical synapse ; Rectification ; Computer simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rectification properties of electrical synapses made by the segmental giant (SG) neurone of crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) were investigated. The SG acts as an interneurone, transmitting information from the giant command fibres (GFs) to the abdominal fast flexor (FF) motoneurones. The GF-SG (input) synapses are inwardly-rectifying electrical synapses, while the SG-FF (output) synapses are outwardly rectifying electrical synapses. This implies that a single neurone can make gap junction hemichannels with different rectification properties. The coupling coefficient of these synapses is dependent upon transjunctional potential. There is a standing gradient in resting potential between the GFs, SG and FFs, with the GFs the most hyperpolarized, and the FFs the most depolarized. The gradient thus biases each synapse into the low-conductance state under resting conditions. There is functional double rectification between the bilateral pairs of SGs within a single segment, such that depolarizing membrane potential changes of either SG pass to the other SG with less attenuation than do hyperpolarizing potential changes. Computer simulation suggests that this may result from coupling through the intermediary FF neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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