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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial and temporal variation in the biomass and nutrient status of epilithic algae in Lake Erken, Sweden (2002)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 47 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. The aim of this study was to estimate patchiness in biomass and in the internal nutrient status of benthic algae on hard substrata (epilithon) in Lake Erken, Sweden, over different levels of distance, depth and time. Knowledge of the sources and scale of patchiness should enable more precise estimation of epilithic biomass and nutrient status for the entire lake. We focused on the horizontal scale, about which little is known.2. We sampled epilithon by SCUBA diving and used a hierarchical sampling design with different horizontal scales (cm, dm, 10 m, km) which were nested in two temporal scales (within and between seasons). We also compared two successive years and three sampling depths (0, 1 and 4 m). Biomass was measured as particulate carbon and chlorophyll a (Chl a) and internal nutrient status as carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus (C : N : P) ratios and as specific alkaline phosphatase activity (APA).3. Horizontal variation accounted for 60–80 and 7–70% of the total variation in biomass and in nutrient status, respectively, at all depths and during both years. Both small and large scales accounted for significant variation. We also found variation with time and depth. Biomass increased in autumn after a summer minimum, and the within-season variation was very high. The lowest biomass was found at 0 m depth. Both N and P limitation occurred, being higher in 1996 than in 1997 and decreased with depth.4. As a consequence, any sampling design must address variation with distance, depth and time when estimating biomass or nutrient limitation of benthic algae for an entire lake. Based on this analysis, we calculated an optimal sampling design for detecting change in the epilithic biomass of Lake Erken between different sampling days. It is important to repeat the sampling as often as possible, but also the large scales (10 m and km) and the dm scale should be replicated. Using our calculations as an example, and after a pilot study, an optimal sampling design can be computed for various objectives and for any lake.5. Short-term impact of the wind, light and nutrient limitation, and grazing, might be important in regulating the biomass and nutrient status of epilithic algae in Lake Erken. Patchiness in the nutrient status of algae was not coupled to the patchiness of biomass, indicating that internal nutrients and biomass were regulated by different factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00844.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    North Atlantic Oscillation signatures in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems—a meta-analysis (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 8 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Climate variations over the Northern Hemisphere are to a substantial proportion associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Recently, many studies revealed the impacts of the NAO on the dynamics of organisms in different ecosystems but the results in the single studies were inconsistent. Here, we used meta-analysis techniques for a quantitative synthesis of results. We tested the influence of the NAO on the timing of life history events, on biomass of organisms, and on biomass of different trophic levels. We found a clear NAO signature in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. The response of life history events to the NAO was similar in all environments but less pronounced at higher latitudes. The magnitude of the biomass response was significantly related to the NAO, either positively in aquatic or negatively in terrestrial ecosystems. The response depended on longitude, the effect being less pronounced in Eastern Europe. The results stressed that a meta-analysis is a valuable tool in the field of climate-driven ecosystem responses and can identify more general ecological responses than single studies. We recommend the inclusion of nonsignificant results in order to archive an objective view of the strength of NAO and climate impacts in general.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00469.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consumer versus resource control of species diversity and ecosystem functioning (2002)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 417 (2002), S. 848-851 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A key question in ecology is which factors control species diversity in a community. Two largely separate groups of ecologists have emphasized the importance of productivity or resource supply, and consumers or physical disturbance, respectively. These variables show unimodal relationships with ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature00830
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of continuous nutrient enrichment on microalgae colonizing hard substrates (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 426 (2000), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nutrient competition ; periphyton ; nitrogen ; silicate ; eutrophication ; benthic microalgae ; hard substrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand the effect of changing nutrient conditions on benthic microalgae on hard substrates, in-situ experiments with artificial substrates were conducted in Kiel Fjord, Western Baltic Sea. As an extension of previous investigations, we used artificial substrates without silicate and thus were able to supply nutrient media with different Si:N ratios to porous substrates, from where they trickled out continuously. The biofilm developing on these substrates showed a significant increase in biovolume due to N + P enrichment, while Si alone had only minor effects. The stoichiometric composition of the biomass indicated nitrogen limitation during most of the year. The C:N ratios were lowered by the N + P addition. The algae were dominated by diatoms in most cases, but rhodophytes and chlorophytes also became important. The nutrient treatment affected the taxonomic composition mostly at the species level. The significance of the results with regard to coastal eutrophication is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003943201178
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  • 5
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    Opposing effects of grazing and nutrients on diversity (2003)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Oikos (100). pp. 592-600.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-31
    Description: Conceptual models predict counteractive effects of herbivores and nutrient enrichment on plant diversity and reversed effects of grazers under different nutrient regimes. I tested these hypotheses in 11 field experiments with periphyton communities in three different aquatic habitats (a highly eutrophic lake, an meso-eutrophic lake, and an meso-eutrophic part of the Baltic Sea coast) and in different seasons. Grazer access and nutrient supply were manipulated in a factorial design. Species richness and evenness were chosen as response variables. Both manipulated factors had significant and contrasting effects on diversity, with variable effect strength between sites and seasons. From the two aspects of diversity, evenness well reflected the changes in community composition. Fertilization tended to increase the dominance of few species and thus to decrease evenness, whereas grazers counteracted these effects by removing dominant life forms. The response of species richness was not as expected, since grazers decreased richness throughout, whereas nutrients had weaker effects but tended to increase richness. Species richness rather reflected changes in periphyton architecture. Grazers reduced algal richness presumably by co-consumption of rare species in the tightly connected periphyton assemblages, whereas enrichment may increase richness by providing more structure via increased dominance of filamentous species. Although grazer and nutrient effects on richness and evenness were opposing, there was no change in the effect of one factor by manipulation of the other.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12045.x
