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  • 1
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    FIERCE: FInding volcanic ERuptive CEnters by a grid-searching algorithm in R (2018)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-01-27
    Beschreibung: Most eruptions are fed by dikes whose spatial distribution can provide important insights into the positions of possible old eruptive centers that are no longer clearly identifiable in the field. Locating these centers can in turn have further applications, e.g., in hazard assessment. We propose a purely geometrical algorithm—implemented as an R open-source script—named FIERCE (FInding volcanic ERuptive CEnters) based on the number of intersections of dikes identified within a grid of rectangular cells overlain onto a given search region. The algorithm recognizes radial distributions, tangential distributions, or combinations of both. We applied FIERCE to both well-known and less-studied volcanic edifices, in different tectonic settings and having different evolution histories, ages, and compositions. At Summer Coon volcano, FIERCE demonstrated that a radial dike distribution clearly indicates the position of the central vent. On Etna, it confirmed the position of the most important ancient eruptive centers and allowed us to study effects of the structural alignments and topography. On Stromboli, FIERCE not only enabled confirmation of some published locations of older vents but also identified possible vent areas not previously suggested. It also highlighted the influence of the regional structural trend and the collapse scars. FIERCE demonstrated that the dikes at the Somma-Vesuvius were emplaced before formation of Mt. Somma’s caldera and indicated a plausible location for the old volcanic crater of Mt. Somma which is compatible with previous studies. At the Vicuña Pampa Volcanic Complex, FIERCE highlights the position of two different vents of a highly degraded volcano.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 19
    Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 2
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    Etnean and Hyblean volcanism shifted away from the Malta Escarpment by crustal stresses (2018)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-12
    Beschreibung: A fraction of the volcanic activity occurs intraplate, challenging our models of melting and magma transfer to the Earth's surface. A prominent example is Mt. Etna, eastern Sicily, offset from the asthenospheric tear below the Malta Escarpment proposed as its melt source. The nearby Hyblean volcanism, to the south, and the overall northward migration of the eastern Sicilian volcanism are also unexplained. Here we simulate crustal magma pathways beneath eastern Sicily, accounting for regional stresses and decompression due to the increase in the depth of the Malta Escarpment. We find non-vertical magma pathways, with the competition of tectonic and loading stresses controlling the trajectories' curvature and its change in time, causing the observed migration of volcanism. This suggests that the Hyblean and Etnean volcanism have been fed laterally from a melt pooling region below the Malta Escarpment. The case of eastern Sicily shows how the reconstruction of the evolution of magmatic provinces may require not only an assessment of the paleostresses, but also of the contribution of surface loads and their variations; at times, the latter may even prevail. Accounting for these competing stresses may help shed light on the distribution and wandering of intraplate volcanism
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 15-22
    Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): intraplate volcanism ; fault scarp ; dike propagation ; Malta Escarpment ; Hyblean volcanism ; Etna ; Mechanical models of magma transfer are used to backtrack the surface volcanism in Eastern Sicily. ; Our models account for regional stresses and decompression due to the deepening of the Malta Escarpment ; Both the Hyblean and Etnean volcanism has been laterally fed by a melt pooling region below the Malta Escarpment ; The Malta Escarpment played an active role in steering the shifting of Etnean and Hyblean volcanism
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 3
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    Monitoring the December 2015 summit eruptions of Mt. Etna (Italy): Implications on eruptive dynamics (2018)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-02-16
    Beschreibung: A lengthy period of eruptive activity fromthe summit craters ofMt. Etna started in January 2011. It culminated in early December 2015 with a spectacular sequence of intense eruptive events involving all four summit craters (Voragine, Bocca Nuova,NewSoutheast Crater, and Northeast Crater). The activity consisted of high eruption columns, Strombolian explosions, lava flows andwidespread ash falls that repeatedly interferedwith air traffic. The most powerful episode occurred on 3 December 2015 from the Voragine. After three further potent episodes fromthe Voragine, activity shifted to the NewSoutheast Crater on 6 December 2015, where Strombolian activity and lava flow emission lasted for two days and were fed by the most primitive magma of the study period. Activity once more shifted to the Northeast Crater, where ash emission and weak Strombolian activity took place for several days. Sporadic ash emissions from all craters continued until 18 December, when all activity ceased. Although resembling the summit eruptions of 1998–1999, which also involved all four summit craters, thismultifaceted eruptive sequence occurred in an exceptionally short time window of less than three days, unprecedented in the recent activity of Mt. Etna. It also produced important morphostructural changes of the summit area with the coalescence of Voragine and Bocca Nuova in a single large crater, the “Central Crater”, reproducing themorphological setting of the summit cone before the formation of Bocca Nuova in 1968. The December 2015 volcanic crisis was followed closely by the staff of the Etna Observatory to monitor the on-going activity and forecast its evolution, in accordance with protocols agreed with the Italian Civil Protection Department.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 53-69
