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  • 2010-2014  (33)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Addressing Climate Change in Local Water Agency Plans : Demonstrating a Simplified Robust Decision Making Approach in the California Sierra Foothills. (2013)
    Santa Monica :RAND Corporation, The,
    Details
    Keywords: Climatic changes. ; Decision making. ; Uncertainty. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (77 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780833082558
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=3423071
    DDC: 333.911
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Preface -- About This Document -- The RAND Environment, Energy, and Economic Development Program -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Summary -- Introduction -- Use of Robust Decision Making to Evaluate Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Strategies -- Results -- How Reliable Is EID's Current Plan Under a Wide Range of Plausible Assumptions About the Future? -- Under What Conditions Is EID's Current Plan Most Vulnerable? -- How Can EID's Vulnerabilities Be Reduced Through Additional Management Options? -- What Are the Key Tradeoffs and How Can They Inform Decisions? -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. An Approach for Addressing Climate Change by Local Water Agencies -- 3. Application to Local Water Agency Planning -- El Dorado Irrigation District and Its Long-Term Planning -- EID Overview -- EID Management Challenges and Opportunities -- EID Master Plan -- Incorporating Climate and Other Uncertainty into EID's Planning -- XLRM Framework for Structuring Uncertainty Analysis -- Relationships (R) -- Uncertainties (X) -- Management Options and Strategies (L) -- Performance Metrics (M) -- Experimental Design -- Interactive Visualizations -- 4. Results -- How Reliable Is EID's Current Plan Under Standard Planning Assumptions? -- How Reliable Is EID's Current Plan Under Alternative but Plausible Assumptions About the Future? -- To Which Conditions Is EID's Current Plan Most Vulnerable? -- How Can EID's Vulnerabilities Be Reduced Through Additional Management Options? -- What Are the Key Tradeoffs Among EID's Strategies for Reducing Vulnerability? -- How Can Expectations of the Future Inform EID Planning Decisions? -- 5. Discussion -- References.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Addressing Climate Change in Local Water Agency Plans : Demonstrating a Simplified Robust Decision Making Approach in the California Sierra Foothills. (2013)
    Santa Monica :RAND Corporation, The,
    Details
    Keywords: Climatic changes -- Environmental aspects. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes an approach for planning under deep uncertainty, Robust Decision Making (RDM), and demonstrates its use by the El Dorado Irrigation District (EID). Using RDM, the authors and EID tested the robustness of current long-term water management plans and more robust alternatives across more than 50 futures reflecting different assumptions about future climate, urban growth, and the availability of important new supplies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (77 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780833082565
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=1597451
    DDC: 363.7387
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Preface -- About This Document -- The RAND Environment, Energy, and Economic Development Program -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Summary -- Introduction -- Use of Robust Decision Making to Evaluate Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Strategies -- Results -- How Reliable Is EID's Current Plan Under a Wide Range of Plausible Assumptions About the Future? -- Under What Conditions Is EID's Current Plan Most Vulnerable? -- How Can EID's Vulnerabilities Be Reduced Through Additional Management Options? -- What Are the Key Tradeoffs and How Can They Inform Decisions? -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. An Approach for Addressing Climate Change by Local Water Agencies -- 3. Application to Local Water Agency Planning -- El Dorado Irrigation District and Its Long-Term Planning -- EID Overview -- EID Management Challenges and Opportunities -- EID Master Plan -- Incorporating Climate and Other Uncertainty into EID's Planning -- XLRM Framework for Structuring Uncertainty Analysis -- Relationships (R) -- Uncertainties (X) -- Management Options and Strategies (L) -- Performance Metrics (M) -- Experimental Design -- Interactive Visualizations -- 4. Results -- How Reliable Is EID's Current Plan Under Standard Planning Assumptions? -- How Reliable Is EID's Current Plan Under Alternative but Plausible Assumptions About the Future? -- To Which Conditions Is EID's Current Plan Most Vulnerable? -- How Can EID's Vulnerabilities Be Reduced Through Additional Management Options? -- What Are the Key Tradeoffs Among EID's Strategies for Reducing Vulnerability? -- How Can Expectations of the Future Inform EID Planning Decisions? -- 5. Discussion -- References.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Three Prehistoric Inventions That Shaped Us. (2011)
    New York :Peter Lang Publishing, Incorporated,
    Details
    Keywords: Human evolution. ; Social evolution. ; Behavior evolution. ; Language and culture. ; Religion and culture. ; Domestic animals. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (210 pages)
    Edition: 400th ed.
