Note: Intro -- Contents 1 -- Contents 2 -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- January -- Feathered Winter Visitors -- The Cunning Coyote -- There's No Such Thing as Buzzards -- Dabblers and Divers -- February -- Winged Denizens of the Night -- Cat Tracks -- A Bird That Prefers to Run -- Fronds of Ferns -- March -- An Endangered Warbler -- Beneficial Bats -- Not So Lonesome Doves -- Spiny Splendor -- April -- Spring Heralds -- The Song of the Vireo -- Surprises After a Rain -- Evening Chorus -- May -- Wildscaping with Natives -- Filter Feeders -- Pollinators: A Flower's Best Friend -- The Lure and Lore of Lizards -- June -- Webs of Intrigue -- In the Water and On the Land -- Signature Plants -- Meet the Salamanders -- July -- Water: The Essence of Life -- Dazzling Dragonflies -- Edible Fruits and Berries -- Turtle Teachings -- August -- Celestial Showers -- Amazing Arthropods -- Spiders on the Prowl -- Caverns and Caves -- September -- Is the Only Good Snake a Dead Snake? -- Hoppin' Orthoptera -- Hummingbird Highways -- Mysterious Moths -- October -- Magical Monarch Migration -- Fabulous Fall Grasses -- A River of Raptors -- Blooming Mist -- November -- Leafy Treasures -- The Simple Beauty of Sparrows -- The Fungus Among Us -- First Frost -- December -- Common Myths of the Ashe Juniper -- Nocturnal Neighbors -- Fantastic Fossils -- Silent Flight -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I Formal Methods -- Things in Possible Experiments: Case-Intensional Logic as a Framework for Tracing Things from Case to Case -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Possible Experiments -- 3 Tracing in Standard Quantified Modal Logic -- 4 Tracing in CIFOL: Case-Intensional First Order Logic -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- The Proof Is in the Process: A Preamble for a Philosophy of Computer-Assisted Mathematics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Human-Computer Interactions, Time-Sensitivity and Internalization -- 2.1 Mathematician-Computer Interactions -- 2.2 Internalization -- 2.3 Time and Finite Processes -- 3 Discussion -- References -- The Future Role of Computation in Science and Society -- 1 Some Examples of Large-Scale Computation -- 2 From Science to Society -- References -- In No Categorical Terms: A Sketch for an Alternative Route to a Humean Interpretation of Laws -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Canonical Account of Laws, Properties and Modality -- 3 Laws and Properties in Modern Physics: Problems for Humeanism -- 3.1 Problems for Categoricalism -- 3.2 Problems for Contingentism -- 4 Coda on Humeanism -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- The Undeniable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Special Sciences -- 1 The Philosophical Problems of Applied Mathematics -- 2 Case Study: Population Ecology -- 3 The Role of Mathematics -- 4 A Cure for Physics Envy -- References -- Comment on ``The Undeniable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Special Sciences'' -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Colyvan's Program -- 3 The Roots of Lotka-Volterra -- 4 Volterra and d'Ancona on Idealization -- 5 A Legitimate Explanation of the Honeycomb? -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Part II Philosophy of the Natural and Life Sciences -- Explanatory Pluralism in Psychiatry: What Are We Pluralists About, and Why?. , 1 Models of Psychiatric Disorders. Some Studies from Psychiatry -- 2 Approaches to Explanation of Psychiatric Disorders -- 3 Psychiatric Explanations and Explanatory Pluralism -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Pluralists About Pluralism? Different Versions of Explanatory Pluralism in Psychiatry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Plurality in Psychiatric Practice and the Challenges It Poses -- 3 Different Ways of Dealing with Plurality - Contending Versions of Pluralism -- 3.1 Explanatory Pluralism Versus Explanatory Reductionism -- 3.2 Different Understandings of Explanatory Pluralism -- 4 Questioning and Evaluating the Different Understandings of Explanatory Pluralism -- 4.1 Questioning Integrative Pluralism -- 4.2 Questioning Isolationist Pluralism -- 4.3 Questioning Interactive Pluralism -- 5 Philosophical Frameworks for Explanatory Pluralism -- 5.1 A Framework for Explanatory Pluralism -- 5.2 Framing the "Genuine Dialogue"? -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Shifting Attention from Theory to Practice in Philosophy of Biology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 From Concepts to Conceptual Practices -- 3 From Theories to Theoretical Practices -- 4 From Theory Reduction to Reductive Retooling of Practices -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Living Instruments and Theoretical Terms: Xenografts as Measurements in Cancer Research -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Living Instruments -- 2.1 The Roles of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical Research -- 2.2 Xenograft Experiments in Early Cancer Research -- 2.3 Inventing an Abstract Quantity -- 3 Measurement and Theoretical Terms -- 3.1 Reaching a Thermometry Consensus -- 3.2 Xenografts in the Cancer Stem Cell Framework -- 3.3 CSC and Theoretical Grounding of Operations -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Developmental Explanation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Interventionist Theory of Explanation -- 3 Etiological Explanation. , 4 Constitutive Explanation -- 5 Developmental Explanation -- 6 Reductionism and the Desiderata for Developmental Explanations -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- What Counts as Causation in Physics and Biology? