Note: Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Units, notation and abbreviations -- 1 A Few Bases of Descriptive and Physical Oceanography -- 1.1 The Size of the Ocean -- 1.2 Salinity, Temperature and Density: The Basic Parameters of the Oceanographer -- 1.2.1 Salinity -- 1.2.2 Temperature -- 1.2.3 Density -- 1.3 Vertical Structure of the Ocean -- 1.4 The Main Water Masses -- 1.5 Ocean Currents -- 1.5.1 Surface Circulation -- 1.5.2 The Physical Principles -- 1.5.3 The Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation -- 1.5.4 Ekman Pumping -- 1.5.5 Coastal Upwelling -- 1.5.6 Geostrophic Currents -- 1.6 Large-Scale Circulation -- 1.6.1 Vorticity -- 1.6.2 Sverdrup Balance -- 1.6.3 The Intensification of the Western Boundary Currents -- 1.6.4 Eddies and Recirculation -- 1.6.5 The Thermocline Ventilation -- 1.6.6 The Equatorial Circulation -- 1.6.7 The Deep Circulation -- Appendix 1: The Atmospheric Forcing -- Problems -- 2 Seawater Is More than Salted Water -- 2.1 Why Is Seawater Salty? -- 2.1.1 The Chemical Composition of Salt -- 2.1.2 Residence Time -- 2.1.3 Rivers and Estuaries -- 2.1.4 The Atmosphere -- 2.1.5 Volcanic and Hydrothermal Processes -- 2.1.6 The Removal of Chemical Elements -- 2.2 Concept of Conservative and Non-Conservative Tracers -- 2.3 The Nutrient Cycle and the Role of Biological Activity -- 2.3.1 Nutrient Profiles in Seawater -- 2.3.2 The Life Cycles in the Ocean -- 2.3.3 Influence of Deep Circulation on the Nutrient Distribution -- 2.4 Gases in Seawater -- 2.4.1 Definition of Apparent Oxygen Utilization -- 2.5 Relationships between the Different Tracers -- 2.5.1 Extracting the Conservative Fraction of a Tracer -- 2.5.2 Construction of Conservative Tracers -- 2.5.3 Horizontal and Vertical Changes of Tracers -- 2.6 Carbon Chemistry -- 2.6.1 The Carbonate System -- 2.6.2 Calcium Carbonate -- 2.6.3 Organic Carbon -- 2.7 The Redox Conditions in the Ocean. , 2.8 Behavior of Trace Metals -- 2.8.1 The Different Types of Profiles -- 2.8.2 Oxidation and Reduction of Manganese -- 2.8.3 Complexation of Iron -- 2.9 Many Open Questions -- Appendix 1 -- Problems -- 3 Stable Isotopes -- 3.1 What Is an Isotope? -- 3.2 Notations -- 3.3 The Different Types of Fractionations: The Oxygen Example -- 3.3.1 Kinetic Fractionations -- 3.3.2 Thermodynamic Fractionations -- 3.3.3 Seaside Analogy -- 3.3.4 The "Biological'' Fractionations -- 3.3.5 Mass-Dependent and Mass-Independent Fractionations -- 3.3.6 Clumped Isotopes -- 3.4 Oxygen Isotope Fractionation -- 3.4.1 The Fractionations in the Water Cycle -- 3.4.2 Isotope Exchange between Water and Solid -- 3.5 Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation -- 3.6 Carbon Isotope Fractionation -- 3.6.1 Fractionations in the Carbonate System -- 3.6.2 Biological Fractionations -- 3.6.3 The δ13 C-PO43- Relationship in Seawater -- 3.7 Nitrogen Isotope Fractionation -- 3.8 Sulfur Isotope Fractionation -- 3.9 Boron Isotope Fractionation -- 3.10 Silicon Isotope Fractionation -- 3.11 Iron Isotope Fractionation -- 3.12 Mixing of Isotopic Tracers -- 3.12.1 Conservative Mixing -- 3.12.2 Non-Conservative Mixing -- 3.13 Evolution of the Isotopic Signature during a Reaction -- 3.13.1 Example: Nitrate Assimilation by Phytoplankton -- Appendix 1: Evolution of Isotopic Signatures during Fractionation Processes -- Problems -- 4 Radioactive and Radiogenic Isotopes -- 4.1 Radioactivity -- 4.2 The Radioactive Decay Law and its Applications -- 4.2.1 The Radioactive Decay Law -- 4.2.2 Disintegration without Simultaneous Production -- 4.2.3 Disintegration with Simultaneous Production -- 4.2.4 Definition of the Activity -- 4.3 The Long-Lived Radioactive Decay Systems -- 4.3.1 Strontium -- 4.3.2 Neodymium -- 4.3.3 Lead -- 4.3.4 Helium -- 4.4 The Uranium and Thorium Decay Chains -- 4.5 Cosmogenic Isotopes. , 4.5.1 The 14C Isotope -- 4.5.2 The 10Be Isotope -- 4.6 Artificial Isotopes -- Appendix 1 -- Integration of the Radioactivity Equation for a Closed System without