Note: Cover -- Titlepage -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Section 1 Genetically modified crops: policies and politics -- Chapter 1 - Genetically Modified Crops and Agricultural Innovation: An Analysis of Law and Policy -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Evolution and development of GM crops -- 3 - Changes brought about by GM crops in agricultural framework -- 4 - GM crops and scientific uncertainty -- 5 - Risk perceptions about GM crops and realty check -- 6 - GM crops and agricultural innovation -- 7 - Policy paradigm of agricultural innovation -- 8 - Regulatory issues relating to GM crops -- 9 - IP landscape of GM crops -- 9.1 - UPOV and plant varieties -- 9.2 - Patents in agricultural biotechnology: discovery versus invention prong -- 9.3 - Patent protection to plant genetic material -- 9.4 - Overlapping of patents and plant variety legislations -- 10 - GM crops and open innovation -- 11 - Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 - GMO Policies and Practices: A Global Overview with Special Focus on Turkey -- 1 - Genetically modified crops: origin, growth, and adoption around the world -- 2 - Regulatory environment -- 3 - GM policy discussions, labeling debates, and consumers perceptions -- 3.1 - Consumers' perceptions of GMO benefits and risks -- 4 - Genetically modified crops in Turkey: historical development, regulatory, and policy environment -- 4.1 - Early debate on biotechnology in Turkey -- 4.2 - Legislative history and practices in Turkey -- 4.3 - Impact on trade -- 4.4 - Current status of biotechnology in Turkey -- 5 - Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 3 - Status and Policies of GM Crops in Russia -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Public and scholarly opinion -- 3 - Major case studies for genetically modified plants -- 4 - Policies framework of genetically modified organisms in Russia. , 5 - Regulation of genetically modified food crops/food products -- 6 - Regulations of research, production marketing, and biosafety issues -- 7 - Hierarchy of GM products management policy -- 8 - Future perspectives -- 9 - Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 - Genetically Modified Crops in India: Politics, Policies, and Political Economy -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Historical background of GM crops in India -- 3 - The narrative of biotechnology in India: social and political construction -- 4 - Agribiotech and intellectual property rights: consequences for marginal farmers -- 5 - Biosafety regulations in India: policies and political economy -- 6 - Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India Bill 2013 (BRAI) -- 7 - Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 - Genetically Modified Crops and Intellectual Property Rights: Indian Scenario -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Patent rights and their scope -- 3 - Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreement -- 4 - GM crops, IP, and rural development -- 5 - Legal analysis of the Indian plant patent regime -- 6 - Plants and intellectual property protection -- 7 - Patent protection to GM crops: position in India -- 8 - Patentability of gene in India -- 9 - Infringement under PPV& -- FR Act -- 10 - Patents related to GM crops -- 11 - Conclusion -- References -- Section 2 Genetically modified crops and global food security -- Chapter 6 - Contribution of Genetically Modified Crops in Agricultural Production: Success Stories -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - GM cotton -- 3 - GM soybean -- 4 - GM maize -- 5 - GM canola -- 6 - GM rice -- 7 - GM potatoes -- 8 - GM papaya -- 9 - GM eggplant -- 10 - Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Genetically Modified Crops Changing the Food Insecurity Landscape of the Undernourished Regions of the World. , 1 - World food insecurity: current scenario and strategies -- 2 - Food insecurity landscape in the Asia and Africa -- 3 - Green revolution: feeding the hungry and undernourished -- 4 - Genetically engineered crops: a post green revolution -- 5 - Evaluating gene flow and its impact -- 6 - Rise of superweeds -- 7 - The clean gene technology: development of cleaner GE crops -- 8 - Steps toward sustainable agriculture -- 9 - GM crops and the sustainable world -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 8 - Impact of GM Crops on Agriculture Production: A Positive Reflection through Success Stories -- 1 - Introduction of GM crops in agriculture -- 2 - GM crops commercialization in different countries -- 3 - GMCs resistant to pests -- 4 - Herbicide resistant GM crops -- 5 - Crops engineered for nutritional amendments -- 6 - GMCs with enhanced biofuel production -- 7 - Status of GM crops in India -- 8 - Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 - GM Crops as a Food Security Solution -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Bottleneck of conventional methods and modern breeding technique -- 3 - Distribution of GM crops by countries -- 4 - Global acceptance of soybean, maize, cotton, and canola developed through GE technique -- 5 - GM crops and food safety -- 6 - India-global production status of GM crops -- 7 - Prominence of accepted crops obtained through GM technology used for food, feed, and cultivation -- 8 - Economic benefits of GM crops -- 9 - Contribution of Bt food crops for security and sustainability -- 10 - Summary and conclusion -- References -- Section 3 Genetically modified crops and sustainability in agriculture -- Chapter 10 - Genetically Modified Crops and Climate Change Adaptation -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Climate change: An immeasurable dynamism -- 3 - An interface of crops and climate change: A loop of feedbacks. , 4 - Genetically modified (GM) crop: An integration of green revolution or another level -- 5 - Challenges behind developing GM crops against climate change: A multifaceted problem -- 6 - Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 11 - Sustainable Cultivation of GM Crops in the Age of Climate Change: A Global Perspective -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Need of GMCs over conventional agricultural crops -- 2.1 - Challenges associated with large-scale agricultural production -- 2.2 - Solutions offered by GMCs -- 3 - Controversies and problems associated with GMCs -- 3.1 - Losey's disagreement -- 3.2 - Séralini controversy -- 3.3 - A flawed technology -- 4 - GMCs and climate change -- 4.1 - Dissecting linkage between climate change and GMCs -- 4.2 - Polarized global opinions -- 5 - Is genomics a solution for making climate-ready crops? -- 5.1 - Recognizing haplotypes/elite alleles -- 5.2 - Genetic analysis of environmental change adaptability traits -- 5.3 - Next-generation crop breeding approach -- 6 - Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 - Aspects of Genetically Modified Plants in Removing Heavy Metals From the Soil -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Approaches for the restoration of contaminated soil -- 3 - GM plants used for the removal of HMs from soil -- 4 - Concerns in the use of GM organisms for remediation -- 5 - Conclusion and future perspectives -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Section 4 Genetically modified food: socio-ethical issues and regulatory challenges -- Chapter 13 - Public Acceptance of GM Foods: A Global Perspective (1999-2019) -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Global overview on the acceptance level of GM foods -- 2.1 - Europe -- 2.2 - North America -- 2.3 - Latin America -- 2.4 - Asia -- 3 - Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14 - Evolution of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops and The Scared World -- Abbreviations. , 1 - Introduction -- 2 - A brief history of GM crops -- 3 - Why do we need GM crops? -- 3.1 - Population burst and increased food demand -- 3.2 - Decreased farm-land -- 3.3 - Conventional breeding limitations under changing climate -- 3.4 - Pests and diseases -- 4 - Public perception regarding GM crops: Myths versus evidences -- 5 - Global impact of GM crops -- 5.1 - Net production and income -- 5.2 - Pesticide and herbicide use -- 5.3 - Impact on environment -- 6 - Current status of GM crops -- 7 - Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 15 - Assessment of the Environmental and Health Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Impact of GM crops on the environment -- 2.1 - Assessing the impact of GM crops through gene flow -- 2.2 - Assessing other environmental impacts of GM crops -- 2.2.1 - Effect on beneficial microorganisms -- 2.2.2 - Effect on endophytes and epiphytes -- 2.2.3 - Indirect effects -- 3 - Impact of GM crops on human health -- 3.1 - Impact of antibiotic resistance genes -- 3.2 - Allergenicity from GM products -- 4 - Policy issues in adoption of GM crops -- 5 - Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 16 - Food Safety Issues and Challenges of GM Crops -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - What are GM crops and their advantages? -- 3 - Why GM crops have become so controversial? -- 4 - GM crops and the environment -- 5 - GM crops and biodiversity -- 6 - GM crops and their impact on health -- 7 - Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 17 - Health Risks and Environmental Concerns of GM Crop Adoption -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Environmental implications of GM crops -- 2.1 - Direct impact of GM crops on environment -- 2.1.1 - Transgenes transfer and genetic hazards of GM Crops -- 2.1.2 - Generation of super-weeds due to GM crops. , 2.1.3 - Effects of GM crops on non-targeted organisms.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Editors' Biography -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Release, Detection, and Toxicology of Heavy Metals: A Review of the Main Techniques and Their Limitations in Environmental Remediation -- 1.1 Introduction to Heavy Metals: An Overview -- 1.2 Industrial Application of Different Metal Ions -- 1.