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Causation and Evolution -- 3 The Inherited Criteria of Causation -- 4 From Embodiment to Reflection -- 5 Causation in Physics -- 6 Causation in Biology -- 7 Causation and Emergency -- 8 One System or Many Systems -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Challenges to Characterizing the Notion of Causation Across Disciplinary Boundaries: Comment on Faye -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Analogical Reasoning About Causes in Non-humans, Biology and Physics -- 3 Causes That Do Not Make a Difference -- 4 Causal Processes and Causal Mechanisms Compared -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Just Complexity -- 1 Meanings -- 2 Causes -- 3 Markets -- 4 Brains -- 5 Revolutions -- References -- Confessions of a Complexity Skeptic -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Keynes, Complexity, and the Ineffectiveness of Monetary Policy During the Economic Crisis -- 2.1 Keynes on Parts and Wholes -- 2.2 The Ineffectiveness of Monetary Policy During the Economic Crisis -- 3 The ``Renaissance Pact'' -- 4 On the Function of Case Studies in Philosophy of Science -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- New Directions in the Philosophy of Biology: A New Taxonomy of Functions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Functions, Teleology and Normativity -- 3 Functions as Causal Roles -- 4 Functions as Evolutionary Causes of Existence -- 5 Functions as Causal Roles and Causes of Existence: The Organizational Approach -- 6 Conclusions: A New Taxonomy of Functions -- References -- Part III Philosophy of the Cultural and Social Sciences -- How Essentialism Properly Understood Might Reconcile Realism and Social Constructivism -- 1 Introduction -- 2 What Is an Object?. , 3 The Distinction Between Essential and Accidental Properties -- 4 Putnam's Insight -- 5 Consequences for Social Ontology -- References -- Social Construction - By Whom? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Social Construction - By Gentlemen -- 3 Social Construction and the Social Impulse -- 4 The Ethos of Science -- 5 The First Explicit Social Contract -- 6 The New Social Contract -- 7 Recontextualisation of Science -- 8 Concluding Words -- References -- Is Social Constructivism Soluble in Critical Naturalism? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Social Constructivism -- 3 Naturalism: Classical and Critical -- 4 Simple Attempts to Reconcile Social Constructivism and Naturalism -- 5 Refocusing on the Original Problem -- 6 Critical Naturalism and the Hard Core of Social Constructivism -- References -- Scientific Representation, Reflexivity, and the Possibility of Constructive Realism -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Problem of Reflexivity in Science and Technology Studies -- 2.1 Reflexivity and the Self-Defeating Character of STS Constructivism -- 2.2 The Practices of Scientific Representation -- 3 From Semantic to Pragmatic Accounts of Representation -- 4 The Possibility of Constructive Realism -- References -- The Limits of Realism in the Philosophy of Social Science -- References -- The Social Re-Construction of Agency -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Action as a Unit of Conduct -- 3 Two Types of Action Theories -- 4 H.L.A. Hart's Theory of Action -- 5 Some Objections -- 6 Practical Responsibility -- 7 The Social Reconstruction of Agency: The Case of Intention-in-Action -- References -- Local Realism: An Analysis of Social Choice Theory -- References -- Objectivity and Visual Practices in Science and Art -- 1 Objectivity and Its Histories -- 2 Idealisation and Its Discontents -- 3 Mechanical Reproducibility and Its Discontents -- 4 The Future of Objectivity -- 5 Conclusions -- References. , Cultural Information: Don't Ask, Don't Tell -- 1 Information in Cultural Evolution -- 2 Cultural Information: Three Inadequate Accounts -- 2.1 Richerson and Boyd (2005) -- 2.2 Boyd and Richerson (1985) -- 2.3 Hodgson and Knudsen (2010) -- 3 The Perils of Information -- 4 Looking to Philosophy -- 5 Don't Tell -- 6 Two Faces of Cultural Information -- References -- Part IV Philosophy of the Physical Sciences -- Introducing QBism -- 1 A Feared Disease -- 2 Quantum States Do Not Exist -- 3 Quantum Bayesianism -- 4 Hilbert-Space Dimension as a Universal Capacity -- 5 The Future -- References -- A Critic Looks at QBism -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Brunism, Classical and Quantum -- 3 Worries -- 3.1 EPR and Wigner's Friend -- 3.2 Hidden Constraints on Probability Assignments -- 4 Other Pragmatist Alternatives -- 4.1 Bohm -- 4.2 GRW -- 4.3 Everett -- References -- Elementary Particles and Metaphysics -- 1 Polyphonic Prelude -- 2 Naturalised Metaphysics -- 3 The Falkenburg Lists -- 4 The Rise of Relationals -- 5 The Second UnderDetermination Thesis -- 6 Recapitulation -- References -- Assessing the Status of the Common Cause Principle -- 1 Introductory Comments -- 2 The Common Cause Principle -- 3 How to Assess the Status of the Common Cause Principle? -- 4 Quantum Correlations and the Common Cause Principle -- References -- A Note on Strong Causal Closedness and Completability of Classical Probability Spaces -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basic Definitions and Results in the Literature -- 3 New Results on Strong Causal Closedness and Completability -- References -- Artificial Examples of Empirical Equivalence -- 1 Three Sources of Empirical Equivalence -- 2 Van Fraassen's Alternative Formulations of Newton's Theory -- 3 The Poincaré-Reichenbach Argument -- 4 "Total Theories" or "Systems of the World" -- 5 Summary and Conclusion -- References. , The Measurement Problem Is Your Problem Too.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Credits -- Table of Contents -- Summer is Hot -- Keeping Cool -- Outdoors -- Family Fun -- Find Out More -- Glossary -- Home and School Connection -- Index -- About the Author.

Note: Cover -- Table of Contents -- A Time for Tears -- Please Pass the Tissues! -- From Feeling to Fluid -- Cracking Up or Crying? -- Think About It -- Glossary -- Find Out More -- Index -- About the Author.

