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  • 1
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract: HPLC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of 18 amino acids, N-acetylaspartate, N-acetylaspartyglutamate, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, derived from serotonin, and homovanillic acid, derived from dopamine, were performed in CSF collected from a group of patients with schizophrenia who either had been drug free for at least 1 year (n = 5) or were drug naive for psychotropic drugs (n = 21) and in 15 control subjects. Significant differences were found only for taurine (15% lower in the patients) and isoleucine (7% higher). A number of unidentified substances were detected, one of which proved to be markedly reduced (16%) among the schizophrenic patients. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with continuous flow-fast atom bombardment interface allowed us to identify this substance as γ-glutamyglutamine. The decreased level of γ-glutamylglutamine may reflect a deficiency in the γ-glutamyltransferase system, a system probably involved in glutamate uptake, or a deficiency in glutamine, an important precursor of releasable glutamate. Although glutamate was nonsignificantly reduced in the patients, it was one of the five substances (including γ-glutamylglutamine) that were necessary for the best discrimination between the schizophrenic patients and the controls. These findings support the notion that the glutamatergic system is affected in schizophrenic disorders. In addition, they underscore the need to apply rigid bioanalytical techniques and use drug-naive patients to gain in-depth information on the pathophysiology of brain disorders such as schizophrenia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Schlagwort(e): Serotonin ; sleep deprivation ; recovery sleep ; 5-HT2 receptor ; platelet 5-HT content ; platelet density distribution ; platelet IL-1β release ; major depression ; wakefulness
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Sleep deprivation (SD) represents a well-established therapy for major depression. Recent findings suggest that the antidepressive effects of sleep deprivation are mediated at least in part by pro-serotoninergic mechanisms. Furthermore, SD has been demonstrated to modify different host defense activities. We therefore investigated the serotonin (5-HT) content in platelets, platelet density distribution and 5-HT-induced IL-1β release from platelets in 10 healthy men before and after total SD (TSD) as well as after recovery sleep. Blood samples were drawn on 3 consecutive days at 7.00 h, 13.00 h, and 19.00 h, respectively. In addition, the psychophysiological parameters tiredness and wakefulness were assessed. After TSD the normal daily variation of IL-1β release with high morning levels and low evening levels was found to be significantly inverted. The release of IL-1β corresponded positively to the subjectively experienced tiredness of the probands. Analysis of platelet density distribution indicated a significant daily variation of low density platelets with low levels in the morning and high levels in the evening, which was absent after TSD. Our findings favour an increased pro-serotoninergic effect after TSD, which comprises respective variations of the host defense system, but is abolished by consecutive recovery sleep.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Depression ; Vulnerabilität ; Schlafpolygraphie ; Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennierenrinden-System ; Persönlichkeit ; Key words Depression ; Vulnerability ; Polysomnography ; Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system ; Personality
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary The neurobiological alterations commonly found in affective disorders (e.g., alterations in the nocturnal sleep profile, dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system) gradually recover with improvement of the depressive syndrome. Their persistence during full clinical remission, however, is associated with an increased risk for relapse and, thus may represent trait markers for affective disorders. In order to test this hypothesis, we designed a prospective study in which healthy first-degree relatives (high-risk probands; HRPs; n=54) of patients with an affective disorder are investigated by means of polysomnography, the combined dexamethasone and corticotropine-releasing hormone (DEX-CRH) test and a variety of psychometric scales. In the present part of the study (index assessment), these HRPs, as a group, showed depressionlike alterations in both the sleep pattern and the DEX-CRH-test outcome; furthermore, their psychometric profile was characterized by elevated scores on the scales assessing „rigidity” and „autonomic lability”. On a single-case level, 35% of the HRPs were identified as conspicuous (depressionlike) in at least two of the three areas investigated. A decision of whether or not this „conspicuousness” indeed represents a trait marker for affective disorders can be reached when the follow-up part of the study has identified those HRPs with their respective premorbide status who have developed an affective disorder in the meantime.