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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Distinct Pathogenesis of Hong Kong-Origin H5N1 Viruses in Mice Compared to That of Other Highly Pathogenic H5 Avian Influenza Viruses
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2000
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 74, No. 3 ( 2000-02), p. 1443-1450
    Details
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 74, No. 3 ( 2000-02), p. 1443-1450
    Kurzfassung: In 1997, an outbreak of virulent H5N1 avian influenza virus occurred in poultry in Hong Kong (HK) and was linked to a direct transmission to humans. The factors associated with transmission of avian influenza virus to mammals are not fully understood, and the potential risk of other highly virulent avian influenza A viruses infecting and causing disease in mammals is not known. In this study, two avian and one human HK-origin H5N1 virus along with four additional highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses were analyzed for their pathogenicity in 6- to 8-week-old BALB/c mice. Both the avian and human HK H5 influenza virus isolates caused severe disease in mice, characterized by induced hypothermia, clinical signs, rapid weight loss, and 75 to 100% mortality by 6 to 8 days postinfection. Three of the non-HK-origin isolates caused no detectable clinical signs. One isolate, A/tk/England/91 (H5N1), induced measurable disease, and all but one of the animals recovered. Infections resulted in mild to severe lesions in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Most consistently, the viruses caused necrosis in respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles with accompanying inflammation. The most severe and widespread lesions were observed in the lungs of HK avian influenza virus-infected mice, while no lesions or only mild lesions were evident with A/ck/Scotland/59 (H5N1) and A/ck/Queretaro/95 (H5N2). The A/ck/Italy/97 (H5N2) and the A/tk/England/91 (H5N1) viruses exhibited intermediate pathogenicity, producing mild to moderate respiratory tract lesions. In addition, infection by the different isolates could be further distinguished by the mouse immune response. The non-HK-origin isolates all induced production of increased levels of active transforming growth factor β following infection, while the HK-origin isolates did not.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JVI.74.3.1443-1450.2000
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Society for Microbiology
    Publikationsdatum: 2000
    ZDB Id: 1495529-5
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
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    Continued Circulation in China of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Encoding the Hemagglutinin Gene Associated with the 1997 H5N1 Outbreak in Poultry and Humans
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2000
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 74, No. 14 ( 2000-07-15), p. 6592-6599
    Details
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 74, No. 14 ( 2000-07-15), p. 6592-6599
    Kurzfassung: Since the outbreak in humans of an H5N1 avian influenza virus in Hong Kong in 1997, poultry entering the live-bird markets of Hong Kong have been closely monitored for infection with avian influenza. In March 1999, this monitoring system detected geese that were serologically positive for H5N1 avian influenza virus, but the birds were marketed before they could be sampled for virus. However, viral isolates were obtained by swabbing the cages that housed the geese. These samples, known collectively as A/Environment/Hong Kong/437/99 (A/Env/HK/437/99), contained four viral isolates, which were compared to the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong isolates. Analysis of A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses revealed that the four isolates are nearly identical genetically and are most closely related to A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96. These isolates and the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong viruses encode common hemagglutinin (H5) genes that have identical hemagglutinin cleavage sites. Thus, the pathogenicity of the A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses was compared in chickens and in mice to evaluate the potential for disease outbreaks in poultry and humans. The A/Env/HK/437/99 isolates were highly pathogenic in chickens but caused a longer mean death time and had altered cell tropism compared to A/Hong Kong/156/97 (A/HK/156/97). Like A/HK/156/97, the A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses replicated in mice and remained localized to the respiratory tract. However, the A/Env/HK/437/99 isolates caused only mild pathological lesions in these tissues and no clinical signs of disease or death. As a measure of the immune response to these viruses, transforming growth factor β levels were determined in the serum of infected mice and showed elevated levels for the A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses compared to the A/HK/156/97 viruses. This study is the first to characterize the A/Env/HK/437/99 viruses in both avian and mammalian species, evaluating the H5 gene from the 1997 Hong Kong H5N1 isolates in a different genetic background. Our findings reveal that at least one of the avian influenza virus genes encoded by the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong viruses continues to circulate in mainland China and that this gene is important for pathogenesis in chickens but is not the sole determinant of pathogenicity in mice. There is evidence that H9N2 viruses, which have internal genes in common with the 1997 H5N1 Hong Kong isolates, are still circulating in Hong Kong and China as well, providing a heterogeneous gene pool for viral reassortment. The implications of these findings for the potential for human disease are discussed.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JVI.74.14.6592-6599.2000
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Society for Microbiology
    Publikationsdatum: 2000
    ZDB Id: 1495529-5
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
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    Movements of Birds and Avian Influenza from Asia into Alaska
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ; 2007
    In:  Emerging Infectious Diseases Vol. 13, No. 4 ( 2007-04), p. 547-552
    Details
    In: Emerging Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Vol. 13, No. 4 ( 2007-04), p. 547-552
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1080-6040 , 1080-6059
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3201/eid1304.061072
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
    Publikationsdatum: 2007
    ZDB Id: 2004375-2
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Online-Ressource
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    Comparisons of Highly Virulent H5N1 Influenza A Viruses Isolated from Humans and Chickens from Hong Kong
    American Society for Microbiology ; 1998
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 72, No. 8 ( 1998-08), p. 6678-6688
    Details
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 72, No. 8 ( 1998-08), p. 6678-6688
