Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Adaptation Methods and Approaches -- 1 Convenient Solution for Convenient Truth: Adoption of Soil and Water Conservation Measures for Climate Change and Variability in Kuyu District, Ethiopia -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Objectives of the Study -- 2 Methods and Materials -- 2.1 Description of the Study Site -- 2.2 Research Design -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Soil and Water Conservation Measures in the Study Area: An Overview -- 3.2 Determinants of Use of Soil and Water Conservation Measures -- 3.3 Summary -- 3.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Between Climate Reliance and Climate Resilience: Empirical Analysis of Climate Variability and Impact on Nigerian Agricultural Production -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Type, Measurement and Sources of Data -- 2.2 Analytical Methods -- 2.3 Variables Used for the Estimation of the GMM -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Description of Variables -- 3.2 Results of the Stationarity Tests -- 4 Impacts of Rainfall and Irrigation on Agricultural Production -- 4.1 Evidence for Promoting Climate Change Adaptation and Climate Resilient Agriculture in Nigeria -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Characterization of Present Day Climate Trend Over Ethiopia for Impact Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Preprocessing -- 2.3 Data Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Mean Climatology -- 3.1.1 Rainfall Climatology -- 3.2 Temperature Climatology -- 3.3 Temporal Variability -- 3.3.1 Temperature Variability -- 3.3.2 Rainfall Variability -- 3.3.3 Mean Annual Cycle -- 3.3.4 Interannual and Seasonal Variability -- 4 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 4 Adaptation Benefits of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices in the Blue Nile Basin: Empirical Evidence from North-West Ethiopia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Source -- 2.3 Data Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Perception and Adaptation to Climate Change -- 3.2 Results from the Heckman Probit Selection Model -- 3.3 Impact of Climate-Smart Adaptation Practices -- 3.4 Sensitivity Aanalysis -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- 5 Towards Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Urban Land Use Planning and Management: The Case of Ambo Town, Ethiopia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Research Methodology -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Sampling Techniques and Procedures -- 2.3 Methods of Data Collection -- 2.3.1 Semi-structured Questionnaire -- 2.3.2 Personal Observation -- 2.3.3 Focus Group Discussion -- 2.3.4 Key Informant Interview -- 2.4 Methods of Data Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Demographic and Socio-economic Profile of Respondents -- 3.2 Perceptions, Negative Effects of Change in Climatic Parameters on Livelihoods and Adaptation Strategies of Households in Huluka Watershed -- 3.2.1 Perceptions of Households in Huluka Watershed on Change in Climatic Parameters -- 3.3 Negative Effects of Change in Climatic Parameters on Livelihoods of Households in Huluka Watershed -- 3.4 Adaptation Strategies of Households in Huluka Watershed and Challenges for Adaptation to Change in Climatic Parameters -- 3.5 Climate Change Related Disaster Risks and Urban Households Adaptation Strategies in Ambo Town -- 3.5.1 Climate Change Related Disaster Risks in Ambo Town -- 3.6 Urban Households Strategies to Adapt with Climate Change Related Disaster Risks in Ambo Town -- 4 Discussions -- 4.1 Climate Change Related Urban Disaster Risks -- 4.2 Urban Flooding Disaster Risk, Impacts, and Adaptation Strategies. , 4.3 Water Stress/Water Shortage, Impacts, and Adaptation Strategies -- 4.4 Urban Heat Island Effect/Increased Urban Heat, Impacts, and Adaptation Strategies -- 4.5 Wind Storms, Dust Storms, Impacts, and Adaptation Strategies -- 4.6 The Need to Mainstream Adaptation to Climate Change into Urban Land Use Planning and Management in Ambo Town -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 A Geographic Information System as Support to the Healthcare Services of Nomadic Community, the Filtu Woreda Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background: The Operational Research Project -- 3 Case Study Area -- 4 Data and Methods -- 4.1 Geospatial Data Collection -- 4.2 On-Site Data Collection -- 4.3 Databases Organisation -- 5 Results -- 5.1 On-Site Data Collection Campaign Map -- 5.2 Healthcare Resources and Professionals Distribution Map -- 5.3 Meteorological Maps -- 6 Conclusions and Future Developments -- References -- 7 Advancing the Resilience of Rural People to Climate Change