    ISBN: 9781453901571
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=1055424
    DDC: 599.93/8
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface: Towards a More Complete Scientific Picture of our Species and its History ix -- Acknowledgements xv -- Chapter 1. The Oldest Question: What Separates Human Beings from All  Other Creatures? 1 -- 1.1 Hummingbirds and Homo Sapiens 1 -- 1.2 Is there any such thing as human nature? 7 -- 1.3 Did a "Linguistic Rubicon" occur at a certain point in human history? 12 -- 1.4 The thesis of this book: The distinctiveness of present‐day humans (including separateness stemming from their use of language) is not just a passive product of biological and historical changes, but also was partly self‐created 16 -- Chapter 2. Darwin and his Successors have Not Taken Proper Account of Culturally Created Human Characteristics 21 -- 2.1 What modern humans are like: A tangled knot science only has begun to untie 21 -- 2.2 Why culture is real 33 -- 2.3 It is misleading to suppose that the existence of cultural items depends on conscious stipulations 38 -- Chapter 3. One Invention that pointed the way toward Present‐day Human Nature: The First Domestication of Animals 49 -- 3.1 Instead of beginning a review of our species' most important properties by talking about the complex and mysterious ability to speak, it is clarifying to focus first on the simpler, and earlier acquired, ability to tame and exploit some of our fellow creatures 49 -- 3.2 Two clues from early hominid history about the background of the nature we now possess: (A) The biological isolation of homo erectus, and (B) The "Pit of Bones" in Spain 55 -- 3.3 Entrapment vs. attraction: What was it necessary for the first domestic animals to be like, in order for them to "Tame Themselves"? 63 -- 3.4 What changes had to occur in humans' cultural life, before the domestication of animals could take place? 72. , Chapter 4. Something else that influenced us: Sophisticated Language conceived as Invented rather than completely Innate, Socio‐Cultural as well as Biological 77 -- 4.1 How did humans become able to speak? 77 -- 4.2 A preparatory comment: To say that certain humans invented language is not to claim (nor does it entail) that those same people also created everything language either includes or presupposes 81 -- 4.3 A Semi‐digression: Talking does not have to be associated with counting 82 -- 4.4 A key for distinguishing speech from codes (and thus also from the communication systems employed by many non‐human animals) is to remember that the most important function of language is to enable subjects to think in new ways 95 -- 4.5 Was Helen Keller right to believe she suddenly had been transformed from an animal into a human? 110 -- 4.6 Our ancestors may have learned their first expandable word-and thereby also acquired their first full language-by means of a shared memory that became fixed in their minds through something like a divine revelation 113 -- Chapter 5. A Third, Even Earlier Invention that shaped Our Nature: Religious or Objective Consciousness 125 -- 5.1 The reason religious thinking became universal for the members of our species was that it was a mode of thought that helped us see and understand things as they actually were 125 -- 5.2 The extinction of the Neanderthals, and other trophy wars 133 -- 5.3 Superstitions are unconsciously formed reactions to patterns of experience that are based on unexamined wishes and fears -- but religious consciousness is thinking of a more dispassionate sort, which can provide a rational basis for hope 144. , 5.4 Which is more natural and informative: (A) To think about sophisticated human language in terms of recursion and discrete infinity, or (B) To think about such language in terms of psychic distance? 151 -- Chapter 6. Human Nature conceived as a Lately Discovered, Causally Powerful (but Perilous) Ecological Opportunity 157 -- 6.1 Darwin compared with Columbus 157 -- 6.2 The ecological concept of Niches is more explanatory than the genealogical notion of species 161 -- 6.3 Considered together, the three cultural inventions discussed in this book add up to our ancestors' discovery of an unoccupied Niche, physically present in the natural world 168 -- 6.4 Historically accumulated layers of human nature, and the contrast between good and bad ways of combining those layers 172 -- Bibliography 177 -- Name Index 183 -- Subject Index 189.