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Heavy Metals Contamination in Environment -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Heavy Metals in Water -- 2.3 Heavy Metals in Soil -- 2.4 Heavy Metals in Biota -- 2.5 Heavy Metals in Air -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 A Brief Study of the Effects of Heavy Metals and Metalloids on Food Crops -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of Heavy Metals in Soils and Food Crops -- 3.3 Impacts on Soil-Plants/Food Crops -- 3.3.1 Metal Ions Transportation in Plants -- 3.4 Heavy Metals and Soil Microbes -- 3.5 Effect of Chromium (Cr) on Plants -- 3.6 Effect of Lead (Pb) on Plants -- 3.7 Effect of Arsenic (As) on Plants -- 3.8 Effect of Cadmium (Cd) on Plants -- 3.9 Effect of Mercury (Hg) on Plants -- 3.10 Effect of Nickel (Ni) on Plants -- 3.11 Future Perspectives -- 3.12 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Impact of Heavy Metals on Human Health -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Mercury -- 4.2.1 Source and Entry of Mercury Metal into Our Body -- 4.2.2 Biological Impact of Mercury Metal -- 4.2.3 Detection and Remedial Techniques for Mercury Metals -- 4.3 Arsenic -- 4.3.1 Source and Entry of Arsenic Metal into Our Body -- 4.3.2 Biological Impact of Arsenic Metal -- 4.3.3 Detection and Remedial Techniques for Arsenic Metals -- 4.4 Iron -- 4.4.1 Source and Entry of Iron Metal into Our Body -- 4.4.2 Biological Impact of Iron Metal -- 4.4.3 Detection and Remedial Techniques for Arsenic Metals -- 4.5 Manganese -- 4.5.1 Source and Entry of Manganese Metal into Our Body. , 4.5.2 Biological Impact of Manganese Metal -- 4.5.3 Detection and Remedial Techniques for Manganese Metals -- 4.6 Zinc -- 4.6.1 Source and Entry of Zinc Metal into Our Body -- 4.6.2 Biological Impact of Zinc Metal -- 4.6.3 Detection and Remedial Techniques for Zinc Metals -- 4.7 Lead -- 4.7.1 Sources and Exposure of Lead Metal -- 4.7.2 Health and Biological Impact of Lead -- 4.7.3 Detection and Control of Lead Exposure -- 4.8 Chromium -- 4.8.1 Sources and Exposure of Chromium -- 4.8.2 Health and Biological Impact of Chromium -- 4.8.3 Safety Limits and Control -- 4.9 Copper -- 4.9.1 Source and Entry of Copper Metal into Our Body -- 4.9.2 Utility and Biological Impact of Copper -- 4.9.3 Detection and Remedial Techniques of Copper -- 4.10 Cadmium -- 4.10.1 Source and Entry of Cadmium Metal into Our Body -- 4.10.2 Toxicology of Cadmium Poisoning -- 4.10.3 Detection and Remedial Techniques of Cadmium -- 4.11 Nickel -- 4.11.1 Source and Entry of Nickel Metal into Our Body -- 4.11.2 Toxicology of Nickel Poisoning -- 4.11.3 Remedial Techniques -- 4.12 Radioactive Heavy Metals -- 4.12.1 Source of Radioactive Heavy Metals -- 4.12.2 Utility and Biological Impact of Radioactive Metal on Health -- 4.12.3 Detection and Remedial Techniques -- 4.13 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Different Approaches for Detecting Heavy Metal Ions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Detection -- 5.3 Methods of Detection -- 5.3.1 Spectroscopic Detection -- 5.3.2 Electrochemical Methods of Detection -- 5.3.3 Optical Methods of Detection -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Remediation of Heavy Metals in Environmental Resources Using Physical Methods -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Toxicity of HMs -- 6.3 Physical Methods for Remediation of HMs from Wastewater -- 6.4 Coagulation and Flocculation -- 6.5 Ion Exchange -- 6.6 Adsorption -- 6.7 Membrane Filtration -- 6.8 Conclusion. , References -- Chapter 7 Chemical Approaches to Remediate Heavy Metals -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sources of Heavy Metal -- 7.2.1 Natural Sources -- 7.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources -- 7.3 Chemical Remediation Technique for Heavy Metal Contamination in the Environment -- 7.3.1 Chemical Precipitation -- 7.3.2 Coagulation -- 7.3.3 Ion Exchange -- 7.3.4 Electrochemical Method -- 7.4 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives -- 7.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Carbon-Based Absorption Materials for Heavy Metal Removal -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sources of Heavy Metal in Water -- 8.2.1 Human Health and Heavy Metal Toxicity -- 8.2.2 Toxicity of Mercury -- 8.2.3 Toxicity of Lead -- 8.2.4 Toxicity of Arsenic -- 8.2.5 Toxicity of Chromium -- 8.2.6 Toxicity of Cadmium -- 8.3 Effects of Water Environmental Chemistry on Heavy Metal Removal -- 8.3.1 Temperature -- 8.3.2 pH Value -- 8.3.3 Ionic Strength and Coexisting Ions -- 8.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials -- 8.4.1 Graphene and Derivatives -- 8.4.2 Activated Carbon -- 8.4.3 Carbon Nanotubes -- 8.4.4 SWCNTs in the Purification of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Water -- 8.4.5 MWCNTs in the Purification of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Water -- 8.4.6 Fullerenes -- 8.5 Adsorption Mechanisms -- 8.5.1 Physical Adsorption -- 8.5.2 Electrostatic Interaction -- 8.5.3 Ion Exchange -- 8.5.4 Surface Complexation -- 8.5.5 Precipitation/Coprecipitation -- 8.6 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 9 Industrial Waste-Derived Materials for Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Polluted Water -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Industrial Wastes: Origin, Amount, and Harmful Effects -- 9.3 Sources of Heavy Metal Contamination in Water Sources -- 9.3.1 Natural Sources -- 9.3.2 Anthropogenic Sources -- 9.4 Sequestration of Heavy Metals Using Industrial Waste-Derived Adsorbents -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 10 Biological Remediation of Heavy Metals from Acid Mine Drainage-Recent Advancements -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Acid Mine Drainage -- 10.2.1 Overview of Acid Mine Drainage -- 10.2.2 Environmental Effects of Acid Mine Drainage -- 10.2.3 Remediation Options/Technologies -- 10.3 Role of Microorganisms in the Formation and Remediation of AMD -- 10.3.1 Role of Microorganisms in the Formation of Acid Mine Drainage -- 10.3.2 Role of Microorganisms in the Remediation of AMD -- 10.4 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in AMD -- 10.4.1 Arsenic -- 10.4.2 Copper -- 10.4.3 Zinc, Cadmium, and Lead -- 10.4.4 Bioremediation of Manganese and Iron -- 10.5 Bottlenecks and Future Prospects -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 Phytoremediation and Microbe-Assisted Removal of Heavy Metals -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Popular Floral Profiles in Phytoremediation -- 11.2.1 Heavy Metal Defense Mechanisms in Plants -- 11.2.2 Major Phytoremediation Pipelines by Plants -- 11.2.3 Sequential Process of Phytoimmobilization -- 11.2.4 Phytostabilization -- 11.2.5 Phytoextraction -- 11.2.6 Phytovolatilization -- 11.2.7 Rhizo/Phytofiltration -- 11.3 Assistance of Microorganisms in Phytoremediation -- 11.4 Microbial and Plant Symbiosis in Phytoremediation -- 11.5 Phyto-Microbe Contributory Roles -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Recycling and Disposal of Spent Metal(loid)-Laden Adsorbents: Current and Emerging Technologies, and Future Directions -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Nature and Health Concerns/Risks of Spent/Used Adsorbents -- 12.2.1 Nature -- 12.2.2 Potential Environmental Health Risks -- 12.3 Current Recycling and Disposal Technologies -- 12.3.1 Regeneration and Recycling as Adsorbents -- 12.3.2 Land/Soil Application -- 12.3.3 Landfilling -- 12.3.4 Cement Stabilization/Solidification -- 12.4 Emerging Technologies -- 12.4.1 Novel Catalysts. , 12.4.2 Novel Construction Materials -- 12.4.3 Solid Fuels -- 12.4.4 Re-Engineered Adsorbents -- 12.4.5 Novel Raw Materials -- 12.5 Looking Ahead: Future Perspectives and Research Directions -- 12.5.1 Opportunities and Challenges -- 12.5.2 Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Directions -- 12.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- EULA.

Note: Intro -- Hazardous Waste Management: An Overview of Advanced and Cost-Effective Solutions -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Section 1: Role of hazardous wastes and their environmental impacts -- Chapter 1: Hazardous wastes and the environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Environmental fate -- 3. Environmental science -- 4. Key concepts -- 5. Hazardous waste management hierarchy -- 5.1. Source reduction -- 5.2. Recycling -- 5.3. Disposal and treatment -- 5.4. Hazard incident response -- 6. Life cycles -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Hazardous wastes treatment, storage, and disposal facilities -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Definition of hazardous waste -- 2.1. Hazardous waste characterization -- 2.2. Characteristics of hazardous wastes -- 2.2.1. Toxicity -- 2.2.2. Reactivity -- 2.2.3. Corrosivity -- 2.2.4. Ignitability -- 2.3. Hazardous waste management regulatory framework in India -- 2.4. Indian hazardous waste control regulations -- 3. Hazardous waste treatment methods -- 3.1. Physical treatment -- 3.1.1. Gravity separation -- 3.1.1.1. Sedimentation -- 3.1.1.2. Centrifugation -- 3.1.1.3. Flocculation -- 3.1.1.4. Dissolved air flotation -- 3.1.1.5. Heavy media separation -- 3.1.1.6. Macroencapsulation -- 3.1.1.7. Microencapsulation -- 3.1.1.8. Adsorption -- 3.1.1.9. Absorption -- 3.1.1.10. Precipitation -- 3.1.2. Phase change -- 3.1.2.1. Evaporation -- 3.1.2.2. Air stripping -- 3.1.2.3. Steam stripping -- 3.1.2.4. Distillation -- 3.1.3. Dissolution -- 3.1.3.1. Soil washing/flushing -- 3.1.3.2. Chelation -- 3.1.3.3. Liquid/liquid extraction -- 3.1.3.4. Supercritical solvent extraction -- 3.1.4. Size