Note: Front Cover -- Quantum Efficiency in Complex Systems, Part II: From Molecular Aggregates to Organic Solar Cells -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- I: Excitons in Biomolecules -- 1 Interplay of Exciton Coherence and Dissipation in Molecular Aggregates -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Frenkel Exciton Model of Molecular Aggregates -- 2.1. Frenkel exciton Hamiltonian -- 2.2. Bath and correlation functions -- 2.3. Eigenstate basis of the molecular aggregate -- 3. Relaxation and Transport of Excitons -- 3.1. The density matrix approach: general relaxation theory -- 3.2. The Redfield relaxation theory -- 3.3. Förster theory of energy transfer -- 3.4. Modified Redfield theory of energy transfer -- 4. Simulations of Spectroscopy Signals -- 4.1. Introduction to coherent 2D photon echo spectroscopy -- 4.2. System response function theory -- 4.3. Quantum coherence and disorder-specific effects in one-dimensional J-aggregates -- 4.3.1. Coherence peak oscillations -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Quantum Dynamics and Spectroscopy of Excitons in Molecular Aggregates -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theory -- 2.1. Molecular aggregate Hamiltonian -- 2.2. Frenkel exciton Hamiltonian for coupled three-level monomers -- 2.3. Quantum chemical methods -- 2.4. Exciton-vibrational coupling -- 2.5. Dissipative EET dynamics and spectroscopy -- 2.6. Exciton-exciton annihilation -- 3. Applications -- 3.1. Aggregation of dye molecules -- 3.2. Steady state absorption and fluorescence of aggregates -- 3.3. Exciton lifetime -- 3.4. Temperature dependence -- 3.5. Two-photon spectroscopy of the two-exciton band -- 3.6. Transient spectra -- 3.7. Photon echo experiments -- 3.8. Intraband relaxation -- 3.9. Interband relaxation -- 3.10. Exciton-exciton annihilation -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References. , 3 From Atomistic Modeling to Electronic Properties of Light-Harvesting Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Modeling Approach -- 3. Molecular Dynamics Simulations -- 4. Site Energies -- 5. Electronic Coupling -- 6. Spatial Correlations of Site Energy Fluctuations -- 7. Temporal Correlations of Site Energies -- 8. Spectral Densities -- 9. Exciton Dynamics and Optical Properties -- 10. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Chain Representations of Open Quantum Systems and Their Numerical Simulation with Time-Adaptive Density Matrix... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Open-System Hamiltonians and Chain Mappings -- 2.1. Standard model of open quantum systems -- 2.2. Unitary transformation of the environment -- 2.3. Universal properties of continuous environments and the determination of the chain frequencies and couplings -- 2.4. Continuous, discrete, and mixed spectral densities -- 2.5. Logarithmically discretized spectral density -- 3. Numerical Results and Applications -- 3.1. The overdamped Brownian oscillator spectral density -- 3.2. Other spectral densities -- 4. Conclusions and Future Developments and Applications -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Electronic Excitation Dynamics in a Framework of Shifted Oscillators -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Many-Site Polaron Master Equation -- 2.1. Lab frame dynamics -- 3. Non-Markovian Dynamics -- 3.1. Nonequilibrium bath effects -- 3.2. Role of the localized mode -- 3.3. Spatially correlated fluctuations -- 4. Born-Markov Approximation in the Polaron Frame -- 4.1. Limits of the Born-Markov polaron master equation -- 4.1.1. Weak system-bath coupling limit -- 4.1.2. Strong system-bath coupling limit -- 5. Conclusions -- Appendices -- A. Homogeneous Term -- B. Inhomogeneous Terms -- C. Numerical Integration -- Acknowledgments -- References -- II: Excitons in Quantum Dots & -- Organic Solar Cells. , 6 The Significance of Alloy Colloidal Quantum Dots -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical Insight into the Electronic Band Structure of PbSexS1-x/PbSeyS1-y QDs with Different Composition and/or Size -- 2.1. Methodology of calculations of electronic band structure in PbSexS1-x/PbSeyS1-y QDs -- 2.1.1. Hamiltonian formalism -- 2.1.2. Ternary heterostructured QDs -- 2.1.3. The eigenfunctions and eigenenergies -- 2.1.4. Charge distributions -- 2.1.5. Electron-hole Coulomb interaction and optical transitions -- 2.2. Results of the calculations of electronic band structure in PbSexS1-x/PbSeyS1-y QDs -- 2.2.1. Coulomb interactions energy for PbSexS1-x core and PbSe/PbSeyS1-y QDs -- 2.2.2. Spatial charge distributions in PbSexS1-x and PbSexS1-x/PbSeyS1-y a-c/a-sh QDs -- 2.2.3. Energy levels in PbSexS1-x and PbSexS1-x/PbSeyS1-y a-c/a-sh QDs -- 3. Synthesis Procedures and Experimental Techniques used for PbSexS1-x/PbSeyS1-y a-c/a-sh CQDs Structural and Optical... -- 3.1. Synthesis of PbSe, PbSe/PbS c/sh, and PbSexS1-x/PbSeyS1-y al-c/al-sh CQDs -- 3.1.1. Synthesis of PbSe CQDs -- 3.1.2. Synthesis of PbSe/PbS c-sh CQDs by a two-injection process -- 3.1.3. Synthesis of PbSe/PbSeyS1-y c/a-sh and PbSexS1-x/PbSeyS1-y