Anmerkung: Cover -- Conjugated Polymers: Properties, Processing, and Applications -- Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface to Fourth Edition -- Acknowledgments -- Editors -- Contributors -- 1 Conjugated Polymer-Based OFET Devices -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 State of OFET Technology/Applications/Commercialization Efforts -- 1.3 Recent Developments in Polymer OFET Materials - From Crystalline Polythiophenes to Donor-Acceptor Polymers -- 1.4 Charge Transport in Polymer OFETs -- 1.5 Role of Disorder -- 1.6 Charge Carrier Mobility and Artefacts -- 1.7 Stability of OFETs -- 1.8 Outlook -- References -- 2 Electrical Doping of Organic Semiconductors with Molecular Oxidants and Reductants -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basics of Doping in Organic Materials -- Comparison to Doping of Inorganic Materials -- Effects of Doping -- 2.3 Criteria for Dopant Choice -- 2.4 Survey of Dopants -- p-Dopants -- n-Dopants -- 2.5 Device Examples -- OLEDs -- OFETs -- OPVs -- 2.6 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Electric Transport Properties in PEDOT Thin Films -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Chemistry of PEDOT -- Chemical vs. Electrochemical Polymerization of PEDOT:X -- Chemical Water Dispersion: PEDOT:PSS -- PEDOT:Biopolymer Dispersion Polymerization -- Tuning the Oxidation/Doping Level Chemically vs. Electrochemically -- 3.3 Electronic Structure of PEDOT: From a Single Chain to a Thin Film -- Nature of Charge Carriers and Electronic Structure of PEDOT Chains -- Density of States of PEDOT: From a Single Chain to a Thin Film -- Band Gap and Optical Transitions in PEDOT -- 3.4 Morphology of PEDOT -- Brief Review of Experimental Data for PEDOT:X and PEDOT:PSS (GIWAXS, TEM, AFM) -- Morphology of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective -- 3.5 Electrical Conductivity -- Basic Thermodynamics of Thermoelectrical Processes -- Temperature Dependence. , Secondary Doping -- Acid-Base Effect -- 3.6 Optical Conductivity -- Basic Definitions and Relations -- Methodologies for Measuring the Dielectric Function -- Optical Conductivity and Permittivity of PEDOT -- Concluding Remarks on PEDOT Optical Conductivity -- 3.7 Transport Properties of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective -- Basics of the Hopping Transport: Semi-Analytical Approach and Kinetic Monte Carlo -- Boltzmann Approach to Conductivity Based on the Model of an Ideal Crystal -- Multi-Scale Modelling Based on the Realistic Morphology -- 3.8 Mixed Electron-Ion Transport in PEDOT -- Devices Utilizing Mixed Electron and Ion Conductivity -- Experimental Results -- Modelling of Mixed Electron-Ion Transport in PEDOT -- Calculation of Ion Diffusion in PEDOT -- 3.9 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Thermoelectric Properties of Conjugated Polymers -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Models of Thermoelectric Properties -- 4.3 Microstructure of Semiconducting Polymers -- 4.4 Thermoelectric Power Factor of Semiconducting Polymers -- Introduction -- Polyacetylene -- Polyaniline -- Poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) -- Poly(3-hexylthiophene) -- Poly( 2,5-bis(3- alkylthiophen-2 -yl) thieno [3,2- b]thiophene) -- Co-Polymers -- n-Type Polymers -- 4.5 Thermal Conductivity of Polymers -- Introduction -- Thermal Conductivity of Undoped Semiconducting Polymers -- Electronic Contribution to Thermal Conductivity -- 4.6 ZT for Polymers -- 4.7 Outlook -- References -- 5 Electrochemistry of Conducting Polymers -- Introduction -- 5.1 Fundamentals -- Electropolymerization: Mechanism, Techniques, Synthesis Control -- Electrochemical Doping: Charge Carriers, Redox vs. Capacitive Behavior and Related Properties -- Relaxation Effects -- Electrochemical Characterization of an ECP in a Given Electrolytic Medium -- Determination