Note: Intro -- Supervisor's Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Introduction -- References -- 1 Introduction, Methodology, Limitations -- 1.1…Introduction -- 1.2…Climate ChangeChange -- 1.3…Climate Adaptation -- 1.4…Spatial Planning -- 1.5…Complexity and TimeTime Horizons -- 1.6…Problem Statement, Objective, Point of Departure and ResearchResearch Questions -- 1.7…Methodology -- 1.8…Limitations -- 1.9…Key Concepts and Timeline -- 1.10…The Chapters -- References -- Websites -- A.0. The Bridge: One--Two1.11…The Bridge: One--Two -- 2 Towards a Spatial Planning Framework for Climate Adaptation -- 2.1…Introduction -- 2.2…Problem Statement -- 2.3…Objective -- 2.4…Methodology -- 2.5…Literature Review -- 2.5.1 Adaptive and DynamicDynamic Approaches in Spatial Planning -- 2.5.2 The Spatial PropertiesProperties of Complex Adaptive SystemsAdaptive systems -- 2.6…The FrameworkFramework -- 2.6.1 Aggregated Spatial ElementsElements -- 2.6.2 Definition of TimeTime Rhythms: Layers -- 2.6.3 Linking Spatial ElementsElements with Layers -- 2.7…Validation -- 2.7.1 Prevailing Regional PlanRegional plan -- 2.7.2 A Climate-Adaptive Regional PlanRegional plan -- 2.7.3 Conclusions -- 2.8…Discussion -- 2.9…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Websites -- A.0. The Bridge: Two--ThreeThe Bridge: Two--Three -- 3 Developing a Planning TheoryPlanning theory for Wicked Problems: SwarmSwarm Planning -- 3.1…IntroductionIntroduction -- 3.2…Problem Statement -- 3.3…ApproachApproach -- 3.4…Current Planning Paradigms -- 3.4.1 A Selection of Prevailing Planning Paradigms -- 3.4.2 A Review of 2 Years of Planning Journals -- 3.5…Exploring ComplexityComplexity -- 3.5.1 ComplexityComplexity TheoryTheory -- 3.5.2 CitiesCities as Complex Systems -- 3.5.3 Use of ComplexityComplexity in Planning -- 3.5.4 Proposition: SwarmSwarm Planning -- 3.5.5 BendigoBendigo -- 3.6…Conclusion -- References. , A.0. …The Bridge: Three--Four -- 4 Incremental Change, Transition or Transformation? Optimising Change Pathways for Climate Adaptation in Spatial Planning -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.2…Research ApproachApproach -- 4.2.1 Research Context -- 4.2.2 Problem Statement -- 4.2.3 Research Objective and ApproachApproach -- 4.3…Analysis of ChangeChange Processes -- 4.3.1 Incremental ChangeChange -- 4.3.2 Transition -- 4.3.3 Transformation -- 4.4…Comparison -- 4.4.1 CriteriaCriteria -- 4.4.2 Comparison -- 4.5…Theorising TransformationTransformation -- 4.6…Signals -- 4.6.1 Early Warning -- 4.6.2 Creation -- 4.7…Application in the Peat ColoniesPeat Colonies -- 4.8…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- A.0. The Bridge: Four--Five -- 5 The Use of Spatial Planning to Increase the Resilience for Future Turbulence in the Spatial System of the Groningen Region to Deal with Climate Change -- 5.1…Introduction -- 5.2…Background -- 5.2.1 Climate ChangeChange -- 5.2.2 Challenges of ComplexityComplexity in Planning -- 5.3…The GroningenGroningen Case -- 5.3.1 Understanding the SystemSystem: Mapping Climate and Energy PotentialsEnergy potentials -- 5.3.2 Improving ResilienceResilience: Use of SwarmSwarm Planning ParadigmParadigm -- 5.3.3 Strategic InterventionsStrategic interventions: The GroningenGroningen Impulses -- 5.3.4 Steer the SwarmSwarm -- 5.4…The GroningenGroningen Case Discussed -- 5.4.1 Mapping -- 5.4.2 Idea Map -- 5.4.3 Interventions -- 5.4.4 In the Real World -- 5.5…Conclusions -- References -- A.0. The Bridge: Five--SixThe Bridge: Five--Six -- 6 Swarming Landscapes, New Pathways for Resilient Cities -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…Dealing with UncertaintyUncertainty -- 6.3…Swarms -- 6.4…Complex Adaptive Spatial Systems -- 6.5…SwarmSwarm Planning -- 6.6…SwarmSwarm Planning Example: Floodable LandscapeFloodable landscape -- 6.7…Conclusion and Discussion. , References -- A.0. The Bridge: Six--SevenThe Bridge: Six--Seven -- 7 Quadruple the Potential, Scaling the Energy Supply -- 7.1…Introduction -- 7.2…The Supra-Regional Scale: North Netherlands -- 7.3…The Regional Scale: GroningenGroningen -- 7.4…The City-Neighbourhood Scale: AlmereAlmere East and Hoogezand -- 7.4.1 AlmereAlmere East -- 7.4.2 Hoogezand: The Green Campaign -- 7.4.3 Experiences with Energy Potential Studies -- 7.5…The Building Scale: River House MilduraMildura -- 7.5.1 Potentials and Outcomes -- 7.6…Interdependencies -- 7.7…Discussion -- References -- A.0. The Bridge: Seven--EightThe Bridge: Seven--Eight -- 8 Beyond the Ordinary: Innovative Spatial Energy Framework Offers Perspectives on Increased Energy and Carbon Objectives -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…Problem -- 8.3…Hypothesis -- 8.4…State of the Art in Renewable EnergyRenewable energy Thinking -- 8.5…Energy and Spatial Planning: An Underestimated Relationship -- 8.6…Towards an Innovative Methodology: The GroningenGroningen Case -- 8.6.1 Energy Potential Mapping -- 8.6.2 Conceptual DesignDesign -- 8.6.3 Swarm Planning -- 8.6.4 Findings -- 8.7…Conclusions -- ReferencesReferences -- A.1. The Bridge: Eight--Nine8.8…The Bridge: Eight--Nine -- 9 Swarm Planning for Climate Change: An Alternative Pathway for Resilience -- 9.1…Introduction -- 9.2…Methodology -- 9.3…Analysis -- 9.3.1 Climate ChangeChange -- 9.3.2 Spatial Planning -- 9.4…Problem Statement -- 9.5…Swarm Planning -- 9.5.1 Complexity -- 9.5.2 The Layer ApproachApproach -- 9.5.3 Key ElementsElements of SwarmSwarm Planning TheoryPlanning theory -- 9.5.4 Application of the TheoryTheory -- 9.6…Comparing Regular Planning with SwarmSwarm Planning -- 9.6.1 The Province of GroningenGroningen -- 9.6.1.1 Regional Plan -- 9.6.1.2 Zero-Fossil Region -- 9.6.1.3 Findings -- 9.6.2 The Peat ColoniesPeat Colonies. , 9.6.2.1 Agenda for the Peat ColoniesPeat Colonies -- 9.6.2.2 Net Carbon-Capture LandscapeLandscape -- 9.6.2.3 Findings -- 9.7…Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Websites -- A.0. The Bridge: Nine--Ten -- 10 Conclusion, Discussion and Recommendations -- 10.1…Introduction -- 10.2…Research Questions -- 10.3…Primary Research Question One: Developing a Planning Framework -- 10.3.1 Research Question A -- 10.3.2 Research Question B -- 10.3.3 Research Question C -- 10.3.4 Research Question D -- 10.3.5 Summary of the Findings PRQ1 -- 10.4…Primary Research Question Two: Application of the Planning Framework -- 10.4.1 Research Question E -- 10.4.2 Research Question F -- 10.4.3 Research Question G -- 10.4.4 Research Question H -- 10.4.5 Additional analysis: The Bendigo Design -- 10.4.6 BAU and Swarm Compared -- 10.4.7 Summary of the Findings PRQ2 -- 10.5…Swarm Planning Framework -- 10.5.1 Two Levels of Complexity -- 10.5.2 Five Layers -- 10.5.3 Complex Adaptive Processes -- 10.5.4 Ways to Apply -- 10.6…Discussion -- 10.6.1 Limitations of the Framework -- 10.6.2 Uses and Outcomes of the Framework -- 10.6.3 Weaknesses of the Framework -- 10.6.4 Reflection on Research Process -- 10.6.5 Final Recommendations -- Index.