a-c/a-sh CQDs by a single-injection process -- 3.2. Experimental methods -- 3.3. Storage conditions -- 4. Temperature Influence on Optical Properties of PbSexS1-x/PbSeyS1-y Core/Shell Heterostructures Composed with Alloy... -- 4.1. Thermally activated processes on the ground-state exciton emission of PbSe CQDs -- 4.2. Temperature influence on composition-tunable optical properties of PbSexS1-x/PbSeyS1-y c/sh CQD composed with alloy... -- 5. Outlook and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 The Role of Molecular Structure and Conformation in Polymer Electronics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Charge Transport in Conjugated Polymers. , 2.1. The influence of molecular ordering in polymer OFETs -- 3. Polymer-Based Photovoltaics -- 3.1. The bulk heterojunction solar cell -- 3.2. Solar cell performance -- 3.3. Molecular structure, morphology, recombination, and efficiency in the BHJ solar cell -- 3.4. Dimensional morphology control in the BHJ -- 4. Conjugated Polymers for Biomolecular Recognition -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- 8 Charge Transfer States in Organic Donor-Acceptor Solar Cells -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Current state-of-the-art organic solar cells -- 1.2. The ideal solar cell material -- 1.3. Energy losses in organic solar cells -- 2. Charge Transfer Complex Formation at Donor-Acceptor Interfaces -- 2.1. Some definitions -- 2.2. Electronic structure of D-A CT complexes -- 2.3. Charge transfer absorption and emission -- 2.4. Detection techniques -- 3. Effect of CT Formation on Photovoltaic Parameters -- 3.1. Influence of CT state on photovoltage -- 3.1.1. Relationship between Voc and CT absorption and emission -- 3.1.2. Two-state model -- 3.1.3. Extraction of ECT from FTPS or emission spectra -- 3.1.4. Implications for organic donor-acceptor solar cells -- 3.2. Influence of CT state on photocurrent -- 3.3. Efficiency upper limits for D-A organic solar cells -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Photocurrent Generation in Organic Solar Cells -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Primary Photoexcitation -- 2.1. Generation and diffusion of singlet excitons -- 2.2. Recombination -- 2.3. Charge transfer and energy transfer -- 3. Charge Generation -- 3.1. Generation via precursor states -- 3.2. Geminate recombination -- 3.3. Direct, barrierless generation of free polarons -- 3.4. Origin of the high charge generation yield -- 4. Charge Extraction -- 4.1. Charge transport -- 4.2. Recombination -- 4.3. Open-circuit voltage -- 5. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C. , D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Z -- Contents of Volumes in This Series -- Volume 1 Physics of III-V Compounds -- Volume 2 Physics of III-V Compounds -- Volume 3 Optical Properties of III-V Compounds -- Volume 4 Physics of III-V Compounds -- Volume 5 Infrared Detectors -- Volume 6 Injection Phenomena -- Volume 7 Application and Devices -- Volume 8 Transport and Optical Phenomena -- Volume 9 Modulation Techniques -- Volume 10 Transport Phenomena -- Volume 11 Solar Cells -- Volume 12 Infrared Detectors (II) -- Volume 13 Cadmium Telluride -- Volume 14 Lasers, Junctions, Transport -- Volume 15 Contacts, Junctions, Emitters -- Volume 16 Defects, (HgCd)Se, (HgCd)Te -- Volume 17 CW Processing of Silicon and Other Semiconductors -- Volume 18 Mercury Cadmium Telluride -- Volume 19 Deep Levels, GaAs, Alloys, Photochemistry -- Volume 20 Semi-Insulating GaAs -- Volume 21 Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon -- Volume 22 Lightwave Communications Technology -- Volume 23 Pulsed Laser Processing of Semiconductors -- Volume 24 Applications of Multiquantum Wells, Selective Doping, and Superlattices -- Volume 25 Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors -- Volume 26 III-V Compound Semiconductors and Semiconductor Properties of Superionic Materials -- Volume 27 High Conducting Quasi-One-Dimensional Organic Crystals -- Volume 28 Measurement of High-Speed Signals in Solid State Devices -- Volume 29 Very High Speed Integrated Circuits: Gallium Arsenide LSI -- Volume 30 Very High Speed Integrated Circuits: Heterostructure -- Volume 31 Indium Phosphide: Crystal Growth and Characterization -- Volume 32 Strained-Layer Superlattices: Physics -- Volume 33 Strained-Layer Superlattices: Material Science and Technology -- Volume 34 Hydrogen in Semiconductors -- Volume 35 Nanostructured Systems. , Volume 36 The Spectroscopy of Semiconductors.