of HOMO-LUMO Levels by Cyclic Voltammetry. , 5.2 New Trends in Electrosynthesis of Conducting Polymers -- New Monomers -- New Electrolytic Media -- 5.3 Nano-Objects and Nanocomposites -- Nano-Objects -- Nanocomposites -- 5.4 Applications -- Energy Storage -- Actuators and Drug Delivery -- Molecular Imprinting ECP -- Biosensors and Related Materials -- Anticorrosion -- Electrochromism and Electrofluorochromism -- Conclusion and Future -- References -- 6 Electrochromism in Conjugated Polymers - Strategies for Complete and Straightforward Color Control -- 6.1 Introduction to Electrochromic Polymers -- 6.2 Electrochromism in Conjugated Polymers -- 6.3 The Electrochromic Toolbox -- Electrochromic/Optical Contrast -- Colorimetric Analysis -- Switching Speed/Response Time -- Coloration Efficiency/Charge-to-Switch -- Optical Memory/Bistability -- Switching Stability -- 6.4 Synthesis of Soluble Electrochromic Polymers -- 6.5 Developing Structure- Property Relationships for Color Control in Cathodically Coloring ECPs -- Effect of the Choice of Heterocycle, the Building Block of ECPs -- Steric Effects of Introducing Functional Groups -- Expanding the Color Palette through Copolymerization -- Developing Broadly Absorbing Systems for Black and Brown Hues -- 6.6 Anodically Coloring Systems -- 6.7 Controlling Solubility, Contrast, and Redox Properties -- Tuning Solubility -- Tuning Contrast -- Tuning Redox and Switching Properties -- 6.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments and Notes -- References -- 7 Mechanical Properties of Semiconducting Polymers -- 7.1 Introduction and Background -- Semiconducting Polymers as a Subset of All Solid Polymers -- 7.2 Deformation in Solid Polymers -- Mediation of Mechanical Energy -- Elasticity and Plasticity -- Fracture -- 7.3 Mechanical Properties and Measurement Techniques -- Overview of Mechanical Properties -- Common Measurement Techniques -- 7.4 Effects of Physical Parameters. , Effects of Elastic Mismatch and Adhesion -- Effects of Film Thickness -- Effects of Strain Rate -- 7.5 Effects of Molecular Structure and Microstructure -- Role of Molecular Weight -- Role of Alkyl Side Chains -- Role of Molecular Structure and Backbone Rigidity -- Role of Intermolecular Packing -- 7.6 Glass Transition Temperature and Measurement Techniques -- The Glass Transition in Semiconducting Polymers -- Techniques to Measure the T[sub(g)] of Semiconducting Polymers -- 7.7 Theoretical Modeling -- Molecular Structure and Atomistic Simulations -- Polymer-Chain Size and Phase Behavior -- Coarse-Grained Simulations and Continuum-Based Methods -- 7.8 Composite Systems -- Effects of Molecular Mixing -- Polymer-Fullerene Composites -- 7.9 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 8 Magnetic Field Effects in Organic Semiconductors -- Low and High Fields, Steady State and Time Resolved -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Review of Various Mechanisms -- The Hyperfine Mechanism -- Mechanisms Related to Triplet Excitons -- The Δg Mechanism -- Thermal Spin Polarization -- Magnetic Field Effect in Excited-State Spectroscopies of Films -- Steady State -- Time Resolved Magnetic Field Effects -- 8.3 Experimental Studies -- Magnetic Field Effects in Organic Devices at Low Fields -- Magneto-Photo-Induced Absorption in Films -- High Field Magneto-Photocurrent in Organic Bulk Hetero-Junction Photo-Voltaic Cells -- Transient Magneto-Photoinduced Absorption in Donor-Acceptor Copolymers -- 8.4 Summary -- References -- 9 Organic Electro-Optic Materials -- 9.1 Historical Overview -- 9.2 Introduction to Electro-Optic (EO) Activity -- 9.3 Pre-2005 Polymeric OEO Materials and Devices -- 9.4 Post-2005 Macromolecular OEO Materials and Devices -- 9.5 Applications -- 9.6 Other Organic Materials for Optical Modulation -- 9.7 Future Prognosis -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 10 