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  • 4
    Book
    Book
    Achieving ecologically coherent MPA networks in Europe : Science needs and priorities (2013)
    Ostend : European Marine Board
    Details Availability
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: 83 Seiten , Illustrationen, Fotografien, Karten, Graph
    ISBN: 9789079528196
    Series Statement: European Marine Board Position Paper 18
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Carbon/Nitrogen ratio of plant tissues and biomass of belowground consumers after 11 years of experimental treatment, Toolik lake (2012)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Gough, Laura; Moore, John C; Shaver, Gauis R; Simpson, Rodney T; Johnson, David R (2012): Above- and belowground responses of arctic tundra ecosystems to altered soil nutrients and mammalian herbivory. Ecology, 93(7), 1683-1694, https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1631.1
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-13
    Description: Theory and observation indicate that changes in the rate of primary production can alter the balance between the bottom-up influences of plants and resources and the top-down regulation of herbivores and predators on ecosystem structure and function. The Exploitation Ecosystem Hypothesis (EEH) posited that as aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) increases, the additional biomass should support higher trophic levels. We developed an extension of EEH to include the impacts of increases in ANPP on belowground consumers in a similar manner as aboveground, but indirectly through changes in the allocation of photosynthate to roots. We tested our predictions for plants aboveground and for phytophagous nematodes and their predators belowground in two common arctic tundra plant communities subjected to 11 years of increased soil nutrient availability and/or exclusion of mammalian herbivores. The less productive dry heath (DH) community met the predictions of EEH aboveground, with the greatest ANPP and plant biomass in the fertilized plots protected from herbivory. A palatable grass increased in fertilized plots while dwarf evergreen shrubs and lichens declined. Belowground, phytophagous nematodes also responded as predicted, achieving greater biomass in the higher ANPP plots, whereas predator biomass tended to be lower in those same plots (although not significantly). In the higher productivity moist acidic tussock (MAT) community, aboveground responses were quite different. Herbivores stimulated ANPP and biomass in both ambient and enriched soil nutrient plots; maximum ANPP occurred in fertilized plots exposed to herbivory. Fertilized plots became dominated by dwarf birch (a deciduous shrub) and cloudberry (a perennial forb); under ambient conditions these two species coexist with sedges, evergreen dwarf shrubs, and Sphagnum mosses. Phytophagous nematodes did not respond significantly to changes in ANPP, although predator biomass was greatest in control plots. The contrasting results of these two arctic tundra plant communities suggest that the predictions of EEH may hold for very low ANPP communities, but that other factors, including competition and shifts in vegetation composition toward less palatable species, may confound predicted responses to changes in productivity in higher ANPP communities such as the MAT studied here.
    Keywords: International Polar Year (2007-2008); IPY; LTER_ToolikL; MULT; Multiple investigations; Toolik Lake, Alaska
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 6
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    (Table 1) Species richness and diversity of tundra plants in herbivore exclosure and control plots near Barrow, Alaska (2010)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Johnson, David R; Lara, Mark J; Shaver, Gauis R; Batzli, Go; Shaw, J D; Tweedie, Craig E (2011): Exclusion of brown lemmings reduces vascular plant cover and biomass in Arctic coastal tundra: resampling of a 50 + year herbivore exclosure experiment near Barrow, Alaska. Environmental Research Letters, 6(4), 045507, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045507
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-13
    Description: To determine the role lemmings play in structuring plant communities and their contribution to the 'greening of the Arctic', we measured plant cover and biomass in 50 + year old lemming exclosures and control plots in the coastal tundra near Barrow, Alaska. The response of plant functional types to herbivore exclusion varied among land cover types. In general, the abundance of lichens and bryophytes increased with the exclusion of lemmings, whereas graminoids decreased, although the magnitude of these responses varied among land cover types. These results suggest that sustained lemming activity promotes a higher biomass of vascular plant functional types than would be expected without their presence and highlights the importance of considering herbivory when interpreting patterns of greening in the Arctic. In light of the rapid environmental change ongoing in the Arctic and the potential regional to global implications of this change, further exploration regarding the long-term influence of arvicoline rodents on ecosystem function (e.g. carbon and energy balance) should be considered a research priority.
    Keywords: Barrow_plain; Barrow, Alaska, USA; Biological sample; BIOS; DATE/TIME; Environment; Experimental treatment; International Polar Year (2007-2008); IPY; Shannon Diversity Index; Species richness; Standard error
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 36 data points
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  • 7
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    Response of the benthic food web to short- and long-term nutrient 1 enrichment in saltmarsh mudflats (2013)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology Progress Series 474 (2013): 27-41, doi:10.3354/meps10090.