Note: Intro -- Quantitative EPR -- Chapter 1: Basics of Continuous Wave EPR -- Chapter 2: Why Should Measurements Be Quantitative? -- Chapter 3: Important Principles for Quantitative EPR -- Chapter 4: A More in Depth Look at the EPR Signal Response -- Chapter 5: Practical Advice About Crucial Parameters -- Chapter 6: A Deeper Look at B1B1 and Modulation Field Distribution in a Resonator -- Chapter 7: Resonator Q -- Chapter 8: Filling Factor -- Chapter 9: Temperature -- Chapter 10: Magnetic Field and Microwave Frequency -- Chapter 11: Standard Samples -- Appendix -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- PREFACE:EXPLANATION, PREDICTION, CONFIRMATION -- Team A Formal Methods -- THE NO MIRACLES INTUITION AND THE NO MIRACLES ARGUMENT -- 1. THE NO MIRACLES INTUITION -- 2. THE 'NO MIRACLES ARGUMENT' -- THE SCOPE AND LIMITS OF THE NO MIRACLES ARGUMENT1 -- REFERENCES -- CAUSATION, ASSOCIATION AND CONFIRMATION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. COHERENCE AS PROBABILISITIC ASSOCIATION -- 3. CONFIRMATION -- 4. CETERUS PARIBUS -- 5. FOCUSED CORRELATION -- 6. CAUSAL STRUCTURE -- 7. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- AN OBJECTIVE BAYESIAN ACCOUNT OF CONFIRMATION -- ABSTRACT -- 1 CARNAPIAN CONFIRMATION -- 2 THE BAYESIAN APPROACH TO CONFIRMATION -- 3 LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE -- 4 CARNAP'S RESOLUTION -- 5 PROBLEMS WITH CARNAP'S RESOLUTION -- 6 A ROCK AND A HARD PLACE -- 7 THE BAYESIAN APPROACH REVISITED -- 8 OBJECTIVE BAYESIAN EPISTEMOLOGY -- 9 OBJECTIVE BAYESIAN CONFIRMATION THEORY -- BIBILIOGRAPHY -- AN EXPLICATION OF THE USE OF INFERENCE TO THE BEST EXPLANATION -- 1. PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS OF IBE -- 2. HEURISTICS -- 3. APPLYING THE LOGIC OF QUESTIONS: PRELIMINARIES -- 4. TWO COMPARATIVE CRITERIA OF EXPLANATORY POWER -- 5. APPLICATIONS TO SOME PERSISTENT QUESTIONS IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE -- A FORMAL LOGIC FOR THE ABDUCTION OF SINGULAR HYPOTHESES1 -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE PROBLEM -- 3 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF ABDUCTIVE REASONING -- 4 INFORMAL PRESENTATION OF THE LOGIC LArs -- 5 THE LOGIC LArs -- 6 CONCLUSION AND OPEN PROBLEMS -- PROBABILITIES IN BRANCHING STRUCTURES -- REAL AND OTHER POSSIBILITIES -- PROBABILITIES IN BRANCHING TIME -- EXTENDING THE ACCOUNT: BRANCHING SPACE-TIMES -- CONCLUSIONS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Team B Philosophy of the Natural and Life Sciences -- CAUSALITY AND EXPLANATION: ISSUES FROM EPIDEMIOLOGY -- 1. EPIDEMIOLOGY PARADIGMS -- 2. OVERCOMING THE BLACK BOX PARADIGM. THE SEARCH FOR MECHANISMS. , 3. MECHANISTIC EXPLANATIONS OF LAYERED DISEASES -- INVARIANCE, MECHANISMS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY -- REFERENCES -- WHAT'S WRONG WITH THE PRAGMATIC-ONTIC ACCOUNT OF MECHANISTIC EXPLANATION? -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. WORRIES -- 3. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CAUSALITY AND EVIDENCE DISCOVERY IN EPIDEMIOLOGY -- EXISTENCE AND CAUSALITY -- NON-RANDOMISED EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INFERENCES TO CAUSAL RELEVANCE FROM EXPERIMENTS -- 1 THEORY AND EXPERIENCE -- 2 CAUSAL ANALYSIS -- 2.1 Causal models -- 2.2 Theory of causal regularities -- 2.3 Principles of causal reasoning -- 2.3.1 Method of Difference -- 2.3.2 Assumptions -- 2.3.3 Inferring a causal factor -- 2.3.4 More complex designs -- 2.3.5 Other inference patterns -- 2.4 Difference tests in practice: notebook entries -- 3 METHODOLOGY OF CAUSAL MODELS -- REFERENCES -- COMPARING PART-WHOLE REDUCTIVE EXPLANATIONS IN BIOLOGY AND PHYSICS1 -- ABSTRACT -- 1. BIOLOGY, PHYSICS, AND NAGEL'S REDUCTIONIST SHADOW -- 2. TEMPORALITY IN PART-WHOLE REDUCTIVE EXPLANATIONS -- 2.1 Part-Whole Reductive Explanations -- 2.2 Temporality -- 3. COMPOSITION, CAUSATION, AND THE DIFFERENCE TIME MAKES -- 3.1 Composition and Causation -- 3.2 Intrinsicality and Fundamentality -- 4. EXAMPLES: PART-WHOLE REDUCTIVE EXPLANATIONS IN BIOLOGY AND PHYSICS -- 4.1 Ideal Crystal -- 4.2. Quantum-entanglement -- 4.3 Protein Folding -- 5. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- THE ARRIVAL OF THE FITTEST -- SOME HISTORICAL SCENE SETTING -- MISLEADING METAPHORS -- VARIATIONAL EXPLANATION AND FILTER DEVICES -- SOLVING SOBER'S PROBLEM -- REFERENCES -- THE ARRIVAL OF THE FITTEST WHAT ? -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION: DOES SELECTION EXPLAIN THE ARRIVAL OF THE FITTEST? -- 2. THE SIEVE ANALOGY OF NATURAL SELECTION -- 3. TWO INTERPRETATIONS OF THE SIEVE ANALOGY: A FALSE DICHOTOMY -- 4. WHAT NATURAL SELECTION EXPLAINS AND WHAT IT DOES NOT. , REFERENCES -- Team C Philosophy of theCultural and Social Sciences -- NORMATIVITY IS THE KEY TO THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE HUMAN AND THE NATURAL SCIENCES -- 1. WHERE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE HUMAN AND THE NATURAL SCIENCES IS NOT -- 2. NORMATIVITY IN AN EXTERNAL AND AN INTERNAL PERSPECTIVE -- 3. HUMAN AND THE NATURAL SCIENCES DIFFER IN NORMATIVE INVOLVEMENT -- 4. IS METHODOLOGICAL DUALISM COMPATIBLE WITH ONTOLOGICAL MONISM? -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- METHODOLOGICAL HIGHER-LEVEL INTERDISCIPLINARITY BY SCHEME-INTERPRETATIONISM: AGAINST METHODOLOGICAL SEPARATISM OF THE NATURAL, SOCIAL, AND HUMAN SCIENCES -- I. INTERDISCIPLINARITY IN THE INFORMATION- AND SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGICAL WORLD -- II. THE TRADITIONAL "TWO CULTURES" PROBLEM -- III. TYPES OF INTERDISCIPLINARITY -- IV. TOWARDS A SYSTEMATIC SCHEME-INTERPRETATIONISM -- V. INTERPRETATION AND HERMENEUTICS -- EXPLANATION AND