Establishing the Thermal Phase Behavior and its Influence on Optoelectronic Properties of Semiconducting Polymers -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Single-Component Systems -- Crystallization and Melting -- Glass Transition -- Polymorphism -- Liquid Crystallinity -- 10.3 Multi-Component Systems -- Polymer Semiconductor:Solvent Systems -- Polymer Semiconductor:Small Molecule Systems -- Polymer Semiconductor:Polymer Systems -- 10.4 Time/Temperature/Transformation Phase Diagrams -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Poly(3-alkylthiophenes): Controlled Manipulation of Microstructure and its Impact on Charge Transport -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 P3AT Structural Characterization -- Small Angle Neutron Scattering -- UV-Vis Absorbance -- Differential Scanning Calorimetry -- X-Ray Scattering -- Atomic Force Microscopy -- Charge Carrier Mobility -- Concluding Remarks -- 11.3 Advances in Solution Processing Methods -- 11.4 Deposition Methods -- Spin-Coating -- Drop-Casting -- Inkjet Printing -- Dip-Coating -- Solution Shearing -- 11.5 Semiconductor Crystalline Structure in Flexible and Stretchable Devices -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Microstructural Characterization of Conjugated Organic Semiconductors by X-Ray Scattering -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Fundamentals of X-Ray Scattering -- Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering (WAXS) -- Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) -- 12.3 Applications in Conjugated Semiconductors (Selected Examples) -- Crystal Structure and Molecular Packing of Small-Molecules for Organic Thin-Film Transistor (OTFT) -- Estimation of Volume Fraction of Phases in Bulk Heterojunction (BHJ) Photovoltaics -- Probing the Surface and the Bulk of Small-Molecule Thin Films -- Microstructural Evolution for P3HT:PCBM During Spin-Coating from One Solvent -- In Situ GISAXS for Probing Phase-Separation Evolution using Multiphase Modeling Based onTSI. , Co-Solvent Processing for Reducing Domains Over-Coarsening by Influencing the Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to Fourth Edition -- Acknowledgments -- Editors -- Contributors -- 1: Conjugated Polymer- Based OFET Devices -- Mark Nikolka and Henning Sirringhaus -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 State of OFET Techn​ology​/Appl​icati​ons/ C​ommer​ciali​zatio​n Efforts -- 1.3 Recent Developments in Polymer OFET Materials - From Crystalline Polythiophenes to Donor-Acceptor Polymers -- 1.4 Charge Transport in Polymer OFETs -- 1.5 Role of Disorder -- 1.6 Charge Carrier Mobility and Artefacts -- 1.7 Stability of OFETs -- 1.8 Outlook -- References -- 2: Electrical Doping of Organic Semiconductors with Molecular Oxidants and Reductants -- Stephen Barlow, Seth R. Marder, Xin Lin, Fengyu Zhang, and Antoine Kahn -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basics of Doping in Organic Materials -- 2.2.1 Comparison to Doping of Inorganic Materials -- 2.2.2 Effects of Doping -- 2.2.2.1 Enhancement of Conductivity -- 2.2.2.2 Lowering of Injection Barriers -- 2.3 Criteria for Dopant Choice -- 2.4 Survey of Dopants -- 2.4.1 p-Dopants -- 2.4.1.1 Inorganic p-Dopants -- 2.4.1.2 Organic and Metal-Organic p-Dopants -- 2.4.2 n-Dopants -- 2.4.2.1 One-Electron Reductants -- 2.4.2.2 Air-Stable n-Dopants -- 2.5 Device Examples -- 2.5.1 OLEDs -- 2.5.2 OFETs -- 2.5.3 OPVs -- 2.6 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3: Electric Transport Properties in PEDOT Thin Films -- Nara Kim, Ioannis Petsagkourakis, Shangzhi Chen, Magnus Berggren, Xavier Crispin, Magnus P. Jonsson, and Igor Zozoulenko -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Chemistry of PEDOT -- 3.2.1 Chemical vs. Electrochemical Polymerization of PEDOT:X -- 3.2.2 Chemical Water Dispersion: PEDOT:PSS -- 3.2.3 PEDOT:Biopolymer Dispersion Polymerization -- 3.2.4 Tuning the Oxidation/Doping Level Chemically vs. Electrochemically. , 3.3 Electronic Structure of PEDOT: From a Single Chain to a Thin Film -- 3.3.1 Nature of Charge Carriers and Electronic Structure of PEDOT Chains -- 3.3.2 Density of States of PEDOT: From a Single Chain to a Thin Film -- 3.3.3 Band Gap and Optical Transitions in PEDOT -- 3.4 Morphology of PEDOT -- 3.4.1 Brief Review of Experimental Data for PEDOT:X and PEDOT:PSS (GIWAXS, TEM, AFM) -- 3.4.2 Morphology of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective -- 3.4.2.