    Description: We examined the responses of biota at or near the base of the benthic food web to nutrient enrichment in salt marsh mudflats in Plum Island estuary (Massachusetts, USA). To simulate eutrophication, nitrate and phosphate loading rates were increased 10- to 15-fold in creeks fertilized for 2 mo (i.e. short-term enrichment) or 6 yr (chronic enrichment). We found that benthic invertebrate community structure was not altered by nutrient enrichment, although the abundance of epifaunal, but not infaunal, grazers increased. Short-term enrichment had no effect on the food web, but significant changes were detected with chronic enrichment. Grazing experiments with 15N-enriched bacteria and 13C-enriched benthic algae revealed higher per capita ingestion rates of benthic microalgae by nematodes, copepods and hydrobiid snails in the creek with chronic nutrient enrichment where isotope composition also indicated that algae increased in dietary importance. The fraction of bacterial biomass grazed was not affected by nutrient enrichment; however, the fraction of benthic algal biomass grazed increased by 235% with chronic enrichment. This higher grazing pressure was partly the result of dietary changes (increases in per capita feeding rate or a change in selection) but was mostly due to an increased abundance of the grazing consumer with the highest biomass, the snail Nassarius obsoletus. This increased top-down control partially masked the bottom-up effects of nutrient enrichment on algal biomass and helps explain the slow and inconsistent response of microalgal biomass to chronic nutrient enrichment previously observed in this estuary. Our research shows that eutrophication may subtly affect benthic food webs before large, sustained increases in algal biomass are observed.
    Description: Pierre-Yves Pascal conducted this research while being supported by a 563 postdoctoral fellowship funded by the Department of Energy Office of Biological and 564 Environmental Research Award DE-FG02-05ER64070 and the Louisiana State University 565 College of Science. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science 566 Foundation under Grant Nos. 0213767 and 9726921.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    The response of nematodes to deep-sea CO2 sequestration : a quantile regression approach (2010)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2010. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 57 (2010): 696-707, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.03.003.
    Description: One proposed approach to ameliorate the effects of global warming is sequestration of the greenhouse gas CO2 in the deep sea. To evaluate the environmental impact of this approach, we exposed the sediment-dwelling fauna at the mouth of the Monterey Submarine Canyon (3262 m) and a site on the nearby continental rise (3607 m) to CO2- rich water. We measured meiobenthic nematode population and community metrics after ~30-day exposures along a distance gradient from the CO2 source and with sediment depth to infer the patterns of mortality. We also compared the nematode response with that of harpacticoid copepods. Nematode abundance, average sediment depth, tail-group composition, and length: width ratio did not vary with distance from the CO2 source. However, quantile regression showed that nematode length and diameter increased in close proximity to the CO2 source in both experiments. Further, the effects of CO2 exposure and sediment depth (nematodes became more slender at one site, but larger at the other, with increasing depth in the sediment) varied with body size. For example, the response of the longest nematodes differed from those of average length. We propose that nematode body length and diameter increases were induced by lethal exposure to CO2-rich water and that nematodes experienced a high rate of mortality in both experiments. In contrast, copepods experienced high mortality rates in only one experiment suggesting that CO2 sequestration effects are taxon specific.
    Description: The Department of Energy Office of Biological and Environmental Research supported this research under award numbers DE‐FG02‐05ER64070 and DE‐FG03‐01ER63065 and the U.S. Department of Energy, Fossil Energy Group (award DE‐FC26‐00NT40929). We also appreciate significant support provided by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (project 200002).
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; Nematode body size and shape ; Sediment vertical profile ; Monterey Canyon ; Quantile regression
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    Descriptions of WHOI sediment cores (2012)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Prepared by the Staff of the Sea Floor Samples Laboratory
    Description: This report presents visual core descriptions and smear slide analyses for all cores in the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution geological samples collection which were obtained prior to November 1973. Approximately 1000 coring stations from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans and adjacent seas are represented. Charts of ships' track and computer listings of all cores are also included.
    Description: ONR N00014-74-C0262, NR 083-004, NSF DES73-06463
    Keywords: Sediments (Geology)
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    Descriptions of WHOI sediment cores : volume 5 (2012)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This report supplements Volumes 1-4 of the core descriptions published previously in this sequence (Johnson and Driscoll, 1975). It contains visual descriptions and smear slide analyses for all cores received in the geological samples collection of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution between November, 1973 and November, 1976. Approximately 368 sample localities from the North Atlantic, Mediterranean, and South Atlantic are represented. Charts of ships' tracks and updated computer listings of all cores in the W.H.O.I. collection are also included.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-74-C0262, NR 083-004; and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE76-81488.
    Keywords: Drill cores ; Sediments (Geology)
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: application/pdf
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