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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Keywords: Key words Metalloprotein ; Type 3 copper center ; Tyrosinase ; Hemocyanin ; Oxygen binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  We purified two catechol oxidases from Lycopus europaeus and Populus nigra which only catalyze the oxidation of catechols to quinones without hydroxylating tyrosine. The molecular mass of the Lycopus enzyme was determined to 39 800 Da and the mass of the Populus enzyme was determined to 56 050 Da. Both catechol oxidases are inhibited by thiourea, N-phenylthiourea, dithiocarbamate, and cyanide, but show different pH behavior using catechol as substrate. Atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis found 1.5 copper atoms per protein molecule. Using EPR spectroscopy we determined 1.8 Cu per molecule catechol oxidase. Furthermore, EPR spectroscopy demonstrated that catechol oxidase is a copper enzyme of type 3. The lack of an EPR signal is due to strong antiferromagnetic coupling that requires a bridging ligand between the two copper ions in the met preparation. Addition of H2O2 to both enzymes leads to oxy catechol oxidase. In the UV/Vis spectrum two new absorption bands occur at 345 nm and 580 nm. In accordance with the oxy forms of hemocyanin and tyrosinase the absorption band at 345 nm is due to an O2 2– (πσ*)→Cu(II) (d x2–y2 ) charge transfer (CT) transition. The absorption band at 580 nm corresponds to the second O2 2– (πv*)→Cu(II) (d x2–y2 ) CT transition. The UV/Vis bands in combination with the resonance Raman spectra of oxy catechol oxidase indicate a μ-η2 : η2 binding mode for dioxygen. The intense resonance Raman peak at 277 cm–1, belonging to a Cu-N (axial His) stretching mode, suggests that catechol oxidase has six terminal His ligands, as known for molluscan and arthropodan hemocyanin.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Carbene complexes ; Carbyne complexes ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Carbohydrates ; Chiral auxiliaries ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chiral carbene complexes [Cp(CO)2Mn=C(OR*)Ph] (4a-e) were prepared by reaction of [Cp(CO)2Mn=C(OAc)Ph] (2) with HOR* [HOR* = 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-D-galactopyranose (3a), 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-galactopyranose (3b), 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-glucopyranose (3c), (S)- (3d) and (R)-1,2-O-isopropylideneglycerol (3e)]. The replacement of a CO ligand with PTol3 in 4a-e proceeded diastereoselectively to give [Cp(CO)(PTol3)Mn=C(OR*)Ph] (5a-e). The diastereoselectivity increased in the order a, b, c, d: de = 8% (5a), 33% (5b), 70% (5c), 〉 96% (5d). For (R)-5d the isomer with the (S) configuration at manganese (SMn) was formed predominantly. For (S)-5d, only (RMn,S)-5d was detected (de 〉 96%). Photolysis of (R)-4d in the presence of phosphites or phosphanes afforded (SMn)-[Cp(CO)(PR3)Mn=C(OR*)Ph] [PR3 = P(OPh)3 (8), P(OMe)3 (9), P(OMe)2Ph (10), P(OMe)Ph2 (11), PPh3 (12), P(C6H4Cl-p)3 (13)] with a de 〉 96%. Photolysis of (S)-4d in the presence of P(OMe)3 gave (RMn,S)-9. Complex (R)-14 [related to (R)-4d] was obtained from [Cp(CO)2Mn=C(OAc)Tol-p] and 3d. Replacement of CO by PR3 in (R)-14 gave (SMn,R)-[Cp(CO)(PR3)Mn=C(OR*)Tol-p] [R = Tol-p (15), OMe (16), C6H4Cl-p (17)] with a de 〉 96%. In solution, the PTol3-substituted complex 5d is configurationally stable whereas the P(OMe)3 complex 9 epimerizes slowly at room temperature in CH2Cl2, Et2O, and THF within about one week.