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Morphology -- 3.4.2.2 Effect of Counter-Ions at High Oxidation Levels -- 3.4.2.3 Effect of Substrates -- 3.5 Electrical Conductivity -- 3.5.1 Basic Thermodynamics of Thermoelectrical Processes -- 3.5.2 Temperature Dependence -- 3.5.3 Secondary Doping -- 3.5.4 Acid-Base Effect -- 3.6 Optical Conductivity -- 3.6.1 Basic Definitions and Relations -- 3.6.2 Methodologies for Measuring the Dielectric Function -- 3.6.2.1 Optical Parameters from Transmittance and Reflectance Measurements -- 3.6.2.2 Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS) -- 3.6.2.3 Variable Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (VASE) -- 3.6.3 Optical Conductivity and Permittivity of PEDOT -- 3.6.3.1 Anisotropy, Interfacial Layers, and Substrate Effects -- 3.6.3.2 Basic Permittivity Models for PEDOT: The Drude Model and Lorentzian-Broadened Harmonic Oscillators -- 3.6.3.3 The Drude-Smith Model -- 3.6.3.4 The Localization-Modified Drude Model -- 3.6.3.5 Effective Medium Approximation (EMA) and Its Applications -- 3.6.4 Concluding Remarks on PEDOT Optical Conductivity -- 3.7 Transport Properties of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective -- 3.7.1 Basics of the Hopping Transport: Semi-Analytical Approach and Kinetic Monte Carlo -- 3.7.2 Boltzmann Approach to Conductivity Based on the Model of an Ideal Crystal -- 3.7.3 Multi-Scale Modelling Based on the Realistic Morphology -- 3.8 Mixed Electron-Ion Transport in PEDOT. , 3.8.1 Devices Utilizing Mixed Electron and Ion Conductivity -- 3.8.2 Experimental Results -- 3.8.3 Modelling of Mixed Electron-Ion transport in PEDOT -- 3.8.4 Calculation of Ion Diffusion in PEDOT -- 3.9 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4: Thermoelectric Properties of Conjugated Polymers -- Kelly A. Peterson, Eunhee Lim, and Michael L. Chabinyc -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Models of Thermoelectric Properties -- 4.3 Microstructure of Semiconducting Polymers -- 4.4 Thermoelectric Power Factor of Semiconducting Polymers -- 4.4.1 Introduction -- 4.4.2 Polyacetylene -- 4.4.3 Polyaniline -- 4.4.4 Poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) -- 4.4.5 Poly(3-hexylthiophene) -- 4.4.6 Poly(​2,5-b​is(3-​alkyl​thiop​hen-2​-yl)t​hieno​[3,2-​b]thiophene) -- 4.4.7 Co-Polymers -- 4.4.8 n-Type Polymers -- 4.5 Thermal Conductivity of Polymers -- 4.5.1 Introduction -- 4.5.2 Thermal Conductivity of Undoped Semiconducting Polymers -- 4.5.3 Electronic Contribution to Thermal Conductivity -- 4.6 ZT for Polymers -- 4.7 Outlook -- References -- 5: Electrochemistry of Conducting Polymers -- P. Audebert and F. Miomandre -- Introduction -- 5.1 Fundamentals -- 5.1.1 Electropolymerization: Mechanism, Techniques, Synthesis Control -- 5.1.2 Electrochemical Doping: Charge Carriers, Redox vs. Capacitive Behavior and Related Properties -- 5.1.3 Relaxation Effects -- 5.1.4 Electrochemical Characterization of an ECP in a Given Electrolytic Medium -- 5.1.5 Determination of HOMO-LUMO Levels by Cyclic Voltammetry -- 5.2 New Trends in Electrosynthesis of Conducting Polymers -- 5.2.1 New Monomers -- 5.2.2 New Electrolytic Media -- 5.3 Nano-Objects and Nanocomposites -- 5.3.1 Nano-Objects -- 5.3.2 Nanocomposites -- a. Metallic Nanoparticles -- b. Carbonaceous Materials -- 