INTERPRETATION IN THE SCIENCES OF MAN -- EXPLANATION AS AN ACT OF COMMUNICATION -- EXPLANATION IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES -- INTERPRETATION IN CONTEXT -- CONCLUSION -- IMAGINATION AND EXPLANATION IN HISTORY -- I. THE MOMENTS OF HISTORICAL MEMORY -- 1. Personal Memory -- 2. Interpretation of the Human Traces -- 3. The Capacity for Storytelling -- 4. The Connection of Personal Memory and Collective Memory -- II. NEW LIGHT ON EXPLANATION -- HISTORICAL NARRATIVES, EVIDENCE, AND EXPLANATIONS -- HISTORICAL NARRATIVES AND EVIDENCE -- THE LOGIC OF HISTORICAL EVIDENCE -- SCIENTIFIC LAWS AND COMMON SENSE GENERALIZATIONS -- HOLISTIC SOCIAL CAUSATION AND EXPLANATION -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. INDIVIDUALISTIC VERSUS HOLISTIC PREDICATES AND CONCEPTS -- III. THE SOCIAL CAUSATION PROBLEM -- IV. ARGUING FOR HOLISTIC SOCIAL CAUSATION -- V. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS AND ARGUMENTS -- COMPLEXITY IN ECONOMICS AND PREDICTION: THE ROLE OF PARSIMONIOUS FACTORS1 -- 1. SOURCES OF COMPLEXITY FOR ECONOMIC PREDICTIONS. , 2. VARIETIES OF COMPLEXITY: FRAMEWORK AND DYNAMICS -- 2.1. Complex Framework and Complex Dynamics -- 2.2. Relevant Forms of Complexity -- 3. THE ROLE OF PARSIMONIOUS FACTORS -- 3.1. Identifi cation of Parsimonious Factors -- 3.2. Contribution of Parsimonious Factors -- PREDICTION AND PRESCRIPTION IN THE SCIENCE OF THE ARTIFICIAL: INFORMATION SCIENCE AND COMPLEXITY1 -- 1. COMPLEXITY IN DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS -- 1.1. Understanding the Complexity of a System -- 1.2. Interaction in the System -- 2. DIFFICULTIES FOR PREDICTION IN THE DESIGN OF INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS -- 2.1. Kinds of Uncertainty -- 2.2. Scientific Design and the Management of Uncertainty Problems -- 3. THE NEED FOR PRESCRIPTION IN AN INFORMATIVE ENVIRONMENT -- 3.1. Prescription in the "Inner" Level -- 3.2. The "Outer" Sphere of Prescriptions -- Team D Philosophy of the Physical Sciences -- AGAINST POINTILLISME: A CALL TO ARMS -- ABSTRACT -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 Five kinds of spatial extrinsicality -- 2.1 Avoiding controversy about the intrinsic-extrinsic distinction -- 2 THE WIDER CAMPAIGN AGAINST POINTILLISME -- 2.1.1 Distinction from three mathematical distinctions -- 2.2 Classical mechanics is not pointilliste -- 2.2.1 Two versions of pointillisme -- 2.2.2 Mechanics violates pointillisme as regards space -- 3 STRESS: EXTRINSICALITY FROM A TENSOR'S ORDER -- 3.1 The need for surface forces -- 3.2 The stress tensor -- 4 STRAIN: HAECCEITIST KINEMATICS -- 4.1 The description of deformations -- 4.2 The Cauchy-Green strain tensor -- 5 ELASTICITY: FURTHER ALONG THE SPECTRUM OF EXTRINSICALITY -- 6 CONCLUSION: YET MORE EXTRINSICALITY -- REFERENCES -- THE GIBBS PARADOX REVISITED -- ABSTRACT -- 1 INTRODUCTION: THE GIBBS PARADOX -- 2 THE GIBBS PARADOX IN STATISTICAL MECHANICS -- 3 THE STATISTICAL MECHANICAL ENTROPY OF MIXING -- 4 A NEW DILEMMA: THE GIBBS PARADOX IN QUANTUM MECHANICS. , 5 HOW PARTICLES ARE TO BE REPRESENTED IN QUANTUM MECHANICS -- 6 PARTICLES AS EMERGENT ENTITIES -- 7 THE GIBBS PARADOX: CONCLUSION -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- THE ALEXANDROFF PRESENT AND MINKOWSKI SPACETIME: WHY IT CANNOT DO WHAT IT HAS BEEN ASKED TO DO1 -- 1 SAVITT'S TWO MOTIVATIONS FOR HAVING A PRESENT IN MINKOWSKI SPACETIME -- 2 ALEX'S FEATURES IN RELATION TO THE EXTENDED CHARACTER OF OUR EXPERIENCE -- 3 ALEX'S OSCILLATION BETWEEN ITS USELESSNESS IN PHYSICS AND ITS UNFAITHFULNESS TO OUR EXPERIENCE -- 4 THE PHYSICAL IRRELEVANCE OF ALEX -- 5 ANOTHER MODEL OF THE PRESENT OF OUR EXPERIENCE? -- 6 CONCLUSION -- A LOCUS FOR "NOW" -- ABSTRACT -- 1 MAIN INTUITION -- 1.1 Models of BST -- 1.2 Minkowskian Branching Structures (MBS) -- 2 WHAT DO THE PRESENTS LOOK LIKE? -- 3 DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- WEYL'S PRINCIPLE, COSMIC TIME AND QUANTUM FUNDAMENTALISM -- ABSTRACT -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 A VERY BRIEF HISTORY OF WEYL'S PRINCIPLE -- 3 WEYL'S PRINCIPLE IN STANDARD TEXTS ON COSMOLOGY -- 4 COSMIC TIME WITH QUANTUM MATTER? -- REFERENCES -- NOT THROWING OUT THE BABY WITH THE BATHWATER: BELL'S CONDITION OF LOCAL CAUSALITY MATHEMATICALLY 'SHARP AND CLEAN' -- ABSTRACT -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THE INTUITIVE IDEA: BELL'S LOCAL CAUSALITY -- III. CLEANING UP THE INTUITIVE IDEA -- IV. INTRODUCING MATHEMATICS: FORMALIZING SUFFICIENCY -- V. THE BABY: BELL'S LOCAL CAUSALITY 'MATHEMATICALLY SHARP AND CLEAN' -- VI. NOT THROWING OUT THE BABY WITH THE BATHWATER -- VII. ENVOI -- REFERENCES -- Team E History of the Philosophy of Science -- KANT ON CHANCE AND EXPLANATION -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. KANT ON CHANCE -- 3. THE CHANCE HYPOTHESIS -- 4. WHY IS CHANCE ILLEGITIMATE? -- 5. KANT ON SCIENTIFIC METHOD -- 6. CONCLUSION -- SHIFTING THE (NON-RELATIVIZED) A PRIORI: HANS REICHENBACH ON CAUSALITY AND PROBABILITY (1915-1932) -- 1. TWO SYNTHETIC APRIORIS: THE EARLY REICHENBACH. , 2. YEARS OF TRANSITION: THE MID 1920S.