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Polynuclear complexes ; Carbene complexes ; Bridging ligands ; Alkynyl complexes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The sequential reaction of two equivalents of the dimethylamino(ethynyl)carbene complexes [(CO)5M=C(NMe2)C≡CH] [M = W (1a), Cr (1b)] with two equivalents of nBuLi and one equivalent of a transition metal dichloride, [Cl2M′(Ln)], affords trinuclear biscarbene complexes of the type [(CO)5M=C(NMe2)C≡C-M′(Ln)-C≡CC(NMe)2=M(CO)5] [M′(Ln) = Ni(PEt3)2 (2a, b), Pd(PEt3)2 (3a, b), Pt(PEt3)2 (4a, b), Fe(dmpe)2 (6a), Hg (8a), Ti(η5-C5H5)2 (9a, b)] [dmpe = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane]. Treatment of 1a with equimolar amounts of first nBuLi and then [Cl2M′(Ln)] results in the formation of the monosubstitution products [(CO)5W=C(NMe2)C≡CM′(Ln)] [M′(Ln) = trans-Pd(PEt3)2Cl (5a), trans-Fe(dmpe)2Cl (7a)]. Additionally, the synthesis of the heterobimetallicethynylcarbene complex [(CO)5W=C(NMe2)C≡CPd(PEt3)2C≡CH] (10a), starting from 1a and [ClPd(PEt3)2C≡CH], is described. When three equivalents of 1a are treated, first with three equivalents of nBuLi and then with one equivalent of the trihalides PCl3 or BBr3, the novel tris(ethynylcarbene) complexes [{(CO)5W=C(NMe2)C≡C}3E] [E = B (11a), P (12a)] are obtained. The reaction of four equivalents of 1a,b with four equivalents of nBuLi, followed by addition of one equivalent of a group 14 tetrachloride [M′Cl4], yields the novel tetrakis(ethynylcarbene) complexes [{(CO)5M=C(NMe2)C≡C}4M′] [M′ = Si (13a, b), Ge (14a), Sn (15a, b)]. The complexes 8a, 9a, 12a, and 15a were characterized by X-ray structural analyses. All spectroscopic and structural data suggest that the carbene fragments and the central transition metal or heteroatom in these new bis-, tris-, and tetrakis(ethynylcarbene) complexes interact only weakly.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1998 (1998), S. 1225-1234 
    ISSN: 1434-1948
    Keywords: Vinylidene complexes ; Cyclobutenylidene complexes ; Bridging ligands ; Cycloadditions ; Cross-coupling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pentacarbonyl(dimethylvinylidene)chromium, [(CO)5Cr=C=CMe2] (1), reacts with the butadiynyl complexes [Cp(CO)2FeC≡CC≡CR] [2; R = SiMe3 (a), nBu (b), Ph (c)] and [Cp(CO)(PPh3)FeC≡CC≡CSiMe3] (3a) by regiospecific cycloaddition of the Cα≡Cβ bond of the butadiynyl complexes to the C=C bond of 1 to form the 1,3-heterobinuclear cyclobutenylidene complexes 4a-c and 5a with an alkynyl substituent at C-2 of the bridging ring. Desilylation of the 2-C≡CSiMe3 substituent in 4a and 5a with tetrabutylammonium fluoride affords the 2-C≡CH-substituted complexes 6 and 7. Complex 4a reacts with HNMe2 and HN(CH2)5 by substitution of NR2 for the 3-Fe(CO)2Cp fragment to form the corresponding 3-aminocyclobutenylidene complexes 10 and 11. Sequential reactions of 4a with [nBu4N]F and nBu3SnNEt2 give the trinuclear 2-C≡CSnnBu3-substituted complex 12. Coupling of 12 with C6H4I2-p yields the 2-C≡CC6H4I-p-substituted complex 13. Coupling of 7 with C6H4I2-p yields a mixture of the mono-coupling product 14 and the tetranuclear C≡C-C6H4-C≡C-bridged bis(cyclobutenylidene) complex 15. Coupling of 7 with trans-[(Et3P)2MCl2] in the presence of CuI/[Pd(PPh3)4] gives the trinuclear 2-C≡C-M(PEt3)2X-substituted complexes 16 (M = Pd, × = I) and 17 (M = Pt, × = Cl). The spectroscopic data as well as the results of the X-ray-structural analysis of 5a indicate strong electronic communication between the metal centers. In the solid state, 5a exhibits a “butterfly” conformation.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 128 (1995), S. 373-378 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Carbene complexes ; Carbyne complexes ; Carbohydrates ; Diastereoselective addition ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cationic carbyne complexes [Cp(CO)2M≡CR]+ [BX4]- [M = Mn, X = F: R = Ph (1), Tol (2); M = Re, X = 3,5-C6H2(CF3)2: R = Ph (3)] add the anion of monodeprotonated protected mannofuranose (4a), glucofuranose (4b), and fructopyranose (4c) to the carbyne carbon atom to form the carbohydratocarbene complexes 5a-c, 6a, b, and 7a. With 5b, 5c, and 6b the addition proceeds with retention of configuration at the anomeric center. Due to inversion of configuration in the deprotonation step the complexes 5a, 6a, and 7a are obtained as β-glycosides. The carbene ligand is