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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Seasonal salt budget of the northwestern tropical Atlantic Ocean along 38°W : SALT BUDGET OF THE NORTHWEST TROPICAL ATLANTIC
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2004
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 109, No. C3 ( 2004-03)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 109, No. C3 ( 2004-03)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2003JC002111
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2004
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact of Saharan Dust on Tropical North Atlantic SST*
    American Meteorological Society ; 2008
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 21, No. 19 ( 2008-10-01), p. 5048-5060
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 21, No. 19 ( 2008-10-01), p. 5048-5060
    Abstract: A combination of satellite and in situ datasets is used to investigate the impact of interannual changes in atmospheric dust content on the sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical North Atlantic Ocean. Throughout most of the region the authors find, in agreement with previous studies, that positive anomalies of dust are associated with a significant reduction in surface shortwave radiation (SWR), while negative anomalies of dust are associated with an enhancement of SWR. Statistical analysis for 1984–2000 suggests that changes in dustiness in the tropical North Atlantic (10°–25°N, 20°–60°W) explained approximately 35% of the observed interannual SST variability during boreal summer, when climatological dust concentrations are highest. Measurements from a long-term moored buoy in the central tropical North Atlantic are used to investigate the causes of anomalously cool SST that occurred in conjunction with a period of enhanced dustiness at the start of the unexpectedly quiet 2006 hurricane season. It is found that surface SWR varied out of phase with dustiness, consistent with historical analyses. However, most of the anomalous cooling occurred prior to the period of enhanced dustiness and was driven primarily by wind-induced latent heat loss, with horizontal oceanic heat advection and SWR playing secondary roles. These results indicate that dust-induced changes in SWR did not play a major direct role in the cooling that led up to the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2232.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Seasonal Mixed Layer Heat Balance of the Southwestern Tropical Indian Ocean*
    American Meteorological Society ; 2010
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 23, No. 4 ( 2010-02-15), p. 947-965
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 23, No. 4 ( 2010-02-15), p. 947-965
    Abstract: Sea surface temperature (SST) in the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean exerts a significant influence on global climate through its influence on the Indian summer monsoon and Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation. In this study, measurements from a long-term moored buoy are used in conjunction with satellite, in situ, and atmospheric reanalysis datasets to analyze the seasonal mixed layer heat balance in the thermocline ridge region of the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean. This region is characterized by a shallow mean thermocline (90 m, as measured by the 20°C isotherm) and pronounced seasonal cycles of Ekman pumping and SST (seasonal ranges of −0.1 to 0.6 m day−1 and 26°–29.5°C, respectively). It is found that surface heat fluxes and horizontal heat advection contribute significantly to the seasonal cycle of mixed layer heat storage. The net surface heat flux tends to warm the mixed layer throughout the year and is strongest during boreal fall and winter, when surface shortwave radiation is highest and latent heat loss is weakest. Horizontal heat advection provides warming during boreal summer and fall, when southwestward surface currents and horizontal SST gradients are strongest, and is close to zero during the remainder of the year. Vertical turbulent mixing, estimated as a residual in the heat balance, also undergoes a significant seasonal cycle. Cooling from this term is strongest in boreal summer, when surface wind and buoyancy forcing are strongest, the thermocline ridge is shallow ( & lt;90 m), and the mixed layer is deepening. These empirical results provide a framework for addressing intraseasonal and interannual climate variations, which are dynamically linked to the seasonal cycle, in the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean. They also provide a quantitative basis for assessing the accuracy of numerical ocean model simulations in the region.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2009JCLI3268.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact of Barrier Layer Thickness on SST in the Central Tropical North Atlantic*
    American Meteorological Society ; 2009
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 22, No. 2 ( 2009-01-15), p. 285-299
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 22, No. 2 ( 2009-01-15), p. 285-299
    Abstract: Measurements from three long-term moored buoys are used to investigate the impact of barrier layer thickness (BLT) on the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) in the central tropical North Atlantic Ocean. It is found that seasonal variations of the BLT exert a considerable influence on SST through their modulation of the vertical heat flux at the base of the mixed layer, estimated as the residual in the mixed layer heat balance. Cooling associated with this term is strongest when the barrier layer is thin and the vertical temperature gradient at the base of the mixed layer is strong. Conversely, thick barrier layers are associated with a significant reduction in the vertical temperature gradient at the base of the mixed layer, which suppresses the upward transfer of cooler water into the mixed layer. Forced ocean and coupled ocean–atmosphere models that do not properly simulate the barrier layer may have difficulty reproducing the observed seasonal cycle of SST in the tropical North Atlantic.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2308.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2009
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021723-7
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Role of Oceanic Heat Advection in the Evolution of Tropical North and South Atlantic SST Anomalies*
    American Meteorological Society ; 2006
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 19, No. 23 ( 2006-12-01), p. 6122-6138
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 19, No. 23 ( 2006-12-01), p. 6122-6138