    Kurzfassung: Genes of an influenza A (H5N1) virus from a human in Hong Kong isolated in May 1997 were sequenced and found to be all avian-like (K. Subbarao et al., Science 279:393–395, 1998). Gene sequences of this human isolate were compared to those of a highly pathogenic chicken H5N1 influenza virus isolated from Hong Kong in April 1997. Sequence comparisons of all eight RNA segments from the two viruses show greater than 99% sequence identity between them. However, neither isolate’s gene sequence was closely ( 〉 95% sequence identity) related to any other gene sequences found in the GenBank database. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the nucleotide sequences of at least four of the eight RNA segments clustered with Eurasian origin avian influenza viruses. The hemagglutinin gene phylogenetic analysis also included the sequences from an additional three human and two chicken H5N1 virus isolates from Hong Kong, and the isolates separated into two closely related groups. However, no single amino acid change separated the chicken origin and human origin isolates, but they all contained multiple basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin cleavage site, which is associated with a highly pathogenic phenotype in poultry. In experimental intravenous inoculation studies with chickens, all seven viruses were highly pathogenic, killing most birds within 24 h. All infected chickens had virtually identical pathologic lesions, including moderate to severe diffuse edema and interstitial pneumonitis. Viral nucleoprotein was most frequently demonstrated in vascular endothelium, macrophages, heterophils, and cardiac myocytes. Asphyxiation from pulmonary edema and generalized cardiovascular collapse were the most likely pathogenic mechanisms responsible for illness and death. In summary, a small number of changes in hemagglutinin gene sequences defined two closely related subgroups, with both subgroups having human and chicken members, among the seven viruses examined from Hong Kong, and all seven viruses were highly pathogenic in chickens and caused similar lesions in experimental inoculations.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JVI.72.8.6678-6688.1998
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Society for Microbiology
    Publikationsdatum: 1998
    ZDB Id: 1495529-5
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
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    Development of a Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay for Type A Influenza Virus and the Avian H5 and H7 Hemagglutinin Subtypes
    American Society for Microbiology ; 2002
    In:  Journal of Clinical Microbiology Vol. 40, No. 9 ( 2002-09), p. 3256-3260
    Details
    In: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 40, No. 9 ( 2002-09), p. 3256-3260
    Kurzfassung: A real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RRT-PCR) assay based on the avian influenza virus matrix gene was developed for the rapid detection of type A influenza virus. Additionally, H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtype-specific probe sets were developed based on North American avian influenza virus sequences. The RRT-PCR assay utilizes a one-step RT-PCR protocol and fluorogenic hydrolysis type probes. The matrix gene RRT-PCR assay has a detection limit of 10 fg or approximately 1,000 copies of target RNA and can detect 0.1 50% egg infective dose of virus. The H5- and H7-specific probe sets each have a detection limit of 100 fg of target RNA or approximately 10 3 to 10 4 gene copies. The sensitivity and specificity of the real-time PCR assay were directly compared with those of the current standard for detection of influenza virus: virus isolation (VI) in embryonated chicken eggs and hemagglutinin subtyping by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The comparison was performed with 1,550 tracheal and cloacal swabs from various avian species and environmental swabs obtained from live-bird markets in New York and New Jersey. Influenza virus-specific RRT-PCR results correlated with VI results for 89% of the samples. The remaining samples were positive with only one detection method. Overall the sensitivity and specificity of the H7- and H5-specific RRT-PCR were similar to those of VI and HI.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0095-1137 , 1098-660X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JCM.40.9.3256-3260.2002
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Society for Microbiology
    Publikationsdatum: 2002
    ZDB Id: 1498353-9
    SSG: 12
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
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    Phylogenetic Analysis of H7 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from the Live Bird Markets of the Northeast United States
    American Society for Microbiology ; 1999
    In:  Journal of Virology Vol. 73, No. 5 ( 1999-05), p. 3567-3573
    Details
    In: Journal of Virology, American Society for Microbiology, Vol. 73, No. 5 ( 1999-05), p. 3567-3573
    Kurzfassung: The presence of low-pathogenic H7 avian influenza virus (AIV), which is associated with live-bird markets (LBM) in the Northeast United States, was first detected in 1994 and, despite efforts to eradicate the virus, surveillance of these markets has resulted in numerous isolations of H7 AIVs from several states from 1994 through 1998. The hemagglutinin, nonstructural, and matrix genes from representative H7 isolates from the LBM and elsewhere were sequenced, and the sequences were compared phylogenetically. The hemagglutinin gene of most LBM isolates examined appeared to have been the result of a single introduction of the hemagglutinin gene. Evidence for evolutionary changes were observed with three definable steps. The first isolate from 1994 had the amino acid threonine at the −2 position of the hemagglutinin cleavage site, which is the most commonly observed amino acid at this site for North American H7 AIVs. In January 1995 a new genotype with a proline at the −2 position was detected, and this genotype eventually became the predominant virus isolate. A third viral genotype, detected in November 1996, had an eight-amino-acid deletion within the putative receptor binding site. This viral genotype appeared to be the predominant isolate, although isolates with proline at the −2 position without the deletion were still observed in viruses from the last sampling date. Evidence for reassortment of multiple viral genes was evident. The combination of possible adaptive evolution of the virus and reassortment with different influenza virus genes makes it difficult to determine the risk of pathogenesis of this group of H7 AIVs.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0022-538X , 1098-5514
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1128/JVI.73.5.3567-3573.1999
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Society for Microbiology
    Publikationsdatum: 1999
    ZDB Id: 1495529-5
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
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    Influenza Virus (A/HK/156/97) Hemagglutinin Expressed by an Alphavirus Replicon System Protects Chickens against Lethal Infection with Hong Kong-Origin H5N1 Viruses
    Elsevier BV ; 2000
    In:  Virology Vol. 278, No. 1 ( 2000-12), p. 55-59
    Details
    In: Virology, Elsevier BV, Vol. 278, No. 1 ( 2000-12), p. 55-59
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0042-6822
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0635
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Elsevier BV
    Publikationsdatum: 2000
    ZDB Id: 1471925-3
    SSG: 12
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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