oxidatively cleaved from the metal by trimethylamine N-oxide or air. Cleavage of the C(carbene)—O bond with reformation of the cation of the carbyne complex 2 is achieved by reaction of 6a with BCl3. Photolysis of [Cp(CO)2Mn=C(Ph)OEt] in the presence of L affords the carbene complexes [Cp(CO)(L)Mn=C(Ph)OEt] [L = P(OMe)3 (11), P(Tol)3 (12)]. Ethoxide abstraction from 11 and 12 by BF3 gives the chiral cationic carbyne complexes [Cp(CO)(L)Mn=CPh]+[EF4]- (13, 14) which add 4a to form the corresponding mannofura-nosylcarbene complexes (15, 16). When 0.5 equivalents of 4a are employed in the reaction with 13, 14 the ratio of diastereomers is 3:2, both for 15 and 16. Complex 11 was characterized by an X-ray structural analysis.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 479-488 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Heterobimetallic complexes ; Carbene complexes ; Alkynes ; Coupling reaction ; Bridging ligands ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sequential reaction of the dimethylamino(trimethylsilylethylnyl)carbene complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NMe2)C≡CSiMe3] [M' = W (1a)] with KF/THFMeOH, nBuLi and transition metal halides, [XMLn], affords heterobimetallic propynyliden complexes of the type [(CO)5M'=C(N-Me2)C≡CMLn] [MLn = Ni(PPh3) Cp (4a, b). Ni(PMe2Ph)2- {Mes) (Mes=2,4,6-C6H2Me3) (5a), Rh(CO)(PPh3)2 (6a), Fe(CO)2Cp (7a,b)]. In contrast, reaction of 1a with MeLi · LiBr and [IFe(CO)2Cp] yields the novel N-metallated complex [(CO)5W=C{N(ME)Fe(CO)2Cp}C≡CSiMe3] (8a). The complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NMe2)C≡CMLn=Fe(CO)2Cp (7a, b), Ru(CO)2Cp (10a,b), Ru(CO)(PPh3)Cp (11a), Mn(CO)5 (12a), Re(CO)5 (13a)] are accessible by Pd-catalyzed coupling of the C-stannylated carbene complexes [(CO)5M'=C-(NMe2)C≡CSnBu3] (9a, b) with [XMLn]. The related monomethylaminocarbene complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NHMe)C≡ CSnBu3] (16a, b), obtained by stannylation of [(C))5M'=C(NHMe)C=CH] (15a, B) with Bu3SnNEt2, react with [IFe(CO)2Cp] to give the bimetallic complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NHMe)C≡CFe(CO)2Cp] (17a, b). The complexes 4a, 5a, 7a and 10a were characterized by X-ray structural analysis. The spectroscopic and structural data suggest that the two metal centers in 4-7, 10-13, and 17 interact only weakly.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1063-1067 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Heterobimetallic complex ; Carbene complexes ; Bridging ligands ; Coupling reaction ; Alkynes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sequential reaction of the dimethylamino(ethynyl)carbene complex [(CO)5 W=C(NMe2)C≡CH] (1) with nBuLi, CuI and BrC≡CSiMe3 affords the dimethylamino(trimethylsilylbutadiynyl)carbene [(CO)5W=C(NMe2)C≡C—C≡C—SiMe3] (2). Desilylation of 2 with KF/THF/MeOH gives [(CO)5W=C(NMe2)C≡C—C≡CH] (3). The C-stannylated carbene complex [(CO)5W=C(NMe2)C≡C—C≡CSnBu3] (4) is obtained by deprotonation of 3 with nBuLi and subsequent reaction with Bu3SnCl. Pd-catalyzed coupling of complex 4 with [ClRu(CO),Cp] affords the heterobimetallic pentadiynylidene complex [(CO)5W=C(NMe,)C≡C—C≡CRu-(CO)2Cp] (5) The analogous Fe derivative [(CO),W=C(NMe,)C≡C—C≡CFe(CO)2Cp] (6) is obtained by sequential reaction of 3 with nBuLi and [IFe(CO)2Cp] Similarly, treatment of 3 first with nBuLi and then with half an equivalent of HgCl2 affords the novel C4HgC4-bridged biscarbene complex [(CO)3W=C(NMe2)C≡C—C≡CHgC≡C—C≡CC(NMe2)=W(CO)5]( 7 ) All new compounds are stable at room temperature. Spectroscopic data suggest weak interaction of the metal centers in 5 - 7.