Note: Intro -- Probabilities, Laws,and Structures -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Team A: Formal Methods -- Chapter 1: Dutch Book Arguments and Imprecise Probabilities -- 1.1 For and Against Imprecise Probabilities -- 1.2 The Dutch Book Argument -- 1.2.1 Formalising Degrees of Belief -- 1.2.2 Bets and Betting -- 1.2.3 Constraints on Rational Betting Preference -- 1.3 Ambiguity and Complementarity -- 1.4 Decision with Imprecision -- Appendix: Proof -- References -- Chapter 2: Objectifying Subjective Probabilities: Dutch Book Arguments for Principles of Direct Inference -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Finite Case -- 2.3 The Infinite Case -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: The Foundations of Statistics: Inference vs. Decision -- 3.1 Why I am a Bayesian -- 3.2 Behavioralism -- 3.3 Fisher's Defense of Statistic al Inf erenc e -- 3.4 Cognitive Decision Theory and Truthlikeness -- 3.5 Bayesian Estimation -- 3.6 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 4: On the Verisimilitude of Tendency Hypotheses -- 4.1 Feature contrast (FC-) measures of similarity for binaryand quantitative features -- 4.2 FC-measures of verisimilitude for universaland statistical hypotheses -- 4.3 FC-measures of verisimilitude for T-hypotheses -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Tweety, or Why Probabilism and even Bayesianism NeedObjective and Evidential Probabilities -- Abstract -- 5.1 Tweety and Nixon: Conditional Reasoning with Exceptionswithin the Framework of Probabilism -- 5.2 Tweety and Nixon are Incoherent in theBayesian Reconstruction -- 5.3 Objective Likelihoods and Bayesian Updating: FurtherReasons Why Bayesianism Needs Objective andSubjective-Evidential Probabilities -- 5.4 Do Humans Reason with One Or Two Probabilityfunctions? Tweety and Nixon Examples Put to Empirical Test -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 6: Pluralism in Probabilistic Justification -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Infinite, Uniform Chains -- 6.3 Infinite, Uniform Networks -- 6.4 Contrasting Chains and Networks -- 6.5 Relevance and Applications -- Appendix -- Chapter 7: One Size Does Not Fit All: Proposal for a Prior-Adapted Bic -- 7.1 Overview -- 7.2 Introduction to the BIC -- 7.2.1 BIC as Approximate Marginal Likelihood -- 7.2.2 The Likelihoodist Information Criterion? -- 7.3 Comparing Models with Truncated Priors -- 7.3.1 Truncated Priors -- 7.3.2 Peaked Likelihoods and Concentrated Posteriors -- 7.3.3 BIC for Truncated Priors -- 7.4 Prior-Adapted BIC -- 7.4.1 Original Derivation -- 7.4.2 Including the Prior in the BIC -- 7.4.3 More Details on the Error Terms -- 7.5 The Role of the Prior -- 7.6 Application to the Conjunction Fallacy -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References -- Team B: Philosophy of the Natural and Life Sciences -- Team D: Philosophy of the Physical Sciences -- Chapter 8: Mathematical Biology and the Existence of Biological Laws -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Laws of Coexistence in Biology -- 8.3 Some Examples of Mathematical Models in Biology -- 8.4 Flocks of Starlings and Their Scale Invariant andTopologically-Dependent Interactions -- 8.5 Conclusion -- 8.5.1 Population biology and ecology -- 8.5.2 Phylogenetics and graph theory -- Chapter 9: On Empirical Generalisations -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Manipulationist Empirical Generalisations -- 9.3 The Dilemma -- 9.3.1 Horn 1: Conceptual Manipulationism -- 9.3.2 Horn 2: Methodological Manipulationism -- 9.3.2.1 Horn (a): The Strict Interpretation -- 9.3.2.2 Horn (b): The Charitable Interpretation -- 9.4 Empirical Generalisations Reassessed -- 9.4.1 Causal Modelling -- 9.4.2 Variational Epistemology -- 9.4.3 Invariance -- 9.5 Conclusion -- Chapter 10: The Limits of Interventionism - Causality in theSocial Sciences. , Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 ADilemm a for Interventionism -- 10.3 Some Remarks on the Dilemma -- 10.4 The Causal Model -- 10.5 'Intervening' in the Causal Model -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Causal Realism -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Metaphysical Argument for Causal Properties -- 11.3 Structures and Causal Properties in Fundamental Physics -- 11.4 Causal Realism at Work in the Interpretationof Fundamental Physics -- 11.5 Causal Realism from Fundamental Physics to the SpecialSciences -- Chapter 12: Structural Invariants, Structural Kinds,Structural Laws -- 12.1 Structural Realism and Intrinsic ality: OSR Extended -- 12.2 Humean Structural Realism:Structural Kinds and Structural Laws -- 12.3 Humean Structural Realism: Categorical Structures -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Santa's Gift of Structural Realism -- 13.1 -- 13.2 -- Chapter 14: The Resilience of Laws and the Ephemerality of Objects:Can A Form of Structuralism be Extended to Biology? -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Laws and the Lack Thereof -- 14.3 The Fluidity and Heterogeneity of Biological Objects -- 14.4 Causation in biology -- 14.5 Conclusion -- Chapter 15: Natural Kinds, Conceptual Change, and the Duck -BillPlatypus: LaPorte on Incommensurability -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 LaPorte on Meaning-Change, Inc omm ensurability,and the Rigidity of Kind Terms -- 15.3 Why LaPorte's View Does Not Cut Any Ice AgainstKuhn's Incomm ensurability. Part I: Precisification Versus Conceptual Change -- 15.4 Why LaPorte's View Does Not Cut Any Ice Against Kuhn'sInc omm ensurability. Part II: Precisification And Translatability -- 15.5 The Story of the Duck -Bill Platypus.Or, Against Precisification -- 15.