Production Term -- Integration of the Radioactivity Equation for a Closed System with Production Term -- Calculation of the Mean Lifetime of an Isotope -- Problems -- 5 Box Models -- 5.1 One-Box Model -- 5.1.1 The Conservation Equation -- 5.1.2 Case of Enzyme Kinetics -- 5.1.3 Steady State -- 5.1.4 Residence Time -- 5.2 Dynamic Behavior of a Reservoir -- 5.2.1 Constant Forcing -- 5.2.2 Temporal Evolution of the Forcings -- 5.3 Box Models and Isotopic Tracers -- 5.3.1 Use of U and Th Decay Chains -- 5.3.2 Using the Isotopic Composition of a Tracer -- 5.3.3 Application Exercise: Ventilation of the Deep Waters in the Red Sea -- 5.4 Dynamics of Coupled Boxes -- 5.5 Mean Age, Residence Time and Reservoir Age of a Tracer -- Problems -- 6 Advection-Diffusion Models -- 6.1 An Infinitesimal Box -- 6.2 Advection -- 6.3 Molecular Diffusion -- 6.3.1 Random Walk -- 6.3.2 The Fick Law -- 6.3.3 Gas Diffusion at the Air-Sea Interface -- 6.4 Eddy Diffusion -- 6.5 The Full Conservation Equation -- 6.5.1 Example 1: Radium Transport in Coastal Waters -- 6.5.2 Example 2: Dispersion of SF6 in the Thermocline -- 6.6 The Case of Sediment Transport -- Problems -- 7 Development and Limitations of Biological Activity in Surface Waters -- 7.1 Life Cycle in the Ocean -- 7.2 Development of the Biological Production in Surface Waters -- 7.3 Estimating the Primary Production -- 7.4 Global Distribution of Photosynthesis and Ocean Color -- 7.5 Iron Limitation -- 7.6 Silica Limitation -- 7.7 A CO2 Limitation? -- 7.8 The Long-Term Limitation of the Production -- 7.9 Anthropogenic Impacts -- Problems -- 8 CO2 Exchanges between the Ocean and the Atmosphere -- 8.1 The Global Carbon Cycle. , 8.2 The Partial Pressure of CO2 in Seawater -- 8.2.1 Temperature Effect -- 8.2.2 Carbonate System Effect -- 8.2.3 Photosynthesis -- 8.2.4 Remineralization -- 8.2.5 The Formation of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) -- 8.2.6 CaCO3 Dissolution -- 8.2.7 Overall Effect on the Pumping of CO2 -- 8.3 The Carbon Storage Capacity of the Ocean -- 8.4 Rate of CO2 Transfer at the Air-Sea Interface -- 8.5 Gas Equilibration Time between the Mixed Layer and the Atmosphere -- 8.5.1 Perturbation of Oxygen -- 8.5.2 Perturbation of the Carbonate System -- 8.5.3 Perturbation of the Isotopic Composition -- 8.6 Observation of the Anthropogenic Perturbation at the Ocean Surface -- 8.7 Global Estimate of the Ocean-Atmosphere Exchanges -- 8.8 Spread of the Anthropogenic Perturbation in the Deep Ocean -- Problems -- 9 The Little World of Marine Particles -- 9.1 Origin and Nature of Marine Particles -- 9.2 Marine Particle Sampling -- 9.3 The Distribution of Particles -- 9.4 Particle Sinking -- 9.5 Changes of the Particle Flux with Depth -- 9.5.1 The Organic Matter Flux -- 9.5.2 The Mineral Phases -- 9.6 Estimation of the Particle Flux -- 9.6.1 234Th and Irreversible ``Scavenging'' Models -- 9.6.2 Relations between Small and Large Particles -- 9.6.3 230Th and Reversible Models -- 9.7 The Role of Margins -- 9.7.1 Boundary Scavenging -- 9.7.2 Boundary Exchange -- 9.8 The Distribution of Sediments on the Seafloor -- 9.9 The Diagenesis -- 9.10 Timescales and Sediment Fluxes -- Problems -- 10 Thermohaline Circulation -- 10.1 The Long Path of Deep Waters -- 10.2 The Rapid Progression of Transient Tracers -- 10.2.1 Deep Current Dynamics -- 10.2.2 Intensity of the Recirculation -- 10.3 14C-Transient Tracer Comparison -- 10.4 The Contribution of 231Pa-230Th -- 10.5 The Origin of the AABW -- 10.6 Closure of the Meridional Overturning Circulation -- Problems. , 11 Ocean History and Climate Evolution -- 11.1 The Origin of the Ocean -- 11.2 The First Traces of Life -- 11.3 The Rise of Oxygen -- 11.4 Geological Sequestration of CO2 -- 11.5 The Closure of the Panama Isthmus -- 11.6 The Last Glaciation -- 11.7 El Niño Exacerbated by Human Activity? -- 11.8 The Climate of the Future and the Ocean -- 11.9 The Expected Consequences -- Problems -- Problem solutions -- Glossary -- References -- Index.