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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 689 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 625 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 65 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The NMDA receptor/channel has been shown to be inhibited by ethanol in the clinically relevant range 25–100 mM. We studied heteromeric assemblies (NR1b/NR2) of the NMDA receptor, expressed in oocytes, to address three questions regarding this inhibition, and discovered the following: (1) The inhibition was nearly equivalent when ethanol was coapplied with the agonist, and when ethanol was introduced after steady-state current was established, suggesting that ethanol does not act by interfering with the activation process of the NMDA receptor. (2) The degree of inhibition was controlled by the NR2 subunit, with both NR2A and NR2B significantly more sensitive to ethanol than NR2C and NR2D. (3) Manipulation of the NMDA receptor with a number of agents that normally modulate it did not alter the degree of inhibition produced by ethanol. The presence of Mg2+ (3 and 12.5 µM), Zn2+ (1 and 10 µM), or the glycine antagonist 7-chlorokynurenic acid (1.25 or 5 µM), did not alter the ethanol sensitivity of heteromeric (NR1b/NR2A, NR1b/NR2B, NR1b/NR2C) NMDA receptors. Redox modulation of the NMDA receptor by dithiothreitol (2 mM) or 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (1 mM) also did not alter the degree to which ethanol inhibits NMDA receptors. Taken together, these results indicate that the ethanol sensitivity of native NMDA receptors, which likely exist in heteromeric form, results from actions at a site different from those of known modulators of the receptor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 710 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 492 (1987), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 100 (1975), S. 85-100 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The somata of five deep extensor motoneurons of the third abdominal ganglion of the crayfish(Procambarus clarkii) were located and identified. The positions of these somata within the ganglion and their distal distribution to muscles have been mapped and were constant. The soma of the extensor inhibitor was noted to touch the soma of the flexor inhibitor. Three of the excitatory neurons were clustered near their exit route. Sensory and cord routes of activation of the extensor motoneurons were also found and were constant from preparation to preparation. Sub-threshold recording showed that these motoneurons exhibited radically different types of post-synaptic response to stimuli at different sites in the nervous system. No interaction between extensor motoneurons or between the extensor and flexor motoneurons was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 261 (1976), S. 62-64 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Identified neurones R15 (ref. 9) in Aplysia abdominal ganglion and F?1 (ref. 5) in Helix circumoesophageal ganglia exhibit similar patterns of endogenous electrical activity, in which an oscillating membrane potential underlies alternating periods of action potential bursts and interburst ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 2 (1982), S. 215-226 
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: aplysia ; alcohol ; ethanol ; bursting pacemaker ; pacemaker ; anesthetic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Alcohols have been used as pharmacological tools to probe the nature of action-potential gates and channels. In this study, we examine the effects of alcohols upon activity patterns inAplysia neurons. 2. Ethanol at concentrations of 0.4–0.6M induces bursting pacemaker activity (BPA) in previously silent cells. The same effect is produced with 40–60 mM concentrations of butanol, suggesting that this induction is not due to osmotic effects. 3. Voltage-clamp measurements indicate that the induction of BPA is accompanied by the appearance of a negative-slope resistance (NSR) region in the steady-state current-voltage relationship of the cell. The induction of BPA and a NSR region in silent cells is antagonized by lowered temperatures. 4. Ethanol concentrations which produce BPA and a NSR region in silent cells abolish both of these normally present characteristics in endogenous bursters. This suggests that whatever membrane components are moved into optimal configuration for the expression of BPA in silent cells are shifted out of optimal configuration in endogenous bursters, by similar ethanol concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 7 (1987), S. 191-207 
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: calcium current ; ethanol ; Aplysia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Experiments were performed to determine the mechanisms by which ethanol (EtOH) decreases the amplitude of voltage-dependent inward currents through calcium channels inAplysia neurons. Voltage-clamp protocols used conditioning prepulses of varying amplitude, duration, and frequency, to examine the relationship between prior activity of the channel and EtOH action. Calcium and barium were used as charge carriers, allowing dissociation of effects due to inactivation of calcium channels from other perturbations resulting in the impediment of current flow through the open channel. 2. When Ba2+ was the charge carrier and channel activation was unconfounded by inactivation processes, the reduction ofI Ca produced by EtOH was independent of the voltage, frequency, or duration of conditioning prepulses. 3. When Ca2+ was the charge carrier,I Ca was reduced as a function of conditioning prepulses, in three protocols used. EtOH enhanced this reduction, most probably because of its effects on the inactivation ofI Ca. Consistent with this interpretation, the time constant of decay ofI Ca was decreased, and recovery from inactivation was retarded by EtOH. 4. EtOH did not reduceI Ca by a change in membrane surface potential, at least at low EtOH concentrations. 5. An analysis of the time course of development ofI Ca reduction by EtOH showed that it developed slowly, over a matter of minutes. 6. Our data indicate that EtOH does not reduceI Ca by direct occlusion of the calcium channel. EtOH affects the inactivation of the calcium current, and this may occur by an action on the channel protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 6 (1986), S. 263-279 
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: ethanol ; Aplysia ; channels ; anesthetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The study of ethanol (EtOH) action is interesting because of its clinical relevance and for the insights it provides into structure-function relationships of excitable membranes. This paper describes the concentration dependencies of various parameters of four currents inAplysia cells. 2. I Ca is the most sensitive of the currents studied. There was a significant reduction ofI Ca at concentrations of 50 mM EtOH. At low concentrations, the reduction of amplitude was the primary effect of ethanol, with the kinetics and voltage dependency of activation not affected. 3. I Na andI A were also affected, but at EtOH levels higher than those which alteredI Ca. The primary effect of EtOH onI Na was a reduction in its amplitude, although the time to peak current flow was increased by EtOH. The effects of EtOH onI A were cell specific and, for the purposes of this paper, we examined the giant metacerebral cell (MCC). In MCC, the primary effect of EtOH onI A was an increase in the time course of inactivation. The time to peakI A was also increased by high concentrations of EtOH, but its amplitude was unaffected even at high concentrations. The delayed rectifier current,I K, was the most EtOH resistant of the currents examined. High EtOH concentrations augmented the amplitude ofI K, although even at 600 mM concentrations, the percentage change was only 30%. 4. Our results indicate that the calcium channel is very susceptible to the influence of ethanol and is a serious candidate to be the primary target of EtOH action in the nervous system. 5. The differential sensitivity of voltage-dependent currents and individual components of a given current suggests further experiments to probe the relationship between membrane structure and channel function in excitable membranes.
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