    Abstract: The role of horizontal oceanic heat advection in the generation of tropical North and South Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is investigated through an analysis of the oceanic mixed layer heat balance. It is found that SST anomalies poleward of 10° are driven primarily by a combination of wind-induced latent heat loss and shortwave radiation. Away from the eastern boundary, horizontal advection damps surface flux–forced SST anomalies due to a combination of mean meridional Ekman currents acting on anomalous meridional SST gradients, and anomalous meridional currents acting on the mean meridional SST gradient. Horizontal advection is likely to have the most significant effect on the interhemispheric SST gradient mode through its impact in the 10°–20° latitude bands of each hemisphere, where the variability in advection is strongest and its negative correlation with the surface heat flux is highest. In addition to the damping effect of horizontal advection in these latitude bands, evidence for coupled wind–SST feedbacks is found, with anomalous equatorward (poleward) SST gradients contributing to enhanced (reduced) westward surface winds and an equatorward propagation of SST anomalies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3961.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2006
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021723-7
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mixed Layer Heat Balance on Intraseasonal Time Scales in the Northwestern Tropical Atlantic Ocean*
    American Meteorological Society ; 2005
    In:  Journal of Climate Vol. 18, No. 20 ( 2005-10-15), p. 4168-4184
    Details
    In: Journal of Climate, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 18, No. 20 ( 2005-10-15), p. 4168-4184
    Abstract: Recent observations have shown evidence of intraseasonal oscillations (with periods of approximately 1–2 months) in the northern and southern tropical Atlantic trade winds. In this paper, the oceanic response to the observed intraseasonal wind variability is addressed through an analysis of the surface mixed layer heat balance, focusing on three locations in the northwestern tropical Atlantic where in situ measurements from moored buoys are available (14.5°N, 51°W; 15°N, 38°W; and 18°N, 34°W). It is found that local heat storage at all three locations is balanced primarily by wind-induced latent heat loss, which is the same mechanism that is believed to play a dominant role on interannual and decadal time scales in the region. It is also found that the intraseasonal wind speed oscillations are linked to changes in surface wind convergence and convection over the western equatorial Atlantic warm pool. These atmospheric circulation anomalies and wind-induced SST anomalies potentially feed back on one another to affect longer time-scale variability in the region.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0442 , 0894-8755
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3531.1
    RVK:
    UA 4548
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2005
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021723-7
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Interaction between the Atlantic meridional and Niño modes : ATLANTIC MERIDIONAL-NIÑO INTERACTION
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2010
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 37, No. 18 ( 2010-09), p. n/a-n/a
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 37, No. 18 ( 2010-09), p. n/a-n/a
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2010GL044001
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021599-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7403-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dust Accumulation Biases in PIRATA Shortwave Radiation Records*
    American Meteorological Society ; 2013
    In:  Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology Vol. 30, No. 7 ( 2013-07-01), p. 1414-1432
    Details
    In: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 30, No. 7 ( 2013-07-01), p. 1414-1432
    Abstract: Long-term and direct measurements of surface shortwave radiation (SWR) have been recorded by the Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) since 1997. Previous studies have shown that African dust, transported westward from the Sahara and Sahel regions, can accumulate on mooring SWR sensors in the high-dust region of the North Atlantic (8°–25°N, 20°–50°W), potentially leading to significant negative SWR biases. Here dust-accumulation biases are quantified for each PIRATA mooring using direct measurements from the moorings, combined with satellite and reanalysis datasets and statistical models. The SWR records from five locations in the high-dust region (8°, 12°, and 15°N along 38°W; 12° and 21°N along 23°W) are found to contain monthly-mean accumulation biases as large as −200 W m−2 and record-length mean biases on the order of −10 W m−2. The other 12 moorings, located mainly between 10°S and 4°N, are in regions of lower atmospheric dust concentration and do not show statistically significant biases. Seasonal-to-interannual variability of the accumulation bias is found at all locations in the high-dust region. The moorings along 38°W also show decreasing trends in the bias magnitude since 1998 that are possibly related to a corresponding negative trend in atmospheric dust concentration. The dust-accumulation biases described here will be useful for interpreting SWR data from PIRATA moorings in the high-dust region. The biases are also potentially useful for quantifying dust deposition rates in the tropical North Atlantic, which at present are poorly constrained by satellite data and numerical models.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0739-0572 , 1520-0426
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00169.1
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trends in Saharan dust and tropical Atlantic climate during 1980–2006
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2008
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 35, No. 20 ( 2008-10-25)
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 35, No. 20 ( 2008-10-25)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2008GL035042
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021599-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7403-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Unusually warm sea surface temperatures in the tropical North Atlantic during 2005
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2006
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 33, No. 19 ( 2006-10-05)
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 33, No. 19 ( 2006-10-05)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2006GL027394
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021599-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7403-2
    SSG: 16,13
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