Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope -- 1.1.1 Food Losses -- 1.1.2 Food Residuals -- 1.1.3 By-Products, Including Animal By-Products -- 1.1.4 Food Waste -- References -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Legislation -- 2.2 Waste Management Hierarchy -- 2.2.1 Differences and Similarities in the Waste Management Hierarchies -- 2.3 Bio-Waste -- 2.4 Food Waste -- References -- 3 Causes of Food Waste Generation -- 3.1 Consumer Behaviour -- 3.2 Lack of Awareness -- 3.3 Labelling -- 3.4 Aesthetic Standards -- 3.5 Food Merchandising -- 3.6 Legislation/Regulations as an Obstacle -- 3.6.1 European Marketing Standards -- 3.7 Companies Private Standards and Reputation -- 3.8 Overproduction and Excess Stock -- 3.9 Food Prices/Financial Incentives -- 3.10 Technical Factors -- 3.10.1 Storage -- 3.10.2 Stock Transportation -- 3.10.3 Poor Packaging -- References -- 4 Methods of Food Waste Reduction -- 4.1 Public Awareness Raising/Education -- 4.1.1 Awareness Campaigns and Informativeness -- 4.1.2 Guidelines -- 4.1.3 Education -- 4.2 Food Recovery and Redistribution -- 4.3 Legislation---Governmental Interventions -- 4.4 Economic Incentives/Financial Instruments -- 4.4.1 Negative -- 4.4.1.1 Internalisation of Costs -- 4.4.1.2 `Polluter Pays' Principle -- 4.4.1.3 Taxes and Charges -- 4.4.1.4 Rise of Food Prices -- 4.4.2 Positive -- 4.5 Forecasting and Correct Inventory Management/Planning -- 4.6 Packaging -- 4.7 Labelling -- 4.8 Companies Initiatives -- 4.9 Separate Collection of Food Waste -- 4.10 Alternative Use -- 4.10.1 Energy Recovery -- 4.10.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion (AD) -- 4.10.1.2 Incineration -- 4.10.2 Novel Added-Value Materials/Products -- 4.10.2.1 Chemicals and Fertilizers -- 4.10.2.2 Compost -- 4.10.2.3 Animal Feed -- References -- 5 Research Methods -- 6 Overview of the Baltic Region Countries. , 6.1 Main Economic Activities -- 6.1.1 Belarus -- 6.1.2 Estonia -- 6.1.3 Germany -- 6.1.4 Latvia -- 6.1.5 Lithuania -- 6.1.6 Poland -- 6.1.7 Sweden -- 6.2 Renewable Energy -- 6.3 Food Consumption and Undernourishment -- 6.3.1 Poverty Level -- 6.3.2 Undernourishment -- 6.3.3 European Food Aid -- 6.3.4 Food Expenditures -- 6.4 Biodegradable Waste -- 6.4.1 Legislation -- 6.4.2 Waste Generation and Treatment -- 6.4.2.1 Belarus -- 6.4.2.2 Estonia -- 6.4.2.3 Germany -- 6.4.2.4 Latvia -- 6.4.2.5 Lithuania -- 6.4.2.6 Poland -- 6.4.2.7 Sweden -- References -- 7 The State of the Problem of Food Waste in the Baltic Region Countries -- 7.1 Food Waste Generation in the Baltic -- 7.1.1 Food Waste Amounts According to the FAO Food Balance Sheets -- 7.1.2 Food Waste Generated Based on the FAO Technical Conversion Factors---Extraction Rates -- 7.1.3 Belarus -- 7.1.3.1 Industries -- 7.1.3.2 Retailers -- 7.1.3.3 Municipal Solid Waste -- 7.1.4 Estonia -- 7.1.5 Germany -- 7.1.5.1 Waste Generation -- 7.1.5.2 Causes -- 7.1.6 Latvia -- 7.1.7 Lithuania -- 7.1.8 Poland -- 7.1.8.1 Industries -- 7.1.8.2 Households -- 7.1.9 Sweden -- 7.1.9.1 Households -- 7.1.9.2 Retail Sector -- 7.1.9.3 Hospitality Sector -- 7.1.9.4 Causes -- 7.2 Food Waste Treatment -- 7.2.1 Belarus -- 7.2.2 Biological Treatment in Belarus -- 7.2.3 Estonia -- 7.2.3.1 Public Awareness Campaign/Education -- 7.2.3.2 Food Donation/Food Banks in Estonia -- 7.2.3.3 Separate Collection -- 7.2.3.4 Biological Treatment -- 7.2.3.5 Additional Activities/Initiatives in Estonia -- 7.2.4 Germany -- 7.2.4.1 Public Awareness Campaign/Education -- 7.2.4.2 `Better Appreciation of the Value of Food!' Campaign -- 7.2.4.3 Nationwide Days of Action Against Food Waste `We Save Food!' -- 7.2.4.4 Information About the Best-Before Date in the Retail Sector -- 7.2.4.5 Food Donation/Food Banks -- 7.2.4.6 Biological Treatment. , 7.2.4.7 Additional Activities/Initiatives -- 7.2.5 Latvia -- 7.2.5.1 Public Awareness Campaign/Education -- 7.2.5.2 Food Donation/Food Banks -- 7.2.5.3 Separate Collection -- 7.2.5.4 Biological Treatment -- 7.2.5.5 Additional Activities/Initiatives -- 7.2.6 Lithuania -- 7.2.6.1 Public Awareness Campaign/Education -- 7.2.6.2 Food Donation/Food Banks -- 7.2.6.3 Treatment -- 7.2.7 Poland -- 7.2.7.1 Food Donation/Food Banks -- 7.2.7.2 Public Awareness Campaign/Education -- 7.2.7.3 Separate Collection -- 7.2.7.4 Treatment -- 7.2.7.5 Additional Activities/Initiatives -- 7.2.8 Sweden -- 7.2.8.1 Cooperation -- 7.2.8.2 Public Awareness Campaign/Education -- 7.2.8.3 Food Donation/Food Banks -- 7.2.8.4 Separate Collection -- 7.2.8.5 Pre-Treatment of Food Wastage -- 7.2.8.6 Treatment -- 7.2.8.7 Additional Activities/Initiatives -- References -- 8 Discussion -- 8.1 Food Waste Generation -- 8.1.1 Food Waste Amounts According to the FAO Food Balance Sheets -- 8.1.2 Food Waste Generated Based on the FAO Technical Conversion Factors---Extraction Rates -- 8.1.3 Situation in Individual Countries -- 8.1.3.1 Belarus -- 8.1.3.2 Estonia -- 8.1.3.3 Germany -- 8.1.3.4 Latvia -- 8.1.3.5 Lithuania -- 8.1.3.6 Poland -- 8.1.3.7 Sweden -- 8.2 Food Waste Treatment -- 8.2.1 Belarus -- 8.2.2 Estonia -- 8.2.3 Germany -- 8.2.4 Latvia -- 8.2.5 Lithuania -- 8.2.6 Poland -- 8.2.7 Sweden -- References -- 9 Conclusions and Recommendations -- 9.1 Conclusions -- 9.1.1 Belarus -- 9.1.2 Estonia -- 9.1.3 Germany -- 9.1.4 Latvia -- 9.1.5 Lithuania -- 9.1.6 Poland -- 9.1.7 Sweden -- 9.2 Recommendations -- 9.2.1 Belarus -- 9.2.2 Estonia -- 9.2.3 Germany -- 9.2.4 Latvia -- 9.2.5 Lithuania -- 9.2.6 Poland -- 9.2.7 Sweden -- References -- Appendix AQuestionnaire in English -- Appendix BQuestionnaire in Russian -- Glossary.