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Thioaldehyde complexes ; Selenoaldehyde complexes ; Thietane complexes ; Selenetane complexes ; Rearrangements ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pentacarbonyl(thiobenzaldehyde)tungsten und pentacarbonyl(selenobenzaldehyde)tungsten (1a and 1b) undergo a thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition with several vinyl ethers to give highly substituted transition metal-coordinated thietanes and selenetanes. The addition is highly regio- and stereospecific. The products undergo acid-catalyzed rearrangements, which lead to thermodynamically more stable diastereomers of the thietanes and selenetanes. The stereochemistry of both addition and rearrangement was established by reaction of deuterium-labeled vinyl ethers and by reaction of the cis and trans isomers of ethyl propenyl ether. The crystal structure of the bicyclic addition product of 1a and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran is reported.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Thioaldehyde complexes ; Dithioester complexes ; Selenothiono ester complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pentacarbonyltungsten-coordinated thiobenzaldehyde, [(CO)5W{S=C(Ph)H}] (1), reacts with 1-methylthio-1-propyne, 1-ethylseleno-1-propyne, and alkoxyethynes by insertion of the C=C into the S=C bond to form in a highly regio-and stereoselective manner the α,β-unsaturated dithio, selenothiono, and thionocarboxylic ester complexes (E)(C=C)-[(CO)5W{η1-S=C(XR′)C(R)=C(Ph)H}] (3) (R = Me: XR′ = SMe (a), SeEt (b); R = H: XR′ = OEt (c), OtBu (d)). The analogous reaction of 1 with bis(alkylthio)ethynes affords mixtures of the (E) and (Z)(C=C) isomers of [(CO)5W{η1-S=C(SR)C(SR)=C(Ph)H}] (6) [R = Me (a), tBu (b)]. The Z isomers are the initially formed products. Formation of (Z)-6 is followed by Z → E isomerization until an equilibrium [E/Z = 1 (6a), 1.5 (6b)] is obtained. For R = tBu isomerization is significantly faster than for R = Me. The dithio and thiono ester ligands can be cleaved intact from the metal by treatment with [NEt4]Br as shown by the examples of 3a, 3c, and 6a. Complex 3c has been characterized by an X-ray structural analysis.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 128 (1995), S. 1149-1156 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Selenoaldehyde complex ; Thioselonocarboxylic ester complexes ; Selenetane complex ; Dihydrodiselenine complex ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pentacarbonyltungsten-coordinated selenobenzaldehyde, [(CO)5W{Se=C(Ph)H}] (1), reacts with tBu-C≡C-SMe (2) by insertion of the C≡C into the Se=C bond to form in a highly regio- and stereoselective manner the α,β-unsaturated thioselonocarboxylic ester complex (Z)(C=C)-[(CO)5W{≡1-Se=C(SMe)C(tBu)=C(Ph)H}] (3). The thioselonocarboxylic ester ligand is cleaved intact from the metal by treatment of 3 with [NEt4]Br. Three complexes are formed in the reaction of 1 with Me-C≡C-SMe (5): the thioselonocarboxylic ester complex [(CO)5W{≡1-Se=C(SMe)C(Me)=C(Ph)H}] (6) as a mixture of the (E) and (Z)(C=C) isomers, a selenetane complex (7) and a dihydrodiselenine complex (8). The product distribution depends on the ratio 1:5 and on the solvent. The reaction of 1 with the bis(organylthio)alkynes RS-C≡C-SR (9) [R = Me (a), iPr (b), 2,6-C6H3Me2 (c)] yields mixtures of the (E) and (Z)(C=C) isomers of the α,β-unsaturated α-organylthio thioselonocarboxylic ester complexes [(CO)5W{≡1-Se=C(SR)C(SR)=C(Ph)H)] (10a-c). In contrast, the reaction of 1 with tert-butoxyethyne, H-C≡C-OtBu (11), affords a bis(pentacarbonyltungsten) 5,6-dihydro-1,2-diselenine complex (12). Compound 12 is probably formed by consecutive reaction of 1 with 11 to give the selonocarboxylic ester complex [(CO)5W{≡1-Se=C(OtBu)C(H)=C(Ph)H}] which then further reacts as a heterodiene by highly regioselective [4 + 2] cycloaddition with the Se=C bond of a second molecule of 1 to give 12. In the reaction of 1 with 5 and 9a the isomer with a trans arrangement of C(=Se)SMe and Ph is the kinetically controlled reaction product [(E)-6 and (Z)-10a, respectively]. The formation of (E)-6 and (Z)-10a is followed by isomerization until an (E)/(Z) equilibrium is reached. Complexes 3 and 7 were characterized by X-ray structural analyses.
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