through Indigenous Best Practices: Experience from Northern Nigeria -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Justification and Limitations of the Study -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Area of Study -- 2.2 Sampling Procedure and Method of Data Collection -- 2.3 Conceptual Clarifications -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Irrigation Farmers' Awareness and Information Sources About Climate Change -- 3.2 Irrigation Farmers' Perception on Manifestations of Climate Change -- 3.3 Indigenous Best Practices in Adaptive Management of Soil Fertility -- 3.4 Adaptive Management of Post-harvest Under Drought -- 3.5 Adaptive Management of Water Under Drought -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Deriving Useful Information from Bimonthly Global-Scale Climate Analysis for Climate Change Adaptation Over East Africa -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methods. , 2.1 Data -- 2.2 Analysis Techniques -- 2.2.1 Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) Analysis of MAM Rainfall -- 2.2.2 Construction of Standardized Global SST and Upper Level Anomalies -- 2.2.3 Lagged Heterogeneous Grid Point Correlations Between the Rainfall Modes and Standardized Global SSTs and Velocity Potential (Divergence) Computations -- 3 Results -- 3.1 East African MAM Rainfall Variability -- 3.2 East African MAM Rainfall Modes and Global SST Relationships -- 3.3 Composites of Standardized Global-Scale Divergent Circulation Anomalies and East African MAM Precipitation Modes -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Standardized Global-Scale SST Anomalies and Their Associated Upper Level Divergent Circulation in Relationship to MAM Rainfall Modes -- 4.2 Implications for Climate Change Adaptations -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Adaptation to Climate Change in Egyptian Marginal Environments Through Sustainable Crop and Livestock Diversification: A Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Project Objectives -- 2.1 The Main Key Project Activities and Outcomes -- 2.1.1 Description and Characterization of Sahl El Tina Resources -- 2.1.2 Enhance Crop Diversification and Identification of Better Adapted Crops to Climate Change Impact -- 2.1.3 Develop and Disseminate Packages of Forage Production and Utilization -- 2.1.4 Integrated Management Packages (IMP) for Enhanced Livestock Production in Marginal Environments -- 2.2 Dairy Processing Unit Establishment -- 2.2.1 Socio-economic Impact of Improved Production Systems on Farmers' Livelihoods in Marginal Environments -- 2.3 Adoption Impact Assessment -- 2.3.1 Enhance Farmers' and Extension Staff Knowledge and Skills in Farm Management Under Marginal Conditions -- 3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 10 Forestry and Resilience to Climate Change: A Synthesis on Application of Forest-Based Adaptation Strategies to Reduce Vulnerability Among Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Role of Sustainable Forest Management and Ecosystem Services in Building Resilience to Climate Change -- 3.2 Forestry and Food Production in the Context of Enhancing Resilience to Climate Change -- 3.3 Role of Agroforestry Systems and Livelihood in the Face of Climate Change -- 3.4 Building Resilience to Climate Change Through Commercial Forestry and Related Economic Development Initiatives -- 3.5 Forestry Based Institutions and Policies Supporting Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendations -- 4.1 Conclusion -- 4.2 Recommendations -- 4.2.1 Enhance Advocacy on Use of African Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (AITK) -- 4.2.2 Increase Level of Awareness on the Importance of Forests for the Adaptation -- 4.2.3 Integration of Forest Based Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies as Well as Other Agro-Ecosystem Interventions -- 4.2.4 Development of Effective Institutional, Policy and Legal Frameworks -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 11 Health Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in Ethiopia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Calculating the HVI -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Trends in Weather/Climate Data -- 3.2 Vulnerability Assessment -- 3.2.1 Exposure -- 3.2.2 Sensitivity -- 3.2.3 Adaptive Capacity -- 3.2.4 Health Vulnerability Index -- 4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 12 Potential for Scaling up Climate Smart Agricultural Practices: Examples from Sub-Saharan Africa -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodological Approach -- 3 Climate Smart Agricultural Practices in SSA -- 3.1 Drought Tolerant (DT) Crop Varieties. , 3.2 Sustainable Intensification Practices.