    Beschreibung: 5V. Dinamica dei processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 4
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    What happens to in-soil Radon activity during a long-lasting eruption? Insights from Etna by multidisciplinary data analysis (2017)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-11
    Beschreibung: We analyze short- to long-term changes (from days to months) in Radon (Rn) activity measured nearby (〈2 km) the eruptive fractures that fed a lava effusion at Mt. Etna, Italy, between 13 May 2008 and 6 July 2009. The N120-1408E eruptive fractures opened between 3050 and 2620 m above sea level before a dike-forming intrusion fed the 14 month-long lava emission. Our high-rate data streams include: Rn, ambient parameters (barometric pressure and soil temperature), and seismic data (earthquakes and volcanic tremor) recorded from January 2008 to July 2009. The analysis highlights repeated episodes of rockfracturing related to seismic swarms, and vigorous gas pulses and peak values in Rn emissions (maximum 4.13105 Bq/m3 on 16 November 2008), which we interpreted in a conceptual model as the response to inputs from the magmatic system during the eruption. This multidisciplinary study: (i) provides evidence of a close relationship between Rn emission at a fumarole near the summit active craters and local earthquakes, and (ii) enables exploring the important role of the volcanic source on the temporal development of the Rn flux, which may account for the much higher ( 94 m/d) ascent speed of the Rn carrier (vapor) than diffusion. The close location of Rn probes to the active conduits, along with the application of our multidisciplinary approach, may shed new light on the internal dynamics of other active volcanoes worldwide.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2162–2176
    Beschreibung: 1T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Beschreibung: 6T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e precursori
    Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): radon ; etna ; Solid Earth
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
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    Radon Tells Unexpected Tales of Mount Etna’s Unrest (2018)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-03-26
    Beschreibung: Some researchers view radon emissions as a precursor to earthquakes, especially those of high magnitude [e.g., Wang et al., 2014; Lombardi and Voltattorni, 2010], but the debate in the scientific community about the applicability of the gas to surveillance systems remains open. Yet radon “works” at Italy’s Mount Etna, one of the world’s most active volcanoes, although not specifically as a precursor to earthquakes. In a broader sense, this naturally radioactive gas from the decay of uranium in the soil, which has been analyzed at Etna in the past few years, acts as a tracer of eruptive activity and also, in some cases, of seismic–tectonic phenomena. To deepen the understanding of tectonic and eruptive phenomena at Etna, scientists analyzed radon escaping from the ground and compared those data with measurements gathered continuously by instrumental networks on the volcano. Here Etna is a boon to scientists—it’s traced by roads, making it easy to access for scientific observation. Dense monitoring networks, managed by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Catania–Osservatorio Etneo (INGV-OE), have been continuously observing the volcano for more than 40 years. This continuous dense monitoring made the volcano the perfect open-air laboratory for deciphering how eruptive activity may influence radon emissions.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by the Mediterranean Supersite Volcanoes (MED-SUV) project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development, and demonstration under grant agreement 308665.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 7
    Beschreibung: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR
    Schlagwort(e): Radon ; seismic activity ; Etna ; volcanic activity ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 6
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    Topographic Maps of Mount Etna’s Summit Craters, updated to December 2015 (2017)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-31
    Beschreibung: New maps of the summit of Mount Etna volcano (1:5000–1:4000), derived from helicopter photogrammetry, thermal images and terrestrial laser scanner survey, are here presented. These maps indicate the main morpho-structural changes occurring during the powerful explosive and effusive eruptions involving the summit craters of Etna over the first two weeks of December 2015. The survey enabled identifying the proximal erupted volume (7.2 ± 0.14 × 106 m3) and the size and location of the vent causing the powerful explosive activity inside the Central Crater. Our survey also outlines the growth of a recent (2011–2015) summit cone on top of a former pit crater, named New SE-Crater. This new cone is by now comparable in size to the former SE-Crater. The shape and size of two small cinder cones that formed on the upper eastern flank of the summit zone in May–July 2014 are also shown. This approach can be used in fast and frequent monitoring of very active volcanoes.