adsorptivity/ionic characteristics -- 3.1.4.1. Filtration -- 3.1.4.2. Carbon adsorption -- 3.1.4.3. Reverse osmosis -- 3.1.4.4. Ion exchange -- 3.1.4.5. Electrodialysis -- 3.2. Chemical treatment. , 3.2.1. Neutralization/precipitation -- 3.2.2. Oxidation and reduction -- 3.2.3. Hydrolysis -- 3.2.4. Photolysis -- 3.2.5. Chemical oxidation -- 3.3. Biological treatment -- 3.3.1. Aerobic degradation -- 3.3.2. Vermicomposting -- 3.3.3. Anaerobic digestion -- 3.4. Thermal treatment -- 3.4.1. Incineration -- 3.4.2. Thermoplastic stabilization -- 3.4.3. Sintering -- 3.4.4. Vitrification -- 4. Storage of hazardous waste -- 5. Disposal of hazardous waste -- 5.1. Aqueous organic treatment -- 5.2. Underground/deep well injection -- 5.3. Incineration -- 5.4. Surface impoundments -- 5.5. Waste piles -- 5.6. Land treatment units -- 5.7. Landfills -- 6. Technological advances -- 6.1. Thermal plasma technology -- 6.2. Bioremediation -- 6.3. Nanofiltration -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Section 2: Waste management hierarchy -- Chapter 3: Source reduction, recycling, disposal, and treatment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Source reduction of hazardous waste -- 3. Hazardous waste recycling -- 3.1. Reuse and recycle -- 3.2. Reformation -- 4. Hazardous waste disposal -- 4.1. Detoxification -- 4.2. Landfilling of hazardous waste -- 4.3. Hazardous waste surface impoundments -- 4.4. Waste piles -- 4.5. Ocean dumping of hazardous waste -- 4.6. Injection wells -- 4.7. Underground hazardous waste disposal -- 5. Treatment of hazardous waste -- 5.1. Chemical treatment methods -- 5.1.1. Chemical neutralization and precipitation -- 5.1.2. Hydroxide precipitation -- 5.1.3. Sulfide precipitation -- 5.1.4. Solidification and immobilization -- 5.2. Biological treatment methods -- 5.2.1. Aerobic and anaerobic treatment processes -- 5.2.2. Activated sludge and trickling filter treatment processes -- Biosorption or metabolism-independent process -- Bioaccumulation or metabolism-dependent process -- 5.2.3. Waste stabilization ponds -- 5.2.4. Rotating biocontactors. , 5.3. Thermal treatment method -- 5.3.1. Hazardous waste incinerators -- 5.3.2. Thermal treatment of hazardous waste -- 6. Conclusion and overview -- References -- Chapter 4: Measurement and practices for hazardous waste management -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Hazardous waste: Definition according to RCRA -- 1.2. Hazardous waste characteristics -- 1.3. Hazardous wastes list -- 1.4. Different mandatory regulatory measures of hazardous waste measurements -- 2. Hazardous waste measurement practices -- 2.1. Ignitability -- 2.1.1. Reference test methods of ignitability detection -- 2.1.2. Testing procedure -- 2.1.3. Sample storage and handling guidelines -- 2.2. Corrosivity of particular solid waste -- 2.3. Reactivity -- 2.4. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure -- 2.5. Importance and requirement of waste characterization information -- 3. Minimizing waste generation by process modification and optimization -- 3.1. Process management -- 3.2. Life cycle assessment -- 3.3. Decision support system -- 3.4. Environmental impact assessment -- 4. Emerging technologies for hazardous waste treatment and disposal -- 4.1. Harmless disposal of hazardous solid waste -- 4.2. Hazardous waste categorization -- 4.3. Biological process for treatment of hazardous waste -- 4.3.1. Physicochemical treatment -- Methods for solid waste -- 5. Role of public and private sector organizations in promoting pollution management -- 5.1. Industry -- 5.2. Individual activeness -- 5.3. Role of educators -- 5.4. Role of different organizations of solid waste collection -- 6. International intervention of hazardous chemicals and waste management and their implementation -- 6.1. Basel convention 1981 -- 6.2. Rotterdam convention 1998 -- 6.3. Stockholm convention -- 6.4. London convention -- 6.5. Waigani convention 2001. , 6.6. International convention for the prevention of pollution of ships (MARPOL 73/78) -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 5: Policies, issues, and major safety operations in the management of hazardous waste -- 1. Introduction to the hierarchy of the development of policies/acts/regulations to control hazardous wastes from the 20t ... -- 1.1. The Montreal protocol -- 2. US Environmental Protection Agency and hazardous waste management -- 2.1. Defining, identifying, and classifying hazardous waste -- 2.1.1. Definition-Hazardous waste -- 2.1.2. Identification and classification of hazardous waste -- 2.1.2.1. Generation of hazardous waste -- 2.1.2.2. Transportation of hazardous waste -- 2.1.2.3. Recycling, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste -- 2.2. Regulatory developments for management of hazardous wastes -- 2.2.1. Major requirements and regulations to be followed by hazardous waste generators -- 2.2.2. Regulations for specific wastes -- 2.2.3. Hazardous waste initiatives by the EPA -- 3. Occupational safety and health administration -- 3.1. Types of hazardous waste sites -- 3.2. Planning and organization of hazardous waste sites -- 3.2.1. OSHA's general reporting and record-keeping requirements -- 3.2.2. How to file a complaint regarding a hazardous workplace -- 3.3. Impact of OSHA in controlling hazardous waste management -- 4. The status of waste management in China -- 5. The status of waste management in the European Union -- 6. The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 of India -- 7. Some novel and noticed practices of hazardous waste management in other countries -- References -- Section 3: Hazardous waste characteristics and regulations -- Chapter 6: Hazardous waste characteristics and standard management approaches -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Hazardous waste -- 2.1. Definition. , 2.2. Sources or generators of hazardous waste -- 2.3. Classification of hazardous waste -- 2.4. Hazardous waste characteristics -- 2.4.1. Characteristics of ignitability -- 2.4.2. Characteristics of corrosivity -- 2.4.3. Characteristics of reactivity -- 2.4.4. Characteristics of toxicity -- 2.5. Listed hazardous waste -- 3. Environmental impacts of hazardous waste -- 3.1. Water contamination -- 3.2. Soil contamination -- 3.3. Air contamination -- 4. Waste minimization and pollution prevention -- 4.1. Source reduction -- 4.2. Product change -- 4.3. Recycling -- 4.4. Life cycle assessment -- 5. Hazardous waste transportation -- 6. Hazardous waste treatment -- 6.1. Physical treatment -- 6.2. Chemical treatment -- 6.3. Biological treatment -- 6.4. Thermal treatment -- 7. Waste disposal -- 7.1. Landfilling of hazardous waste material -- 7.2. Ocean dumping -- 8. Legislative frameworks -- 8.1. Responsibilities of the generator -- 8.2. Responsibilities of the state pollution control board -- 8.3. Responsibilities of state government -- 9. Future aspects of hazardous waste management -- 10. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Toxicity and hazardous waste regulations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Criteria for determining hazardous waste -- 3. Hazardous waste storage -- 4. The problems that may result from the low efficiency of the solid waste system -- 5. Waste recycling -- 5.1. Stages of waste recycling -- 5.2. Means of collection for recycling waste -- 5.3. How to calculate recycling efficiency -- 6. Future vision -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Section 4: Hazardous wastes management -- Chapter 8: Toxicity and related engineering and biological controls -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Toxicity of hazardous material -- 2.1. Health and environmental risks due to HW mismanagement -- 3. Global trends -- 4. Major sources of HW -- 4.1. Domestic HW. , 4.2. Industrial and commercial hazardous wastes.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 - Water-related problem with special reference to global climate change in Brazil -- 1.1 - Overview of Brazilian water resources -- 1.2 - Major threats for conservation of Brazilian Amazonian water resources and aquatic biodiversity -- 1.2.1 - Industrial and domestic effluents -- 1.2.2 - Changes in land-use and deforestation -- 1.2.3 - Petroleum hydrocarbon -- 1.2.4 - Pesticides and herbicides -- 1.2.5 - Global climate changes -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 - Water-related problems with special reference to global climate change in Russia -- 2.1 - Introduction -- 2.2 - Water resources and anthropogenic impacts in Russia -- 2.3 - Climate change in Russia: trends and projections -- 2.4 - Impacts on water-related economic sectors -- 2.5 - Climatic risk management in Russia -- 2.6 - Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 - Water-related problem with special reference to global climate change in India -- 3.1 - Introduction -- 3.2 - Indian context on climate change and water -- 3.2.1 - Climate change and precipitation -- 3.2.2 - Climate change and Indian monsoon pattern -- 3.2.3 - Climate change and glaciers of Himalaya -- 3.2.4 - Climate change and groundwater resources -- 3.2.5 - Climate change and drought and flood -- 3.3 - Impact on agricultural economy -- 3.4 - Indian context on climate change and water policies -- 3.5 - Scientific simulation model for future prediction -- 3.5.1 - The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) modeling -- 3.5.2 - General Circulation Model or Global Climate Model (GCM) -- 3.5.3 - Regional Climate Modeling (RCM) -- 3.5.4 - ClimGen -- 3.5.5 - Precipitation Runoff Modelling Systems (PRMS) -- 3.6 - Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 - Water-related problems with special reference to global climate change in China. , 4.1 - Global climate change and China's water resources status -- 4.1.1 - Global climate change and water vulnerability -- 4.1.2 - The status of China's water resources -- 4.1.3 - The research history of the impact of climate change on hydrology and water resources -- 4.2 - China's water problem in the context of climate change -- 4.2.1 - Climate change poses new challenges to China's solutions to the water problem -- 4.2.2 - The sensitivity of China's water systems to climate change -- 4.2.3 - Quantitative analysis of the impact of climate change on the measured runoff of typical rivers in China -- 4.3 - Quantitative evaluation of the vulnerability of China's water systems under climate change conditions -- 4.3.1 - The concept and understanding of water resources vulnerability -- 4.3.2 - Index system construction -- 4.3.3 - Evaluation method -- 4.3.4 - Evaluation conclusion -- 4.4 - Future climate change trends in China and adaptive countermeasures -- 4.4.1 - Possible future climate change trends -- 4.4.2 - Climate change adaptive countermeasures -- References -- Chapter 5 - Influence of global climate change on water resources in South Africa: toward an adaptive management approach -- 5.1 - Introduction -- 5.2 - State of water resources and their management in South Africa -- 5.2.1 - Water availability -- 5.3 - Water resource quality -- 5.3.1 - Microbial pollution -- 5.3.2 - Eutrophication -- 5.3.3 - Salinization -- 5.3.4 - Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) -- 5.4 - Potential climate change impacts on water resources in South Africa -- 5.4.1 - Impacts on surface water resources -- 5.4.2 - Impacts on groundwater resources -- 5.4.3 - Impacts on rainwater harvesting -- 5.5 - Water security and governance in face of climate change risks -- 5.5.1 - Transitions toward adaptive management of water in South Africa: sector-wide challenges and opportunities. , 5.5.2 - Potential technologies in adaptation of the water sector to climate change -- 5.5.3 - Climate smart agriculture -- 5.5.4 - Recycling and reuse strategies -- 5.5.5 - Desalination -- 5.5.6 - Role of governance in adaptation to climate change -- 5.6 - Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 - Recent trends and research strategies for treatment of water and wastewater in Russia -- 6.1 - Introduction -- 6.2 - Materials and methods -- 6.3 - The Russian water supply and sanitation sector: key trends and uncertainties -- 6.4 - Strategies for Russian water supply and sanitation companies -- 6.5 - Policy recommendations for the governance of water resources -- 6.6 - Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 - Recent trends and research strategies for treatment of water and wastewater in India -- 7.1 - Introduction -- 7.2 - Water resources in India -- 7.2.1 - Water demand -- 7.2.2 - Water sources -- 7.2.3 - Water supply -- 7.3 - Water contaminants -- 7.4 - Water treatment technologies -- 7.4.1 - Thermal (heat-based) technologies -- 7.4.2 - Solar disinfection -- 7.4.3 - UV light technologies using lamps, including UV light-emitting diodes -- 7.4.4 - Coagulation-flocculation and/or sedimentation -- 7.4.5 - Chemical disinfection -- 7.4.5.1 - Chlorination -- 7.4.5.2 - Disinfection with iodine -- 7.4.5.3 - Ozone disinfection -- 7.4.5.4 - Disinfection by strong acids or bases -- 7.4.5.5 - Silver- and copper-based disinfectants -- 7.4.6 - Ion exchange -- 7.4.7 - Filtration -- 7.4.7.1 - Cloth filters -- 7.4.7.2 - Ceramic filters -- 7.4.7.3 - Granular media filters -- 7.4.7.4 - Carbon adsorption -- 7.4.7.5 - Ultrafiltration -- 7.4.7.6 - Nanofiltration -- 7.4.7.7 - Reverse osmosis -- 7.5 - Treatment of wastewater -- 7.5.1 - Primary treatment -- 7.5.1.1 - Screening -- 7.5.1.2 - Filtration -- 7.5.1.3 - Centrifugal separation. , 7.5.1.4 - Sedimentation and gravity separation -- 7.5.1.5 - Floatation -- 7.5.2 - Secondary treatment -- 7.5.2.1 - Aerobic decomposition -- 7.5.2.2 - Anaerobic decomposition -- 7.5.3 - Tertiary treatment -- 7.5.3.1 - Soil aquifer treatment -- 7.5.4 - Use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture -- 7.5.5 - Production of drinking water from wastewater -- 7.6 - Technological advances in water purification technologies -- 7.7 - Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 - Recent trends and research strategies for wastewater treatment in China -- 8.1 - A definition of wastewater and an overview of wastewater in China -- 8.1.1 - Definition of wastewater -- 8.1.2 - Types of wastewater treatment in China -- 8.1.3 - Commonly used methods in wastewater treatment -- 8.2 - Advances in wastewater treatment technology and research in China -- 8.2.1 - Process flow -- 8.2.2 - Sludge disposal -- 8.2.3 - Chlorination -- 8.2.4 - Phosphorus and nitrogen removal -- 8.3 - Methods and research progress in water treatment in different industries in China -- 8.3.1 - Industrial field -- 8.3.1.1 - Electroplating wastewater -- 8.3.1.2 - Heavy metal wastewater -- 8.3.1.3 - Grading -- 8.3.2 - Domestic water -- 8.3.3 - Environmental field -- 8.4 - Characteristics and experience of wastewater treatment in China -- 8.4.1 - Micro-electrolysis technology used in wastewater pretreatment -- 8.4.2 - Research on ceramic membranes: from organic membranes to inorganic membranes -- 8.4.3 - Combining water management and other administrative means to improve wastewater treatment efficiency -- 8.5 - Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 - Recent trends and national policies for water provision and wastewater treatment in South Africa -- 9.1 - Introduction -- 9.2 - The human right to water in South Africa -- 9.3 - Drinking water infrastructure in South Africa. , 9.4 - Water services regulation framework in South Africa -- 9.5 - Blue Drop Certification scheme -- 9.6 - Overview of wastewater treatment facilities in South Africa -- 9.7 - Wastewater reuse in South Africa -- 9.8 - Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 - Government initiative and policies on water conservation and wastewater treatment in Brazil -- 10.1 - Introduction -- 10.2 - Historical and legal framework -- 10.3 - National Policy of Water Resources - PNRH -- 10.3.1 - Water resources plans -- 10.3.2 - Framing of water bodies in classes of prevailing uses -- 10.3.3 - Granting of rights to use water resources -- 10.3.4 - Charge for the use of water resources -- 10.3.5 - National Information System on Water Resources -- 10.4 - Administrative aspects -- 10.5 - Additional government initiatives -- References -- Chapter 11 - Government initiative and policies on water conservation and wastewater treatment in Russia -- 11.1 - Introduction -- 11.2 - Materials and methods -- 11.3 - Water infrastructure state and environmental issues -- 11.4 - National regulation -- 11.5 - Water supply and sanitation infrastructure management system -- 11.6 - Tariff policy and financial standing of enterprises -- 11.7 - Water meters -- 11.8 - Mechanisms of public private partnership -- 11.9 - Is it possible to increase tariffs? -- 11.10 - Are there alternatives to unitary enterprises and concession? -- 11.11 - Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Legislative and normative acts -- Chapter 12 - The role of sustainable decentralized technologies in wastewater treatment and reuse in subtropical Indian con... -- 12.1 - Introduction -- 12.2 - Decentralized wastewater treatment: Case studies -- 12.2.1 - Constructed wetlands -- 12.2.2 - Rooftop wastewater treatment gardens -- 12.2.3 - Zero liquid discharge technology for industry -- 12.3 - Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 13 - An exploration of China's practices in water conservation and water resources management.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Rethinking Environmental Governance: Exploring the Sustainability Potential in India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objectives of the Study -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Major Initiatives to Govern Environment in India -- 4.1 Indian Forest Act, 1878, and Forest Conservation Act, 1980 -- 4.2 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 -- 4.3 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 -- 4.4 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 -- 4.5 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 -- 4.6 Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 -- 4.7 Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 -- 4.8 Biological Diversity Act, 2002 -- 4.9 National Environmental Policy, 2006 -- 4.10 National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 -- 5 Attributes of Good Environmental Governance -- 6 Dimensions of Environmental Governance -- 7 In Search for Proper Plan of Action -- 8 In Conclusion: The Way Forward -- References -- Chapter 2: The Role of Local Governments in Encouraging Participation in Reforestation Activities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Conditions of the Forest Areas Around the World -- 3 SDG 2030, Climate Change, and Forest Fires -- 4 Local Government Role in Forest Areas and Reforestation -- 5 Public Participation in Protecting Forests and Being a Part in Reforestation Activities -- 6 Examples of Reforestation Activities with the Contributions of Local Governments and Public -- 6.1 China Reforestation Activities -- 6.2 The Great Green Wall of Africa -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Accessing Regional Liveability by Indicators: A Case Study of Mumbai Metropolitan Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Context -- 3 Discourses on Liveability -- 4 Methodology on Liveability and Sustainability -- 5 Observations from the Study Region -- 5.1 Mumbai Metropolitan Region. , 6 Generation of Local Benchmarks Through Community Participation -- 7 Suggestions and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Operationalizing the Regional Sustainability Assessment by Indicators -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sustainability: A Multidimensional Concept -- 3 Multidimensionality That Favors Assessment -- 4 Regional Sustainability Assessment: Operational Challenges -- 5 RSA Operational Gaps and Methodological Pathways -- 5.1 Multilevel Interaction in the RSA -- 5.1.1 Interregional Multilevel Interaction -- 5.1.2 Intraregional Multilevel Interaction -- 5.2 Stakeholder Participation in RSA -- 5.3 Geospatial Approach in the RSA -- 5.3.1 Spatialization of Data for RSA -- 5.3.2 Geospatialized RSA -- 6 Final Considerations -- 6.1 Research Limitations -- 6.2 Gaps That Persevere -- References -- Chapter 5: Voluntary Sustainability Standards for Corporate Social Responsibility -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS) -- 2.1 Emergence and Purpose of the VSS -- 2.2 VSS: Voluntary Use or Mandatory Trend? -- 3 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) -- 4 The VSS, Global Trade, and CSR for a Sustainability Network -- 5 VSS Contributions to CSR -- 6 Challenges VSS and CSR -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Universities to Educate in Sustainability: From Pedagogy to Management -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sustainable Universities -- 3 Pedagogical Transition -- 4 Management Transitions -- 4.1 Environmentalization -- 4.2 Tools for Assessing Sustainability Management at HEIs -- 4.2.1 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) -- 4.2.2 Graphical Assessment of Sustainability in Universities (GASU) -- 4.2.3 Green Report Card -- 4.2.4 STARS -- 4.2.5 GreenMetric -- 4.2.6 AISHE -- 4.2.7 CSAF -- 4.2.8 SAQ -- 4.2.9 KAP -- 4.2.10 Other Initiatives -- 4.2.11 Green Campus -- 4.2.12 Living Labs -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 7: Analysis of the Path of Studies on Financial Education and Sustainability -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Methodological Procedures -- 4 Presentation and Interpretation of Results -- 5 Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 8: Unveiling Diversity and the Unwanted Inequality in Organizational Leadership -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Guaranteeing the Golden Ticket Is Not Enough -- 1.2 Consistent Signaling Diversity and Equity Through Leadership -- 2 Method -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Descriptive Data Analysis -- 3.2 Fixed and Random Effects on Panel Analysis -- 3.3 Hypothesis Results -- 4 Conclusions -- 4.1 Implications -- References -- Chapter 9: Critical and Instrumental Perspectives of Interdisciplinarity for Business Education -- 1 Introduction: The Generous Vision -- 2 Interdisciplinarity Genesis -- 2.1 Focus on the Society Issues: The Critical Dimension of Interdisciplinarity -- 3 Upstreaming CSR: The Principles for Responsible Management Education Role -- 4 PRME Harbors Interdisciplinarity in a "Brazilian Way" -- 4.1 Students Organizations Triggering Interdisciplinarity -- 5 Conclusion and Framework Proposal -- References -- Chapter 10: Who Pays for Corporate Social Responsibility?: Proposal for an Externalization Index of CSR Costs -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 The Theoretical Debate of Who Assumes CSR -- 2.2 An Index as an Answer -- 2.2.1 CSR Modality -- 2.2.2 Registry -- 2.2.3 Stakeholders -- 2.3 Proposed Behavioral Categories -- 2.4 The Proposed Externalization Index -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 Measuring Instrument -- 3.2 Data Collection -- 3.3 Proposed Index -- 3.4 Index Validation -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Modality -- 4.2 Registry -- 4.3 CSR Cost Externalization Level -- 4.4 Registry Analysis -- 4.5 Modality Analysis -- 4.6 Overall Analysis -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 11: Emerging Civilian UAV Innovations Promoting Sustainability in Indian Agri-Insurance Through Embedding Culture-Specific Values -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Responsible Innovation -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Current Scenario -- 4.1 Agriculture Insurance -- 4.2 Civil UAV -- 5 Implications of Values in Civil UAV Deployment -- 6 Discussion of the Findings -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: COVID-19: The Urgency to Expand Sustainable Nutrition Solutions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 COVID-19 and Nutrition Disruption -- 3 Juxtaposing Nutrition and Sustainability -- 4 Advances in Science to Tackle Nutrition and Issue of Sustainability -- 5 Nutraceuticals and Sustainable Nutrition -- 6 Future Prospective -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Environmental Consciousness and Sustainable Development Goal with Special Reference to Public Transportation in India: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 3 Analytical Discussion -- 4 Sustainable Public Transportation in Kolkata -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Pandemic, Resilience and Sustainability: Agroecology and Local Food System as the Way Forward -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Discourse of Agricultural Modernism in India: A Critical Inquiry -- 3 Implications for Sustainability, Food Security and Farmer's Autonomy -- 4 The Way Forward: Agroecology, Resilience and Local Food Systems -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Integrated Water Resources Management and Urban Sustainability -- 1 Urban Sustainability and Water Concerns -- 1.1 Urban Water Management Transitions -- 1.2 Focusing on the Stages of Urban Management Transitions -- 2 IWRM and Sustainability Perspectives -- 2.1 Integrated Water Resources Management: Definitions and Perspectives -- 2.2 Adaptive Strategy to Operationalize IWRM -- 2.3 Principles of IWRM. , 2.4 Principles for Sustainability: From the Principles of Bellagio to the BellagioSTAMP -- 2.5 Interrelationship Between IWRM Principles and BellagioSTAMP Principles -- 3 Food-Energy-Water Nexus for the Global Sustainable Development -- 4 Water Relevance for the 2030 Agenda -- 5 Mitigation and Adaptation to Natural Disasters -- 6 The Concept of Water Security -- References -- Chapter 16: Corporate Social Responsibility and Roles of Developers for Sustainability in Companies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Efforts to Be Made by the Corporate Sector to Promote Sustainable Work Culture and Protecting Environment -- 3 Formal Practices for Corporate Sustainability -- 4 How CSR Leads Sustainable Corporate Sector -- 5 Total Disclosure on Region of Intervention in the CSR Policy -- 6 Employee Volunteering for the Implementation of CSR Projects -- 7 Similarities Between CSR and Corporate Sustainability -- 8 Differences Between CSR and Corporate Sustainability -- 9 Approaches for Sustainable Design -- 10 Eco-Labelling -- 11 Business Practices, Work Culture, and Environment -- 12 Overview -- 13 Principles of Corporate Governance and Work Culture -- 14 Role of Developers -- 15 Accountability of Software Developers -- 16 Futuristic Thoughts About CSR in New Normal -- 17 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 17: Plastic Pollution During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Disaster in the Making -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Diversity of Commonly Used Synthetic Plastics -- 3 Causes and Effects of Plastic Pollution on the Different Ecosystems: A Global Perspective -- 4 Generation of Biomedical and Domestic/Commercial Plastic Wastes During COVID-19 Pandemic -- 5 The Sustainable Road Ahead -- 5.1 Microbial Degradation of Plastics -- 5.2 Biodegradable Plastics or Bioplastics -- 5.2.1 Toxicological Impact of Biodegradable Plastics -- 5.3 Advocating the Principle of 4 Rs -- 5.4 Circular Economy. , 6 Conclusions and Way Forward.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 History and Development of Ionic Liquids -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Constituents of ILs -- 1.3 The Brief History -- 1.4 Ionic Liquid‐Like Systems -- 1.5 The Generation of ILs -- 1.5.1 First‐Generation ILs -- 1.5.2 Second‐Generation ILs -- 1.5.3 Third‐Generation ILs -- 1.6 Structural Development of ILs -- 1.6.1 Task‐Specific ILs (TSILs) -- 1.6.2 Chiral ILs -- 1.6.3 Switchable Polarity Solvent ILs -- 1.6.4 Bio‐ILs -- 1.6.5 Poly‐ILs -- 1.6.6 Energetic ILs -- 1.6.7 Metallic ILs -- 1.6.8 PILs -- 1.6.9 Acidic ILs -- 1.6.10 Basic ILs -- 1.6.11 Neutral ILs -- 1.6.12 Supported ILs -- 1.6.13 Magnetic ILs -- 1.7 Scope of ILs -- 1.8 Commercialization of ILs -- 1.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Growth of Ionic Liquids and their Applications -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Cations -- 2.1.2 Anions -- 2.2 Growth of Ionic Liquids -- 2.2.1 Quaternization -- 2.2.2 Anion Exchange -- 2.2.3 Acid-Base Neutralization -- 2.2.4 Direct Combination -- 2.2.5 Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis -- 2.2.6 Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis -- 2.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids -- 2.3.1 Electrochemistry -- 2.3.1.1 Electrodeposition -- 2.3.1.2 Electrosynthesis -- 2.3.1.3 Electrocatalysis -- 2.3.2 Solvents and Catalysis -- 2.3.2.1 Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Organic Synthesis -- 2.3.2.2 Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Inorganic Synthesis -- 2.3.2.3 Ionic Liquids as Catalysts for Organic Reactions -- 2.3.3 Separation -- 2.3.4 Heat Transport and Storage -- 2.3.5 Analytics -- 2.3.6 Engineering -- 2.3.7 Performance Additives -- 2.3.8 Biotechnology -- 2.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 3 Study of Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids -- 3.2.1 Density -- 3.2.2 Melting Point. , 3.2.3 Thermal Stability and Decomposition -- 3.2.4 Conductivity -- 3.2.5 Solubility -- 3.2.6 Surface Tension -- 3.2.7 Viscosity -- 3.2.8 Polarity -- 3.2.9 Diffusion -- 3.2.10 Vapor Pressure -- 3.2.11 Miscibility -- 3.3 Conclusion and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents: Are Ionic Liquids Nontoxic and Biodegradable? -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Toxicity and Biodegradability of Ionic Liquids -- 4.2.1 Toxicological Effects and Toxicity Mechanisms of ILs -- 4.2.2 Scope of Biodegradable and Nontoxic ILs -- 4.