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Die für die Depression beschriebenen neurobiologischen Auffälligkeiten (z. B. Veränderungen in der Regulation des Schlafes und des Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennierenrinden-Systems) bilden sich mit klinischer Besserung des depressiven Syndroms graduell zurück. Persistieren sie jedoch trotz vollständiger Remission, ist die Rezidivwahrscheinlichkeit deutlich erhöht. Es könnte sich hierbei also um Traitmarker für affektive Erkrankungen handeln. Dieser Möglichkeit gehen wir anhand einer prospektiv angelegten Untersuchung nach, in der wir gesunde Angehörige depressiv Erkrankter polysomnographisch, neuroendokrinologisch mit Hilfe des Dexamethason/Corticotropin-Releasing-Hormon (DEX-CRH)-Stimulationstests und psychometrisch untersuchen. In dem vorliegenden Studienteil (Indexuntersuchung) zeigten diese Hochrisikoprobanden (HRP; n=54) als Gruppe sowohl im Schlaf als auch im DEX-CRH-Test depressionstypische Veränderungen. Ihr psychometrisches Profil war charakterisiert durch erhöhte Werte auf den Faktoren „Rigidität” und „autonome Labilität”. Auf Einzelfallebene wurden 35% der HRP in mindestens 2 der 3 untersuchten Bereiche als „auffällig” klassifiziert. Ob diese „Auffälligkeiten” tatsächlich Traitmarker für affektive Erkrankungen darstellen, kann jedoch erst dann beurteilt werden, wenn der prospektive Studienteil die zwischenzeitlich erkrankten HRP mit dem jeweilis dazugehörigen prämorbiden Status identifiziert hat.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Lipopolysaccharide — Hormones — Cytokines — Cortisol — Neuro-immune-endocrine network
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. Objective and Design: Dose-dependence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) effects on peak and time course parameters of the immune-endocrine host response was examined in a placebo-controlled design.¶Subjects: Data from 42 male volunteers were included.¶Treatment: 0.4 or 0.8 ng LPS/kg body weight were applied at 7.00 p.m.¶Methods: Body temperature, heart rate and leukocyte counts were quantified. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol and human growth hormone (hGH) were measured.¶Results: LPS increased significantly the levels of immune (TNF-α, IL-6) and endocrine (ACTH, cortisol) parameters. HGH secretion was advanced without changes in the total amount of hGH released. Dose-dependence of endotoxin's effects was significant for neuroendocrine (cortisol) and physiological (temperature, heart rate) parameters. Examination of time course parameters demonstrated that the higher dose of endotoxin prolonged the increases in temperature, IL-6 and cortisol levels.¶Conclusions: Our data show that increases in the dosage of LPS lead to differential peak responses and changed time course patterns of the human host response.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Conclusion Severe bleeding complications during the early phase of thrombolytic therapy are rare, the majority of bleeding complications does not cause haemodynamic compromise. In few patients the location of the bleeding itself poses a significant hazard to the patient.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Objective: To assess the effects of nitroglycerin or urapidil on hemodynamic, respiratory and metabolic parameters in hypertensive patients with pulmonary edema. Design: Open, randomized and prospective clinical study. Setting: Out-of-hospital setting and Emergency Department in a 2000-bed hospital. Patients: Hundred twelve patients with evidence of hypertensive crises with pulmonary edema (systolic blood pressure (SBP) 〉 200 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 〉 100 mm Hg and rales over both lungs) at the time when the emergency physician arrived. Interventions: The out-of-hospital treatment consisted of oxygen via face mask, 80 mg furosemide i. v., 10 mg morphium s. c., and either nitroglycerin sublingually (initial dose: 0.8 mg; repetitive administration of 0.8 mg every 10 min to a cumulative dose of 3.2 mg) or urapidil (initial dose: 12.5 mg i. v.; repetitive administration every 15 min to a cumulative dose of 50 mg). If SBP was more than 180 mm Hg and/or DBP more than 90 mm Hg on admission, antihypertensive treatment was continued with nitroglycerin (0.3–3 mg/h) or urapidil (5–50 mg/h). Measurements and results: Blood pressure (BP) was measured every 5 min with the use of an automatic oscillometric device. Serum lactate, PO2, pH value, and base excess (BE) were evaluated on admission and 6 h later. Blood pressure, serum lactate and BE on admission were significantly lower (SBP: 155 ± 30 vs 179 ± 33 mm Hg; p = 0.0002; DBP: 82 ± 17 vs 93 ± 19 mm Hg; p = 0.001; lactate: 2.2 ± 1.6 vs 3.9 ± 2.7; p = 0.0001; BE: − 1.9 ± 3.9 vs − 4.4 ± 1.7; p =0.0005) and PO2 and pH values were significantly higher in the urapidil group compared to the nitroglycerin group (PO2: 75 ± 25 vs 66 ± 17; p = 0.036; pH: 7.33 ± 0.08 vs 7.29 ± 0.09; p = 0.042). After 6 h no differences between the two groups were observed. Conclusion: The more pronounced BP reduction in the urapidil group was associated with an improved respiratory and metabolic situation in hypertensive patients with pulmonary edema. Therefore, urapidil is a valuable alternative to nitroglycerin in patients with pulmonary edema and systemic hypertension.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Dynamic MRI • Tracer kinetic modeling • Blood volume • Blood flow • Capillary permeability ; Schlüsselwörter Dynamische MRT ; Tracerkinetische Modelle ; Blutfluß ; Blutvolumen ; Kapillarpermeabilität