    Beschreibung: The Etna overflight was made by Butterfly S.r.L. Helicopters Services, piloted by Piero Berti.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 674-683
    Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Etna volcano ; photogrammetry ; terrestrial laser scanner ; thermal images ; topographic map ; summit craters ; Etna's 2015 topographic map ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
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    Why does a mature volcano need new vents? The case of the new Southeast crater at Etna (2018)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-11-08
    Beschreibung: Mature volcanoes usually erupt from a persistent summit crater. Permanent shifts in vent location are expected to occur after significant structural variations and are seldom documented. Here, we provide such an example that recently occurred at Etna. Eruptive activity at Mount Etna during 2007 focused at the Southeast Crater (SEC), the youngest (formed in 1971) and most active of the four summit craters, and consisted of six paroxysmal episodes. The related erupted volumes, determined by field-based measurements and radiant heat flux curves measured by satellite, totalled 8.67 × 106 m3. The first four episodes occurred, between late-March and early-May, from the summit of the SEC and short fissures on its flanks. The last two episodes occurred, in September and November, from a new vent (“pit crater” or “proto-NSEC”) at the SE base of the SEC cone; this marked the definitive demise of the old SEC and the shift to the new vent. The latter, fed by NW-SE striking dikes propagating from the SEC conduit, formed since early 2011 an independent cone (the New Southeast Crater, or “NSEC”) at the base of the SEC. Detailed geodetic reconstruction and structural field observations allow defining the surface deformation pattern of Mount Etna in the last decade. These suggest that the NSEC developed under the NE–SW trending tensile stresses on the volcano summit promoted by accelerated instability of the NE flank of the volcano during inflation periods. The development of the NSEC is not only important from a structural point of view, as its formation may also lead to an increase in volcanic hazard. The case of the NSEC at Etna here reported shows how flank instability may control the distribution and impact of volcanism, including the prolonged shift of the summit vent activity in a mature volcano.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: Article 67
    Beschreibung: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 8
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    Construction and degradation of a broad volcanic massif: The Vicuña pampa volcanic complex, southern central Andes, NW Argentina (2017)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-04
    Beschreibung: The Vicuña Pampa volcanic complex, at the SE edge of the arid Puna Plateau of the Central Andes, records the interplay between volcanic construction and degradational processes. The low-sloping Vicuña Pampa volcanic complex, with a 1200-mdeep, southeastward- opening depression, was previously interpreted as a collapse caldera based on morphological considerations. However, characteristic features associated with collapse calderas do not exist, and close inspection instead suggests that the Vicuña Pampa volcanic complex is a strongly eroded, broad, massif-type composite volcano of mainly basaltic to trachyandesitic composition. Construction of the Vicuña Pampa volcanic complex occurred during two distinct cycles separated by the development of the depression. The first and main cycle took place at ca. 12 Ma and was dominated by lava flows and subordinate scoria cones and domes. The second cycle, possibly late Mio-cene in age, affected the SW portion of the depression with the emplacement of domes. We interpret the central depression as the result of a possible sector collapse and subsequent intense fluvial erosion during middle to late Miocene time, facilitated by faulting, steepened topography, and wetter climate conditions compared to today. We estimate that ~65% of the initial edifice of ~240 km3 was degraded. The efficiency of degradation processes for removing mass from the Vicuña Pampa volcanic complex is surprising, considering that today the region is arid, and the stream channels within the complex are predominantly transport limited, forming a series of coalesced, aggraded alluvial fans and eolian infill. Hence, the Vicuña Pampa volcanic complex records the effects of past degradation efficiency that differs substantially from that of today.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 750-766
    Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): volcanoes ; Vicuña Pampa volcanic complex, southern Central Andes, NW Argentina
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
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    Remarkable variability in dyke features at the Vicuña Pampa Volcanic Complex, Southern Central Andes (2018)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-24
    Beschreibung: Dykes at the Vicuña Pampa Volcanic Complex, which are mostly basaltic (trachy)-andesite and (trachy)-andesite, are exposed at the base and along the walls of a large depression resulting from intense degradation. Dykes intruding stiff layers (lavas, plugs and necks) are thin, mostly dip 〉60° and have coherent textures, whereas dykes intruding more compliant materials (breccias and conglomerates) tend to be thicker, have lower dips and have coherent, brecciated or mixed textures (coherent and brecciated textural domains in a single or compound dyke). Single dykes with brecciated and mixed textures are only found intruding near-surface units. Dykes with mixed textures always have sharp contacts between domains. Dykes with sinuous domain contacts and enclaves of one domain inside the other are interpreted as resulting from dyke arrest, partial cooling and reinjection of new magma. Dykes with straight domain contacts are considered to be compound dykes, with a new dyke intruding along the margins of an older, solidified one.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 224-232
    Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): dyke ; Vicuña Pampa ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
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    The Contribution of Multi-Sensor Infrared Satellite Observations to Monitor Mt. Etna (Italy) Activity during May to August 2016 (2019)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-06-14
    Beschreibung: In May 2016, three powerful paroxysmal events, mild Strombolian activity, and lava emissions took place at the summit crater area of Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy). During, and immediately after the eruption, part of the North-East crater (NEC) collapsed, while extensive subsidence affected the Voragine crater (VOR). Since the end of the May eruptions, a diffuse fumarolic activity occurred from a fracture system that cuts the entire summit area. Starting from 7 August, a small vent (of ~20–30min diameter) opened up within the VOR crater, emitting high-temperature gases and producing volcanic glow which was visible at night. We investigated those volcanic phenomena from space, exploiting the information provided by the satellite-based system developed at the Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (IMAA), which monitors Italian volcanoes in near-real time by means of the RSTVOLC (Robust Satellite Techniques–volcanoes) algorithm. Results, achieved integrating Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations, showed that, despite some issues (e.g., in some cases, clouds masking the underlying hot surfaces), RSTVOLC provided additional information regarding Mt. Etna activity. In particular, results indicated that the Strombolian eruption of 21 May lasted longer than reported by field observations or that a short-lived event occurred in the late afternoon of the same day. Moreover, the outcomes of this study showed that the intensity of fumarolic emissions changed before 7 August, as a possible preparatory phase of the hot degassing activity occurring at VOR. In particular, the radiant flux retrieved from MODIS data decreased from 30 MW on 4 July to an average value of about 7.5 MW in the following weeks, increasing up to 18 MW a few days before the opening of a new degassing vent. These outcomes, in accordance with information provided by Sentinel-2 MSI (Multispectral Instrument) and Landsat 8-OLI (Operational Land Imager) data, confirm that satellite observations may also contribute greatly to the monitoring of active volcanoes in areas where efficient traditional surveillance systems exist.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: id 1948
    Beschreibung: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Mt. Etna ; multi-platform satellite observations ; RSTvolc ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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    ARTIKEL (OA)
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