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents -- 4.3.1 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents in Biomass Utilization and Extraction -- 4.3.2 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents in Energy Applications -- 4.3.3 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents in Biomedical Applications -- 4.4 IoNanofluids -- 4.4.1 Properties of INFs -- 4.4.2 Applications of INFs -- 4.4.3 Are IoNanofluids Nontoxic and Biodegradable? -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Promising Uses of Ionic Liquids on Carbon Carbon and Carbon Nitrogen Bond Formations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Carbon Carbon Bond Formation Reactions -- 5.2.1 C C Cross‐Coupling Reactions -- 5.2.1.1 Heck Coupling -- 5.2.1.2 Suzuki Coupling -- 5.2.1.3 Sonogashira Coupling -- 5.2.1.4 Stille Coupling -- 5.2.1.5 Hiyama Coupling -- 5.2.2 Aldol Condensation -- 5.2.3 Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Reaction -- 5.2.4 Friedel-Crafts Alkylation -- 5.2.5 Diel-Alder Reaction -- 5.2.6 Henry Reactions -- 5.2.7 Other C C Bond Formation Reaction -- 5.3 Carbon Nitrogen Bond Formation Reaction -- 5.3.1 Biginelli Reaction -- 5.3.2 N‐Allylation Reactions -- 5.3.3 Mannich Reaction -- 5.3.4 Other C N Bond Formation Reactions -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Ionic Liquids in Separation Techniques -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 General Characteristics of ILs. , 6.3 The Use of ILs in Separation Technology -- 6.3.1 IL‐Based Solid-Liquid Extractions -- 6.3.2 Simple SLEs -- 6.3.3 Microwave‐Assisted Extractions -- 6.3.4 Ultrasound‐Assisted Extractions -- 6.3.5 Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- 6.3.6 ILs as Mobile Phase Additives in Liquid Chromatography -- 6.3.7 ILs Used as Surface‐Bonded Stationary Phases -- 6.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7 Polymers and Ionic Liquids -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Properties of ILs -- 7.3 Synthesis of PILs -- 7.4 Types and Application of Common PILs -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Effect of Ionic Liquids on Electrochemical Biosensors and Other Bioelectrochemical Devices -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Importance of Ionic Liquids in Electrochemistry -- 8.2.1 Larger Electrochemical Window -- 8.2.2 Ionic Conductivity -- 8.2.3 Hydrophobicity -- 8.2.4 Viscosity -- 8.2.5 Catalytic Performance -- 8.3 Fabrication of IL‐Based Sensing Layers -- 8.3.1 Direct Mixing -- 8.3.2 Physical Adsorption -- 8.3.3 Casting and Rubbing -- 8.3.4 Electrodeposition -- 8.3.5 Sol-Gel Encapsulation -- 8.3.6 Layer‐by‐Layer (LbL) Method -- 8.3.7 Sandwich‐Type Immunoassay -- 8.4 IL‐Based Electrochemical Biosensors -- 8.4.1 Application of RTILs in Construction of Electrochemical Biosensors -- 8.4.1.1 CNMs‐ILs‐Based Electrochemical Biosensor as Cancer Biomarker -- 8.4.1.2 CNMs‐ILs‐Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Cardiac Diseases -- 8.4.1.3 CNMs‐ILs‐Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Immunoglobulins -- 8.4.1.4 CNMs‐ILs‐Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Neurotransmitters -- 8.4.1.5 CNMs‐ILs‐Based Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors -- 8.5 Application of Ionic Liquids in Bioelectrochemical Devices -- 8.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 9 Nanopharmaceuticals With Ionic Liquids: A Novel Approach -- 9.1 Introduction. , 9.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Various Fields -- 9.3 Nanotechnology and Ionic Liquids -- 9.4 Use of Ionic Liquids in Nanocarrier Development (Reported Work) -- 9.5 Ionic Liquid‐Assisted Metal Nanoparticles -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Anticancer Activity of Ionic Liquids -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Classification of Ionic Liquids -- 10.3 Toxicity of Ionic Liquids -- 10.4 Anticancer Potential of Ionic Liquids -- 10.5 Conclusions and Future Scope -- References -- Chapter 11 Importance of Ionic Liquids in Plant Defense: A Novel Approach -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Generation of ILs and Their Application -- 11.3 Role of ILs in Plant Defense Mechanisms -- 11.3.1 ILs as Antibacterial Agents -- 11.3.2 ILs as Antifungal Agents -- 11.3.3 ILs as an Herbicide and Plant Growth Promoters -- 11.3.4 Effects of ILs as Deterrents -- 11.3.5 Application of ILs as Bioactive Formulations -- 11.3.6 Role of ILs in SAR Induction Mechanism -- 11.4 IL Products in Future Management of Agri Industries: An Innovative Approach -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Theoretical Description of Ionic Liquids -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Ionic Liquid Dynamics -- 12.2.1 Self‐Diffusion -- 12.2.2 Viscosity -- 12.3 Theoretical Advances in Force Fields and Electronic Structures -- 12.4 Mixtures in Ionic Liquids -- 12.4.1 Ionic Liquids and Interfaces -- 12.4.2 Ionic Liquids and Water -- 12.5 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Chemical Processes -- 12.5.1 Preamble -- 12.5.2 Separation and Purification -- 12.5.3 Reaction Media in Chemical and Biochemical Catalysis -- 12.6 Future Developments -- 12.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Theoretical Understanding of Ionic Liquid Advancements in the Field of Medicine -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 A Brief History of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents -- 13.3 Biomedical Applications. , 13.3.1 Solubilization of Drugs -- 13.3.2 Protein Stabilization -- 13.4 Summary and Future Aspects -- 13.4.1 Developing a Microscopic Understanding to Enable Task‐Specific Design -- References -- Chapter 14 Recent Developments in Ionic Liquid Research from Environmental Perspectives -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids -- 14.2.1 Ionic Liquids as Solvents and Catalysts -- 14.2.2 Ionic Liquids in Analytical Chemistry -- 14.2.3 Ionic Liquids in Electrochemical Applications -- 14.2.3.1 In Electrodeposition -- 14.2.3.2 Energy Management -- 14.2.3.3 Bioscience -- 14.2.3.4 Biomechanics -- 14.2.4 Ionic Liquids in Industrial Applications -- 14.2.5 Ionic Liquid as Lubricants -- 14.2.6 Ionic Liquids as a Corrosion Resistant Material -- 14.2.7 Ionic Liquids as Additives in Drilling Fluid -- 14.2.8 Ionic Liquids as Absorbents in Gas Capturing -- 14.2.9 Ionic Liquid Crystals -- 14.2.10 Ionic Liquids in Biomedical Applications -- 14.3 Limitations of Ionic Liquids -- 14.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Ionic Liquids for Sustainable Biomass Conversion in Biorefinery -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Biomass as a Source of Organic Compounds and Fuels -- 15.3 Biomass Conversion Process -- 15.3.1 Thermochemical Process -- 15.3.2 Lignin Extraction Processes -- 15.3.3 Enzymatic Processes -- 15.4 Value‐Added Organic Compounds from Biomass in Ionic Liquids -- 15.5 Production of Biodiesel with Ionic Liquids -- 15.6 Toxicity and Ecotoxicity of ILs for Biorefinery -- 15.6.1 Toxicity of ILs Used in Biorefinery -- 15.6.2 Biodegradation of ILs Used in Biorefinery -- 15.6.3 Conclusion Regarding Toxicity and Biodegradation of ILs -- 15.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16 Ionic Liquids for Atmospheric CO2 Capture: A Techno‐Economic Assessment -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Different Processes of CO2 Capture -- 16.2.1 Membrane Separation. , 16.2.2 Cryogenic Separation.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Sources, Occurrence, and Analysis of Microplastics in Freshwater Environments: A Review -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sources of Microplastic -- 1.2.1 Primary Sources -- 1.2.1.1 Microplastics from Personal Care Products -- 1.2.1.2 Microplastics from Plastic Resins -- 1.2.2 Secondary Sources -- 1.2.2.1 Microplastics from Degradation of Plastic Debris -- 1.2.2.2 Microplastics from Textile and Domestic Washing -- 1.3 Pathways of Microplastics into Freshwater Environments -- 1.4 Microplastic Analytical Methods in Freshwater -- 1.4.1 Sampling of Microplastic -- 1.4.1.1 Water Samples -- 1.4.1.2 Sediment Samples -- 1.4.2 Sample Preparation -- 1.4.2.1 Extraction of Microplastics -- 1.4.2.2 Removal of Organic Debris -- 1.4.3 Identification of Microplastic -- 1.4.3.1 Visual Sorting -- 1.4.3.2 Identification of Microplastics by Chemical Composition -- 1.5 Occurrence of Microplastic in Freshwater Environments -- 1.5.1 Microplastic in Lakes -- 1.5.2 Microplastic in Rivers -- 1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Microplastics in Freshwater Environments - With Special Focus on the Indian Scenario -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Nature and Production of Microplastics -- 2.3 Global Ecological Impacts of Plastic Pollution -- 2.4 Socio-Economic Impacts of Plastic Pollution -- 2.5 Freshwater Plastic Pollution -- 2.5.1 Sources of Freshwater Microplastics -- 2.5.2 Studies on Freshwater Plastic Pollution from around the World -- 2.5.3 The Problem of Freshwater Microplastics in Developing Countries -- 2.5.4 Status of India's Freshwater Plastic Problem -- 2.