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Durch die Entwicklung von schnellen MR-Bildgebungssequenzen ist es möglich geworden, die rasche zeitliche Veränderung des Gewebesignals nach intravenöser Applikation eines paramagnetischen Kontrastmittels (KM), die die Mikrozirkulation im Gewebe widerspiegelt, meßtechnisch zu erfassen. In dieser Arbeit werden die physikalischen und tracerkinetischen Grundlagen der relaxations- und suszeptibilitätsgewichteten dynamischen MR-Tomographie (dMRT) vorgestellt. Die quantitative Analyse der gemessenen dynamischen Bilddaten gliedert sich bei beiden Ansätzen in 2 Schritte: einen MR-spezifischen Teil, in dem die gemessene MR-Signalveränderung mit der lokalen KM-Konzentration im Gewebe verknüpft wird, so daß die akquirierten Signal-Zeit-Verläufe in Konzentrations-Zeit-Verläufe umgerechnet werden können, und einen MR-unabhängigen Teil, in dem die Konzentrations-Zeit-Verläufe mittels geeigneter tracerkinetischer Modelle analysiert werden. Durch die Modellbildung wird physiologisches und histologisches Vorwissen bezüglich der Mikrozirkulation im Gewebe mathematisch formuliert, so daß relevante Gewebeparameter quantitativ aus den dynamischen Bildserien berechnet werden können. So bietet die relaxationsgewichtete dMRT die Möglichkeit, die Permeabilität der Blutgefäße in der terminalen Strombahn zu beurteilen, während mit der suszeptibilitätsgewichteten dMRT das regionale Blutvolumen und der regionale Blutfluß bestimmt werden kann. Da bislang noch keine intravasalen sondern nur diffusible MR-KM für klinische Studien zugelassen sind, ist die Anwendung der suszeptibilitätsgewichteten dMRT derzeit allerdings auf Hirngewebe mit intakter Blut-Hirn-Schranke eingeschränkt. Die praktische Anwendung der beiden dMRT-Techniken wird jeweils an einem klinischen Fallbeispiel erläutert.
    Notizen: Summary The development of rapid magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences makes it possible to detect the fast kinetics of tissue response after intraveneous administration of paramagnetic contrast media (CM), reflecting the status of tissue microcirculation. In this paper, the basic physical and tracer kinetic principles of dynamic relaxivity and susceptibility contrast MRI techniques are reviewed. The quantitative analysis of the acquired dynamic image data is broken up into an MR specific part, in which the observed signal variations are related to the CM concentration in the tissue, and an MR independent part, in which the computed concentration-time-courses are analyzed by tracer kinetic modeling. The purpose of the applied models is to describe the underlying physiological processes in mathematical terms and thus to enable the estimation of tissue specific parameters from measured dynamic image series. Whereas the capillary permeability can be estimated from dynamic relaxivity contrast enhanced MRI studies, the regional blood volume as well as the regional blood flow can be determined from dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced image series. However, since there are no intravascular but only diffusible CM available at present, the application of the susceptibility technique is currently restricted to brain tissues with intact blood brain barrier. The practical realization of both dynamic MRI techniques is demonstrated by case studies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Nitroglyzerin – Enalaprilat – hypertensive Krise – Lungenödem ; Key words Nitroglycerine – enalaprilat – hypertensive emergencies – pulmonary edema
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary In a prospectively designed randomized study, we compared the efficacy of sublingual nitroglycerine and intravenous enalaprilat in the out-of-hospital treatment of 46 hypertensive patients with pulmonary edema (defined as rales over both lungs and systolic blood pressure 〉200 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure 〉100 mg). The out-of-hospital treatment consists of oxygen (6 Ll/min) via a face mask, furosemide 80 mg i.v., opioids 10 mg s.c., and either sublingual nitroglycerine (n=23; initial dose: 0.8 mg; repetitive application of 0.8 mg every 10 min until a cumulative dose of 3.2 mg) or intravenous enalaprilat (initial dose: 2.5 mg; repetitive application of 2.5 mg every 30 min until a cumulative dose of 10 mg). The aim of the antihypertensive treatment was a reduction of systolic blood pressure below 160 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure below 90 mm Hg until admission to the emergency department. In the emergency room, an arterial and venous blood sample was taken to determine the respiratory (pO2, pCO2) and metabolic status (pH value; base-excess; serum lactate) of the patient. Successful antihypertensive treatment was observed in 13/23 (57%) patients of the enalaprilat group and 15/23 (65%) patients of the nitroglycerine group (p=0.54). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure on admission were similiar in both treatment groups (systolic RR: enalaprilat: 179 [31] mm Hg; nitroglycerine: 184 [38] mm Hg; p=0.59; diastolic RR: enalaprilat: 96 [14] mm Hg; nitroglycerine: 101 [14] mm Hg; p=0.12). No significant differences were observed between the enalaprilat and the nitroglycerine groups concerning respiratory and metabolic parameters on admission (pO2: 67 [15] vs. 64 [17] mm Hg; p=0.50; pCO2: 46 [9] vs. 47 [13]; p=0.75; pH value: 7.27 [0.12] vs. 7.27 [0.09]; p=0.98; BE: –4.2 [3.7] vs. –5.7 [4.1]; p=0.23; lactate: 4.2 [3.3] vs. 4.2 [2.7]; p=0.98). Intravenous enalaprilat did not exhibit any advantage compared to nitroglycerine in terms of blood pressure reduction or respiratory and metabolic parameters on admission to the emergency room. We conclude that enalaprilat is no substitute for nitroglycerine in the out-of-hospital treatment of hypertensive patients with pulmonary edema.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung In dieser prospektiven und randomisierten präklinischen/klinischen Studie wurde die Wirkung von sublingualem Nitroglyzerin und von intravenösem Enalaprilat in der Behandlung von 46 hypertensiven Patienten mit Lungenödem (definiert als feuchte Rasselgeräusche über beiden Lungen plus systolischer RR 〉200 mm Hg und diastolischer RR 〉100 mm Hg) verglichen. Nach Eintreffen des Notarztes erhielten die Patienten Sauerstoff, Furosemid 80 mg i. v., Opiate 10 mg s. c. und entsprechend der Randomisierung entweder Nitroglyzerin (n=23; initiale Dosis: 0,8 mg; repetitive Dosis: 0,8 mg alle 10 Minuten; maximale Dosis: 3,2 mg) oder Enalaprilate (n=23; initiale Dosis: 2,5 mg; repetitive Dosis: 2,5 mg alle 30 Minuten; maximale Dosis: 10 mg). Ziel der antihypertensiven Therapie war ein systolischer RR 〈160 mm Hg und diastolischer RR 〈90 mm Hg bis zum Eintreffen an der Notfallaufnahme. Hierorts wurde ein arterielles Blutgas und eine venöse Blutabnahme zur Bestimmung des respiratorischen (pO2, pCO2) und metabolischen Status (pH-Wert, Base-Excess, Serum-Laktat) des Patienten durchgeführt. Eine erfolgreiche Blutdrucksenkung wurde bei 13/23 (57%) Patienten der Enalaprilat-Gruppe und bei 15/23 (65%) Patienten der Nitrogruppe beobachtet (p=0,54). Der Aufnahme-Blutdruck war sowohl systolisch (Enalaprilat: 179 [31] mm Hg; Nitro: 184 [38] mm Hg; p=0,59) als auch diastolisch (Enalaprilat: 96 [14] mm Hg; Nitro: 101 [14] mm Hg; p=0,12) nicht signifikant unterschiedlich in den beiden Behandlungsgruppen. Ebenso waren die respiratorischen und metabolischen Parameter in beiden Gruppen ähnlich (pO2: 67 [15] vs. 64 [17] mm Hg; p=0,50; pCO2: 46 [9] vs. 47 [13]; p=0,75; pH-Wert: 7,27 [0,12] vs. 7,27 [0,09]; p=0,98; BE: –4,2 [3,71] vs. –5,7 [4,1]; p=0,23; Laktat: 4,2 [3,3] vs. 4,2 [2,7]; p=0,98). Intravenöses Enalaprilat ist dem Nitroglyzerin weder in der Blutdrucksenkung noch in der Beeinflussung der respiratorischen oder metabolischen Parameter überlegen. Wir sind daher der Ansicht, daß Enalaprilat in der Behandlung von hypertensiven Patienten mit Lungenödem keinen Vorteil gegenüber der derzeitigen gängigen Standardtherapie mit Nitraten aufweist.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 849-856 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Schlagwort(e): conjugate gradient methods ; incompressible Navier-Stokes equations ; segregated finite volume procedure ; staggered grid ; vectorization ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: PISO (pressure-implicit with splitting of operators) is an algorithm devised to solve the transient incompressible Navier-Stokes and energy equations. In that it uses separate equations for each of two pressure corrections, velocity components and transported scalars, PISO is known as a segregated solution procedure. Preconditioned, generalized conjugate gradient (GCG) methods in combination with schemes for vectorization and storage minimization are described in the paper for the purpose of solving both the symmetric and non-symmetric algebraic equation systems that result from the PISO algorithm. Of particular interest in the paper is a comparison of the present procedure with a procedure described by Chin et al. (1992) in which preconditioned conjugate gradient methods are used to solve the Jacobian matrix used in the Newton iteration of the fully coupled non-linear equations. The two methods are similar in that both techniques are based on a discretization using staggered control volumes with the power-law method for modelling advection-diffusion transport.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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