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Experiences of Climate Change Adaptationin Africa -- Foreword -- Contents -- 1 Links Between Capacity and Action in Response to Global Climate Change: A Climate Response Shift at the Local Level -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Capacity and the Climate Change Problem -- Adaptive and Mitigative Capacity -- Response Capacity -- Translating Capacity into Action -- Risk Perception and Varying Responses to Climate Change -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 2 Key Themes of Local Adaptation to Climate Change: Results from Mapping Community-Based Initiatives in Africa -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Conceptual Framework -- Research Results -- Key Themes of Social Resilience -- Key Themes of Economic Resilience -- Critical Success Factors -- Box 1: Some Examples of Community Involvement, Critical Success Factors and Transferability of African CBA Projects -- Discussion -- Some current limitations to successful adaptation -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Potential Climate Change Impacts on Direct Economic Values From Wildlife in the Kilombero Ramsar Site, Tanzania -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Data Collection and Analysis -- Results -- Rainfall Pattern and Probability -- Wildlife Hunting Licenses and Outtakes in the North Kilombero Hunting Block -- Direct Economic Value of Wildlife -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Improving the Participation of Agro-Pastoralists in Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy Formulation: A Case Study from Keiyo District, Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Description of the Study Area -- Research Approach -- Results and Discussion -- Local Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction. , Agro-Pastoralist Involvement in CCA and DRR Policy Processes -- Challenges to Agro-Pastoralist Involvement in Policy Processes -- Opportunities for Enhancing Agro-Pastoralist Involvement in Policy Processes -- Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 5 Integration of Indigenous Knowledge Systems into Climate Change Adaptation and Enhancing Food Security in Nandi and Keiyo Districts, Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of the Study Area -- Keiyo District -- Nandi District -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Household Demographics and Livelihood Activities -- Common Shocks Affecting Household Food Security Status -- Household Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation and Food Security Risk Reduction -- Reliability and Opportunities for Integrating IKS in CCA and Food Security -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 Climate Change and the Emergence of Helter-Skelter Livelihoods Among the Pastoralists of Samburu East District, Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results and Discussions -- Drought and the Pastoralist -- Conflicts Across Ethnic and International Borders, and with Wildlife -- The Aftermath of Floods -- Family and Community Instability -- Facing up to Climate Change: Adapting and Coping -- Tapping into the Resiliency of the Camel -- Turning to Agro-Pastoral Practices -- Livestock Mobility and Micro-Business Ventures -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Carbon Changes Following the Establishment of Exclosure on Communal Grazing Lands in the Semi-Arid Lowlands of Tigray, Ethiopia -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Experimental Design -- Soil Sampling, Analyses and Carbon Stock Calculation -- Vegetation Inventory, Above-Ground Biomass and Carbon Estimation -- Statistical Analyses -- Results. , Ecosystem Carbon Stocks in Exclosures and Adjacent Communal Grazing Lands -- Soil, Vegetation and Climatic Variables Explaining Ecosystem Carbon Stocks -- Ecosystem Carbon Stocks and Site Characteristics in Church Forests -- Discussion -- Comparability of Exclosures and the Adjacent Grazing Lands -- Variation of Soil and Above-Ground Carbon Stocks on Communal Grazing Lands -- Changes in Ecosystem Carbon Stock in Relation to Exclosure Age -- Potential of Exclosures to be Considered as a Clean Development Mechanism Project -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Coastal Forest Buffer Zones and Shoreline Change in Zanzibar, Tanzania: Practical Measures for Climate Adaptation? -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Zanzibar -- Project Background, Methods and Research Area -- Coastal Erosion and Environmental Change -- Physical Changes Over the Last 50 Years -- Physical Impacts of Sea Level Rise -- Current Pressures and Local Perceptions -- Coastal Forest Buffer Zones: Planning and Issues -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Conflicting Policies: Institutional Approaches Towards