5.4 Applications -- 5.4.1 Energy Storage -- 5.4.2 Actuators and Drug Delivery -- 5.4.3 Molecular Imprinting ECP. , 5.4.4 Biosensors and Related Materials -- 5.4.5 Anticorrosion -- 5.4.6 Electrochromism and Electrofluorochromism -- Conclusion and Future -- References -- 6: Electrochromism in Conjugated Polymers -  Strategies for Complete and Straightforward Color Control -- Anna M. Ö sterholm, D. Eric Shen, and John R. Reynolds -- 6.1 Introduction to Electrochromic Polymers -- 6.2 Electrochromism in Conjugated Polymers -- 6.3 The Electrochromic Toolbox -- 6.3.1 Electrochromic/Optical Contrast -- 6.3.2 Colorimetric Analysis -- 6.3.3 Switching Speed/Response Time -- 6.3.4 Coloration Efficiency/Charge-to-Switch -- 6.3.5 Optical Memory/Bistability -- 6.3.6 Switching Stability -- 6.4 Synthesis of Soluble Electrochromic Polymers -- 6.5 Developing Structure- Property Relationships for Color Control in Cathodically Coloring ECPs -- 6.5.1 Effect of the Choice of Heterocycle, the Building Block of ECPs -- 6.5.2 Steric Effects of Introducing Functional Groups -- 6.5.2.1 Fine-Tuning Coloration Through 3,4-Alkyl Substitutions of Five-Membered Heterocycles -- 6.5.2.2 Alkylenedioxy-Substitution -  a Route to Colored-to-Clear Electrochromic Polymers -- 6.5.2.3 Effect of Using Fused Systems -- 6.5.3 Expanding the Color Palette through Copolymerization -- 6.5.3.1 Modulating Torsional Strain and Tuning Absorption Throughout the Visible Using All-Donor Copolymers -- 6.5.3.2 Donor- Acceptor Polymers and Routes for Achieving Green and Cyan ECPs -- 6.5.4 Developing Broadly Absorbing Systems for Black and Brown Hues -- 6.6 Anodically Coloring Systems -- 6.7 Controlling Solubility, Contrast, and Redox Properties -- 6.7.1 Tuning Solubility -- 6.7.2 Tuning Contrast -- 6.7.3 Tuning Redox and Switching Properties -- 6.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments and Notes -- References -- 7: Mechanical Properties of Semiconducting Polymers. , Mohammad A. Alkhadra, Andrew T. Kleinschmidt, Samuel E. Root, Daniel Rodriquez, Adam D. Printz, Suchol Savagatrup, and Darren J. Lipomi -- 7.1 Introduction and Background -- 7.1.1 Semiconducting Polymers as a Subset of All Solid Polymers -- 7.2 Deformation in Solid Polymers -- 7.2.1 Mediation of Mechanical Energy -- 7.2.2 Elasticity and Plasticity -- 7.2.3 Fracture -- 7.3 Mechanical Properties and Measurement Techniques -- 7.3.1 Overview of Mechanical Properties -- 7.3.2 Common Measurement Techniques -- 7.4 Effects of Physical Parameters -- 7.4.1 Effects of Elastic Mismatch and Adhesion -- 7.4.2 Effects of Film Thickness -- 7.4.3 Effects of Strain Rate -- 7.5 Effects of Molecular Structure and Microstructure -- 7.5.1 Role of Molecular Weight -- 7.5.2 Role of Alkyl Side Chains -- 7.5.3 Role of Molecular Structure and Backbone Rigidity -- 7.5.4 Role of Intermolecular Packing -- 7.6 Glass Transition Temperature and Measurement Techniques -- 7.6.1 The Glass Transition in Semiconducting Polymers -- 7.6.2 Techniques to Measure the Tg of Semiconducting Polymers -- 7.7 Theoretical Modeling -- 7.7.1 Molecular Structure and Atomistic Simulations -- 7.7.2 Polymer-Chain Size and Phase Behavior -- 7.7.3 Coarse-Grained Simulations and Continuum-Based Methods -- 7.8 Composite Systems -- 7.8.1 Effects of Molecular Mixing -- 7.8.2 Polymer-Fullerene Composites -- 7.9 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 8: Magnetic Field Effects in Organic Semiconductors -- Low and High Fields, Steady State and Time Resolved -- Eitan Ehrenfreund and Z. Valy Vardeny -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Review of Various Mechanisms -- 8.2.1 The Hyperfine Mechanism -- 8.2.2 Mechanisms Related to Triplet Excitons -- 8.2.3 The ∆g Mechanism -- 8.2.4 Thermal Spin Polarization -- 8.2.5 Magnetic Field Effect in Excited-State Spectroscopies of Films -- Steady State. , 8.2.6 Time Resolved Magnetic Field Effects.