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16: Essentialism About Kinds: An Undead Issue in thePhilosophies of Physics and Biology? -- Abstract. , 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 What Work Could Kind Essentialism Do? -- 16.3 Kinds of Kind Essentialism -- 16.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 17: Biological Laws and Kinds Within a Conservative Reductionist Framework -- Abstract -- 17.1 Biological Laws -- 17.2 Conservative Reductionism -- 17.3 Perspectives -- Chapter 18: Why It Is Time to Move Beyond Nagelian Reduction -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 The Dominance of the Nagelian Model - A Brief History -- 18.3 The Inadequacy of the Nagelian Acc ount -- 18.3.1 How to Develop an Account of Epistemic Reduction -- 18.3.2 Theories as Relata of Reduction -- 18.3.3 The Focus on Formal Issues -- 18.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 19: Probability, Indeterminism and Biological Processes -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Realism, Indeterminism and Omniscient Beings -- 19.3 Interpretations of Ontic Probabilities in EvolutionaryTheory -- 19.3.1 Propensity Interpretation -- 19.3.2 Frequency Interpretation -- 19.3.3 Humean Chances -- 19.4 Criticism of Sansom's Claim That Biological ProcessesAre Indeterministic -- 19.5 Conclusion -- Chapter 20: Bayesianism, Convergence and Molecular Phylogenetics -- Abstract -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 The Bayesian Approach to Phylogenetic Inference -- 20.3 Convergence and Phylogenetic Inference -- 20.3.1 Savage's Convergence Theorem -- 20.3.2 Gaifman and Snir's Convergence Theorem -- 20.4 Conclusion -- Team C: Philosophy of the Cultural andSocial Sciences -- Chapter 21: Quantities as Realistic Idealizations -- 21.1 The Quantitative Method -- 21.2 Mathematics -- 21.3 Measurement -- 21.4 Realism and Idealizations -- 21.5 Conclusion -- Chapter 22: Mathematics as Quasi-matter to Build Models as Instruments -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Lost Materiality -- 22.3 Rigor -- 22.4 The Making of an Instrument -- 22.5 Mathematics as Quasi-Matter -- 22.6 Two Illustrative Cases -- 22.6.1 Cycle Model or Not?. , 22.6.2 Spurious Result or Not? -- 22.7 Conclusion -- Chapter 23: Mathematical Models and Economic Forecasting: Some Uses and Mis-Uses of Mathematics in Economics -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Formalizing Forecasting Theory -- 23.2.1 Stationary Scalar Example -- 23.2.2 Forecast-Error Taxonomy -- 23.2.3 Empirically-Relevant Theory -- 23.2.4 Designing Monte Carlo Simulations -- 23.3 Selecting Econometric Models from a Mass of Candidate Variables -- 23.3.1 As Many Candidate Variables as Observations -- 23.3.2 More Candidate Variables Than Observations -- 23.4 Models of Expectations -- 23.5 Conclusion -- Chapter 24: Technomathematical Models in the Social Sciences -- 24.1 Sciences and Technosciences -- 24.2 The Emergence of Technomathematics -- 24.3 Mathematical Models and Technomodels -- References -- Chapter 25: The Use of Mathematics in Physics and Economics:A Comparison -- 25.1 The Use of Mathematics in Physics -- 25.2 A Complication Caused by the Many DifferentSchools of Economics -- 25.3 The Use of Mathematics in Mainstream(Neoclassical) Economics -- Chapter 26: Mathematics in Cognitive Science -- Abstract -- 26.1 Clearing the Ground: Mathematics, Models,and Cognitive Science -- 26.2 From Prehistorical to Postmodern Cognitive Science:Five Stages -- 26.3 Mathematics as a Local Player: A Sample -- 26.4 Deep vs. Shallow Engagement -- 26.5 Strong Programs, Conceptual Reform and the Co-evolutionof Cognitive Science and Mathematics vs. Pluralismand the Toolbox Philosophy -- Chapter 27: What Can the Social Sciences Learn from the Processof Mathematization in the Natural Sciences -- Abstract -- 27.1 Introduction -- 27.2 Classification of Scientific Disciplines Acc ording to TheirRelation to the Paradigm -- 27.3 An Outline of a Reconstruction of the Scientific Revolution -- 27.4 The Revolution in Biology -- 27.4.1 The Mixed Disciplines of Modern Science. , 27.4.2 The Metaphorical Region of Modern Science.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Part I: Abundance -- Chapter 1. The Sciences -- Chapter 2. Industry's Partner -- Chapter 3. Manufacturing Fish -- Chapter 4. International Affairs -- Chapter 5. A Revolution in Management -- Part II: Scarcity -- Chapter 6 Precautionary Science and the ESA -- Chapter 7. New Values, New Roles -- Chapter 8. Agency Resistance -- Chapter 9. Science, Uncertainty, and the Politics of Scarcity -- Chapter 10. Reinventing the Revolution -- Conclusion -- Sources -- Index.