Decentralisation and Promoting Climate Change Resilience in Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area and Methods -- Study Country -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Decentralisation of the Forest Sector -- Equity, Sustainability, Poverty Reduction and Climate Change -- Anthropogenic Impacts Contributing to Climate Change in Kenya -- Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya -- Impact on Development and the Economy -- Extreme Events and Natural Disasters -- Initiatives in Protected Areas and Curbing Climate Change -- Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- References -- 10 Climate Shocks, Perceptions and Coping Options in Semi-Arid Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Climate Change Perceptions. , Climate Shocks and Outcomes -- Coping Options and Knowledge of Climatic and Agricultural Information -- Conclusion and Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Drought Monitoring in Food-Insecure Areas of Ethiopia by Using Satellite Technologies -- Abstract -- Introduction -- An Overview of Drought Monitoring and Modelling -- Drought Object Modelling -- Materials and Methods -- Theoretical Framework -- Study Area -- Methodology -- Materials -- GIS Data Processing and Preliminary Results -- Relationships Between Precipitation and NDVI -- NDVI and Deviation of NDVI for Spatially Locating Drought -- Conclusions -- References -- 12 A Swot Analysis of Mitigation of Climate Change Through REDD -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Strengths of REDD -- REDD Can Serve as a Source of Funds for Sustainable Forest Management -- Ecological Benefits of REDD -- REDD Can Contribute to Poverty Alleviation -- Weaknesses of REDD -- Ecological Versus Economic Rate of Operation -- Spatial and Sectoral Leakages -- Unintended Positive Effects of REDD -- Insufficiency, Unreliability and Complications of REDD Funding -- Tendency to Justify REDD on the Basis of the Lower end of its Costs -- Opportunities for REDD -- Willingness of Developing and Developed Countries to Participate in REDD -- Learning from Similar Past Initiatives -- Threats to REDD -- Poor Governance -- Political Instability and War -- Loss of Interest in REDD by the International Community -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Environmental Mainstreaming in Development Policy and Planning in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case Study from Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Development Planning Framework -- The District-Focus Planning Framework -- The National Economic and Social Council-led Planning Framework -- Environmental Planning Framework. , Kenya's Environmental Mainstreaming Strategies -- Normative Strategies: Political Commitment and Strategic Vision -- Organisational Strategies: Institutional Arrangements and Practices -- Procedural Strategies: Assessment and Consultation -- Use of Policy Instruments for Environmental Mainstreaming -- Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 14 Net Primary Productivity Response to Climate Change in the Mount Kenya Ecosystem -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Study Area -- CASA Model -- Data Used -- General Circulation Model Downscaling -- Results and Discussions -- GCM Downscaling and Validation -- Climatic Scalar Variability -- Estimated CASA Model NPP -- Conclusions -- References -- 15 Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change by Developing Promising Strategies Using Analogue Locations in Eastern and Southern Africa: Introducing the Calesa Project -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Scope of the Project and Methodology -- Stakeholders and Expected Outputs -- Conclusions -- References -- 16 The Unitar Climate Change Programme: Innovative Adaptation Initiatives in Africa -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Current and Recent Activities -- Outputs of ACCCA -- Conclusions -- References -- Home Pages, Videos and Resources -- 17 A Grassroots Initiative to Disseminate Solar Energy Technologies in Ethiopia: Implications to Climate Change Education -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Problem and Rationale -- Rationale Behind the Grassroots Initiative -- Background to the Grassroots Initiative -- Methodology -- Selection of Participating Schools -- Textbooks' Review -- Field Survey -- Results -- Integration of Issues Related to Energy and Environment -- Impacts of the Handbook -- Dissemination of Solar Home Systems -- Solar Cookers and Driers -- Sings of Sustainability -- Discussion -- Conclusion and Implication -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 18 Integrating Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge Systems for Climate Change Adaptation in Zambia.