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  • 6
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    Consumer effects decline with prey diversity (2004)
    Wiley
    In:  Ecology Letters, 7 . pp. 192-201.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-22
    Description: While consumer species diversity is known to influence the capture of limited resources, little is known about how prey diversity impacts the transfer of energy and matter among trophic levels. Here, we perform a meta-analysis of experiments that have examined the impact of grazers on the biomass of periphytic algae to test the hypothesis that the magnitude of consumer (grazer) effects on prey (algae) depends on the species diversity of the prey assemblage. The analysis reveals that consumer effects tend to decrease as the diversity of a prey assemblage increases. This trend is robust for several different, yet complementary indices of grazer effect size and algal diversity. The trend also remains significant after statistically controlling for a variety of factors that can covary with prey diversity among studies. We discuss several possible mechanisms for the documented pattern, such as diversity enhancing the probability of inedibility and of positive interactions.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00570.x
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  • 7
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    Diversity of unicellular aquatic organisms scaled to body size (2002)
    In:  Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie (28). pp. 352-354.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-26
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - without review
  • 8
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    Diversity of bentic microalgae in response to colonization time and eutrophication (2000)
    Elsevier
    In:  Aquatic Botany, 67 (3). pp. 221-236.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-12
    Description: The factors regulating species diversity have received increasing attention in the face of the global biodiversity loss, but are not well understood for unicellular organisms. We conducted in situ experiments in Kiel Fjord in order to analyze the response of microalgal diversity to colonization time and to artificial eutrophication. Diversity decreased throughout colonization time (maximum: 12 weeks), whereas species richness initially increased to about 25 species before it leveled off. The proposed unimodal time course of diversity during succession could not be detected for diversity or species richness. The rapid decrease of evenness indicated a greater importance of algal growth on the substrata compared to the arrival of new species. Artificial eutrophication led to an decrease of diversity, which could be correlated to the supply concentrations of the limiting nutrient: P in spring, N in summer and Si in the presence of high concentrations of N and P. The decrease was due to an increased dominance of few species (i.e. reduced evenness), whereas species richness was not or positively correlated to nutrient supply. Species richness was negatively correlated to evenness and diversity measures. Thus, species diversity indices are useful response variable to measure environmental effects on local periphyton communities
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3770(00)00088-7
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  • 9
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    Differences in species richness patterns between unicellular and multicellular organisms (2001)
    Springer
    In:  Oecologia, 126 . pp. 114-124.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-09
    Description: For unicellular organisms, a lack of effects of local species richness on ecosystem function has been proposed due to their locally high species richness and their ubiquitous distribution. High dispersal ability and high individual numbers may enable unicellular taxa to occur everywhere. Using our own and published data sets on uni- and multicellular organisms, we conducted thorough statistical analyses to test whether (1) unicellular taxa show higher relative local species richness compared to multicellular taxa, (2) unicellular taxa show lower slopes of the species:area relationships and species:individuals relationships, and (3) the species composition of unicellular taxa is less influenced by geographic distance compared to multicellular taxa. We found higher local species richness compared to the global species pool for unicellular organisms than for metazoan taxa. The difference was significant if global species richness was conservatively estimated but not if extrapolated, and therefore higher richness estimates were used. Both microalgae and protozoans showed lower slopes between species richness and sample size (area or individuals) compared to macrozoobenthos, also indicating higher local species richness for unicellular taxa. The similarity of species composition of both benthic diatoms and ciliates decreased with increasing geographic distance. This indicated restricted dispersal ability of protists and the absence of ubiquity. However, a steeper slope between similarity and distance was found for polychaetes and corals, suggesting a stronger effect of distance on the dispersal of metazoans compared to unicellular taxa. In conclusion, we found partly different species richness patterns among uni- and multicellular eukaryotes, but no strict ubiquity of unicellular taxa. Therefore, the effect of local unicellular species richness on ecosystem function has to be reanalyzed. Macroecological patterns suggested for multicellular organisms may differ in unicellular communities.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1007/s004420000492
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  • 10
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    Regional impact on local diversity - from pattern to process (2002)
    Springer
    In:  Oecologia, 132 . pp. 479-491.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-09
    Description: The impact of regional factors (such as speciation or dispersal) on the species richness in local communities (SL) has received increasing attention. A prominent method to infer the impact of regional factors is the comparison of species richness in local assemblages (SL) with the total number of species in the region (SR). Linear relations between SR and SL have been interpreted as an indication of strong regional influence and weak influence of interactions within local communities. We propose that two aspects bias the outcome of such comparisons: (1) the spatial scale of local and regional sampling, and (2) the body size of the organisms. The impact of the local area reflects the scales of ecological interactions, whereas the ratio between local and regional area reflects the inherent moment of autocorrelation. A proposed impact of body size on the relation is based on the high dispersal and high abundance of small organisms. We predict strongest linearity between SR and SL for large organisms, for large local areas (less important ecological interactions) and for sampling designs where the local habitat area covers a high proportion of the regional area (more important autocorrelation). We conducted a meta-analysis on 63 relations obtained from the literature. As predicted, the linearity of the relationship between SL and SR increased with the proportion of local to regional sampling area. In contrast, neither the body size of the organisms nor the local area itself was significantly related to the relation between SL and SR. This indicated that ecological interactions played a minor role in the shape of local to regional richness plots, which instead was mainly influenced by the sampling design. We found that the studies published so far were highly biased towards larger organisms and towards high similarity between the local and regional area. The proposed prevalence of linear relationships may thus be an artefact and plots of SL to SR are not a suitable tool with which to infer the strength of local interactions.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1007/s00442-002-0988-3
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