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 3 Microplastic Contamination in the Marine Food Web: : Its Impact on Human Health -- 3.1 Introduction. , 3.1.1 Microplastic in the Marine Food Web -- 3.1.2 Toxic Impacts on Primary Producers -- 3.1.3 Toxic Impacts on Consumers -- 3.1.4 Associated Risk -- 3.2 Human Health Implication -- 3.3 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 Microplastic in the Aquatic Ecosystem and Human Health Implications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources and Food-Chain Entry -- 4.3 Human Health Implications -- 4.3.1 Digestive System -- 4.3.2 Respiratory System -- 4.3.3 Nervous System -- 4.3.4 Placental Barrier -- 4.3.5 Other Health Impacts -- 4.4 Future Directions and Plausible Solutions -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Interactions of Microplastics Toward an Ecological Risk in Soil Diversity: An Appraisal -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Microplastic-Types and Properties -- 5.3 Microplastic Sources and Accumulation in Soil and Sediments -- 5.4 Migration of Microplastics' Fate in Environment -- 5.5 Migration of Microplastics through Soil -- 5.6 Soil Analysis Methodology -- 5.7 Collection of Samples -- 5.8 Sample Preparation -- 5.8.1 Drying -- 5.8.2 Sieving -- 5.8.3 Soil Aggregates Dismantling and Density Separation -- 5.8.4 Removing Soil Organic Matter (SOM) -- 5.8.5.1 Microscopy -- 5.8.5.2 Spectroscopy -- 5.8.5.3 Thermoanalysis -- 5.8.5 Microplastics Quantification -- 5.9 Interactions and Impacts on Soil Diversity -- 5.9.1 Soil Properties -- 5.9.2 Soil Microbial Activity -- 5.9.3 Microplastics Entered Via Food Chains -- 5.9.4 The Effect of MPs on Soil Animals -- 5.9.5 The Effect of MPs on Plants -- 5.10 Ecotoxicology of Microplastic -- 5.11 Mitigation Process of Microplastics -- 5.11.1 Biological Methods -- 5.12 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 6 Microplastics in the Air and Their Associated Health Impacts -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 6.2.1 Physical Characteristics. , 6.2.2 Chemical Characteristics -- 6.2.3 Sources and Generation -- 6.2.4 Fate and Dispersion -- 6.3 Measurement of Atmospheric Microplastics -- 6.3.1 Sampling and Analysis -- 6.3.2 Atmospheric Abundance of Microplastics -- 6.4 Health Impacts of Microplastics -- 6.4.1 Routes of Exposure and Interaction with Body Tissues -- 6.4.2 Health Impacts -- 6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7 Plastic Marine Litter in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Current Research Trends and Management Strategies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Analysis of Marine Litter Research Trends in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Sea Countries -- 7.3 Microplastics Abundance in the Marine Environment of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries -- 7.4 Microplastics Characterization and Identification Techniques -- 7.5 Microplastics in Coastal Areas Affected by Rivers -- 7.6 Socioeconomic Impact of Plastic Marine Litter and Reduction Approaches -- 7.7 Knowledge Gaps and Recommendation for Future Research -- References -- Chapter 8 Advanced Detection Techniques for Microplastics in Different Environmental Media -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methodology -- 8.2.1 Selection of Criteria and Search for Articles -- 8.2.2 Item Selection -- 8.3 Results -- 8.3.1 Sampling Techniques in Different Marine Environments -- 8.3.1.1 Seawater -- 8.3.1.2 Sea Sediments -- 8.3.1.3 Beaches -- 8.3.1.4 Mangroves -- 8.3.1.5 Marine Fauna -- 8.3.1.6 Marine Vegetation -- 8.3.2 Sample Processing in Laboratory -- 8.3.2.1 Water -- 8.3.2.2 Sediments -- 8.3.2.3 Marine Fauna -- 8.3.2.4 Marine Vegetation -- 8.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 9 Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastics as Alternatives to Conventional Plastics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Definition and Classification of Plastics. , 9.3 Current Status of Conventional Plastics and Effect on Environment -- 9.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Plastics -- 9.4.1 Advantages -- 9.4.2 Disadvantages -- 9.5 Current Status of Biodegradable Plastics and Effect on Environment -- 9.6 How Plastic Degrades -- 9.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bio-Based Plastics -- 9.8 National and International Agreements and Conventions to Control Use of Plastics -- 9.9 The Future of Plastics -- 9.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Biodegradable Plastics: New Challenges and Possibilities toward Green Sustainable Development -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 The Environmental Impact of Conventional Plastics -- 10.1.2 Classification and Types of Biopolymers -- 10.2 Biopolymers of Microbial Systems -- 10.2.1 Microbial Polyesters: Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 10.2.2 Recombinant Protein Polymers -- 10.2.3 The Microbial Polysaccharides -- 10.2.3.1 Bacterial Cellulose -- 10.2.3.2 Xanthan -- 10.2.3.3 Dextrans: Phullan and Glucans -- 10.3 Biopolymers of Plants and Higher Organisms -- 10.3.1 Starch -- 10.3.2 Cellulose -- 10.3.3 Lignin -- 10.3.4 Chitin and Chitosan -- 10.3.5 Polylactic Acid -- 10.3.5.1 Properties of PLA -- 10.3.5.2 Improvements in PLA -- 10.3.5.3 Application -- 10.4 Factors Affecting the Rate of Degradation of Bio-plastics and Biodegradable Plastics -- 10.5 Future Aspects and Challenges for Development of Bio-based and Biodegradable Plastics -- 10.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 11 Current Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities for Plastic Recycling -- 11.1 Introduction: The Pollution Problem Involving Plastic -- 11.2 Sources, Types, and Transportation of Plastics in the Environment -- 11.2.1 Plastics Sources and Types -- 11.2.2 Plastic Transportation in Aquatic Environments -- 11.3 An Introduction to Waste Management -- 11.3.1 Plastic Waste Treatment. , 11.4 Plastic Recycling Systems -- 11.4.1 Recovery -- 11.4.2 Preparation -- 11.4.3 Primary Recycling -- 11.4.4 Energy Recovery -- 11.4.5 Mechanical Recycling -- 11.4.5.1 Sorting/Separating -- 11.4.5.2 Electrostatic Separation -- 11.4.5.3 Manual Sorting -- 11.4.5.4 Sink Float Method -- 11.4.5.5 Plastic Identification -- 11.4.5.6 Shredding -- 11.4.5.7 Agglomeration -- 11.4.5.8 Washing/Cleaning -- 11.4.6 Chemical Recycling of Solid Plastic Pollutants -- 11.4.7 Reuse and Re-stabilization -- 11.5 Latest Industry Trends and a Future Perspective -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Microbial Degradation of Micro-Plastics -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Plastic Categorization Based on Biodegradability -- 12.2.1 Non-biodegradable Plastics -- 12.2.2 Biodegradable Plastics -- 12.2.3 Biosynthetic Plastics -- 12.2.4 Blended Plastics -- 12.2.5 Biocomposite Polymers -- 12.3 Microplastics Cycling into the Environment -- 12.4 Microorganisms and Interactions with Microplastics -- 12.5 Factors Affecting Biodegradation of Microplastics -- 12.6 Mechanisms of Microplastic Biodegradation -- 12.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 13 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Plastics -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Plastics -- 13.2.1 Types of Plastics -- 13.2.2 Plastic Bags -- 13.2.3 Plastic Waste -- 13.2.4 Recycling and Disposal -- 13.2.5 Indian Scenario -- 13.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) -- 13.3.1 Phases of LCA -- 13.3.1.1 Goal and Scope Definition -- 13.3.1.2 Inventory Analysis -- 13.3.1.3 Impact Assessment -- 13.3.1.4 Interpretation -- 13.3.2 Importance of LCA -- 13.3.3 LCA for Plastics -- 13.4 Plastics Sustainability by LCA -- 13.5 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 Role of Education and Society in Dealing Plastic Pollution in the Future -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Consumption -- 14.3 Global Dimension of Plastic Pollution. , 14.4 Plastic Pollution in Natural Environments.

Note: Intro -- Pesticides in the Natural Environment: Sources, Health Risks, and Remediation -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Classification of pesticides and loss of crops due to creepy crawlers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Crop losses due to pests -- 3. Pesticide classification -- 4. Classification based on chemical structure -- 4.1. Organochlorine pesticides (OCP) -- 4.2. Organophosphate pesticides (OPP) -- 4.3. Carbamate pesticides -- 4.4. Pyrethroid pesticides -- 5. Classification based on mode of entry -- 5.1. Systematic pesticides -- 5.2. Contact pesticides -- 5.3. Fumigants -- 5.4. Stomach poisons and toxicants -- 5.5. Repellents -- 6. Classification based on target pest -- 7. Based on pesticide toxicity -- 8. Pesticide contamination, implications, and environmental impacts -- 9. Summary -- Chapter 2: Ecological impacts of pesticides on soil and water ecosystems and its natural degradation process -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Persistence and circulation of pesticides in the ecosystem -- 3. Bioaccumulation of chemical pesticides in the food cycle -- 4. Pesticides and their mode of action -- 4.1. Action on nerve and muscle -- 4.1.1. Carbamate and organophosphate -- 4.1.2. Neonicotinoid -- 4.1.3. Organochlorine, avermectins, and bifenazate -- 4.1.4. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids -- 4.2. Target on growth inhibition -- 4.3. Target on the energy source -- 4.4. Bioprocessing of pesticides in animals -- 4.5. Pesticide impacts on soil ecosystem -- 4.6. Pesticide impacts on water ecosystem -- 4.7. Impacts of pesticides on human health -- 4.7.1. Acute health impacts on human -- 4.7.2. Chronic health effects -- 4.7.3. Pesticide impacts on youngsters -- 4.8. Familiar pesticides and their health effects -- 4.9. Natural degradation process -- 4.10. Detoxification of pesticides by bacteria -- 4.11. Enzymes involved in biodegradation of pesticides. , 4.11.1. Hydrolases -- 4.11.2. Esterases -- 4.11.3. Phosphotriesterases -- 4.11.4. Oxidoreductases -- 4.12. Phases of metabolism involved in degradation and detoxification of toxic metabolite -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 3: Fate and assessment of pesticide in aquatic ecosystem -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources, forms, and occurrence of pesticides in the ecosystem -- 3. Environmental fate of pesticides -- 4. Factors that influence the assessment of aquatic pesticide pollution -- 5. Future recommendations -- 6. Conclusion -- Chapter 4: Fate and adverse effects of pesticides in the environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanisms involved in the determination of the initial fate of a pesticide in the environment -- 3. Transport of pesticides in the environment -- 3.1. Transport in the atmosphere -- 3.1.1. Drift of the wind -- 3.1.2. Volatilization -- 3.1.3. Erosion -- 3.2. Soil transport -- 3.2.1. Retention -- 3.2.2. Degradation -- Chemical degradation -- Hydrolysis -- Redox reactions -- Photodegradation -- 3.3. Transport of pesticides to water reservoirs -- 3.3.1. Lixiviation -- 3.3.2. Runoff -- 4. Use of pesticides worldwide -- 4.1. Countries that have banned the application of any of the pesticides analyzed -- 5. Impact of pesticide on the soil microbiology -- 5.1. Pesticides in the soil: Application rates and legislation -- 5.2. The microbiological diversity of the soil and pesticides -- 5.3. Consequences of pesticide contamination in the soil -- 5.4. Interaction pesticides-Microorganisms: Bioremediation and biodegradation -- 5.5. Adverse effects of pesticides on microorganisms present in the soil -- 5.6. Other effects -- 6. Pesticides and the response of plants -- 6.1. Plants and pests: Pests as pesticides? -- 6.1.1. Semiochemicals -- 6.1.2. Kairomones -- 6.1.3. Pheromones -- 6.2. Allelopathy -- 6.3. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles. , 7. Pesticides toxicity on nontarget terrestrial organisms -- 7.1. Pollinators -- 7.2. Bees -- 7.3. Wasps -- 7.4. Parasitoids -- 7.5. Ants -- 7.6. Butterflies -- 7.7. Beetles -- 7.8. Arthropod predators -- 7.9. Silkworms -- 7.10. Earthworms -- 7.11. Moths -- 7.12. Birds -- 7.13. Mammals in general -- 8. Pesticides impact on aquatic ecosystems -- 8.1. Atrazine -- 8.2. Butachlor -- 8.3. Carbaryl -- 8.4. Carbofuran -- 8.5. Cypermethrin -- 8.6. Chlorpyrifos -- 8.7. Dimethoate -- 8.8. Fipronil -- 8.9. Glyphosate -- 8.10. Malathion -- 9. Perspectives and future research -- Chapter 5: Towards understanding the impact of pesticides on freshwater ecosystem -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Routes of aquatic pesticide pollution -- 3. Impact of pesticide pollution on aquatic ecosystem -- 4. Impact of pesticides on water quality -- 5. Impact of pesticides on flora of aquatic ecosystem -- 6. Impact of pesticides on fauna of aquatic ecosystem -- 7. Specific impacts of different categories of pesticides on aquatic fauna -- 8. Response to the risks of use of pesticides -- 9. Conclusion -- Chapter 6: Persistence of pesticides and their impacts on human health and environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification of pesticide -- 3. The fate of pesticides in the environment -- 3.1. Pesticides in environment -- 3.2. Pesticides in food -- 3.3. Pesticides in water -- 4. Pesticide affecting human health -- 4.1. Assessment of general human health -- 4.2. Women -- 4.3. Children -- 5. Conclusion -- 6. Future prospective -- Chapter 7: Complex approaches to assessing the pesticides risk on human health and environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Evaluation of the effect of pesticides on genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity in laboratory conditions -- 3. Evaluation of pesticide genotoxicity using cytogenetic markers -- 4. Impacts of pesticide residues on food safety. , 5. Effects of pesticides on human health -- 6. Pesticide exposure risk assessment -- 6.1. Sparling: The regulatory framework for assessing risks to human health and environmental issues presented by shows -- 6.2. Consumption rate -- 6.3. Estimation of dietary exposure -- 6.4. Risk characterization -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 8: Neurodevelopmental and reproductive impacts of pesticides on pregnant women -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Effect on health and reproductive life -- 3. Neurodevelopmental effects of OP pesticides -- 4. Concerns at both high and low OP exposures -- 5. Summary -- Chapter 9: Pesticides and human health: The noxious impact on maternal system and fetal development -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History of pesticides -- 3. Toxicity of common pesticides -- 3.1. Organophosphorous pesticides (OPs) -- 3.2. Carbamates -- 3.3. Organochlorines pesticides (OCs) -- 3.4. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids -- 4. Prevention of pesticide exposure -- 5. Adverse effect on human health and fetal development -- 5.1. Eyes -- 5.2. Lungs -- 5.3. Brain -- 5.4. Digestive system -- 5.5. Reproductive system -- 5.6. Maternal health -- 5.7. The placental barrier in pregnant women -- 5.8. Fetal development -- 6. Conclusion -- 7. Future prospects -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 10: ytogenetical bioindication of pesticidal contamination -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chromosomal disorders -- 2.1. People -- 2.2. Agricultural animals -- 2.3. Laboratory animals -- 3. Micronuclear analysis -- 3.1. Micronuclear analysis and cytological disorders in nuclear erythrocytes of animals -- 3.1.1. Fish -- 3.1.2. Amphibians -- 3.1.3. Reptiles -- 3.1.4. Birds -- 3.2. Micronuclear analysis and cytological disturbances in the erythrocytes of peripheral blood of mammals and human -- 4. Plant test systems -- 5. Comet-test -- 6. Problems and prospects of cytogenetic bioindication. , Chapter 11: Modulation of soil microbiome and related alterations in response to pesticides -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Impact of pesticides on soil microbial biome -- 2.1. Impact of pesticides on bacterial diversity -- 2.2. Impact of pesticides on mycorrhizae -- 2.3. Impact of pesticides on microalgae -- 3. Pesticides and associated alterations on the metabolism of microbes -- 3.1. Effect on biodegradation and mineralization -- 3.2. Effect on phosphorus solubilization -- 3.2.1. Phosphorus solubilizing enzymes: An ultimately affected participant -- 3.3. Reverberation of pesticides on nitrogen fixation -- 4. Future area of research -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 12: Botanical pesticides as alternatives for more sustainable crops and healthy foods -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Pesticides in agriculture and the consequences of their use -- 2. Botanical pesticides in agriculture -- 2.1. Plant-based products used against insects and mites -- 2.2. Anti-fungal effects of botanical pesticides -- 2.3. Some remarks on the herbicide effect of plant extracts -- 3. Challenges in the use of plant-based pesticides -- 4. Future recommendations -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 13: The potential use of essential oils as natural biocides against plant pathogens -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Common diseases in crops -- 2. Biological activities of EOs -- 2.1. EOs with biocidal activities -- 2.2. EOs with antibacterial activities -- 3. Challenges -- 3.1. Non-selective action of EO -- 3.2. EOs effects on non-target soil microorganisms -- 4. Future directions -- 5. Conclusion -- Chapter 14: Sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to reduce the use of pesticides -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Advantages and disadvantages of conventional pesticides -- 3. Mobility of pesticides in different environments. , 4. Pesticide degradation and the risk of degradation products.

Note: Front cover -- Half title -- Full title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 - An overview of human health risk from opium alkaloids and related pharmaceutical products pollution in aquati ... -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Opium and alkaloid-based industries -- 1.2.1 Health effects of opium -- 1.2.1.1 Oxidative stress -- 1.2.1.2 Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 -- 1.2.1.3 Decreased plasma adiponectin -- 1.2.1.4 Deficiency of testosterone and estrogen -- 1.2.1.5 Hyperprolactinemia -- 1.2.1.6 Insulin resistance -- 1.2.2 Addiction due to psychoactive drugs -- 1.2.3 Extraction of opium from poppy -- 1.2.4 Characteristics of opium alkaloid wastewater -- 1.2.5 Government opium and alkaloid factories -- 1.2.5.1 Products of the factory -- 1.3 Active pharmaceutical ingredients -- 1.4 Impacts of pharmaceutical products on aquatic ecosystem -- 1.5 Effects of various opium alkaloids on human health -- 1.6 Treatment approach -- 1.6.1 Physicochemical treatment -- 1.6.2 Biological treatment -- 1.6.2.1 Aerobic treatment -- 1.6.2.2 Anaerobic treatment -- 1.6.3 Membrane separation -- 1.6.4 Fenton's oxidation -- 1.7 Concluding remarks -- Conflict of Interest -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 2 - Impact of pharmaceuticals and antibiotics waste on the river ecosystem: a growing threat -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Pharmaceuticals and antibiotics waste -- 2.3 Rules and regulations for surveillance of pharmaceuticals and antibiotics in water ecosystem -- 2.4 Sources of pharmaceuticals and antibiotics in water ecosystem -- 2.5 Impact of pharmaceuticals and antibiotics on aquatic ecosystem -- 2.5.1 Impact on freshwater system -- 2.5.2 Probable environmental impact of pharmaceuticals via behavioral changes -- 2.5.3 Bioaccumulation -- 2.5.4 Chronic effects on human health. , 2.5.4.1 Physiological effects -- 2.5.4.2 Effect on host microbiomes -- 2.5.4.3 Antimicrobial resistance -- 2.5.5 Impact on aquatic animals -- 2.6 Approaches for remediation of pharmaceuticals and antibiotics -- 2.6.1 Biodegradation -- 2.6.2 Absorption -- 2.6.3 Membrane processes -- 2.6.4 Coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation -- 2.6.5 Advance oxidation process -- 2.6.6 Ion exchange -- 2.6.7 Photolysis -- 2.7 Preventing future pharmaceutical waste contamination -- 2.7.1 Minimization and reduction -- 2.7.1.1 Healthy lifestyle -- 2.7.1.2 Public awareness -- 2.7.1.3 Patient compliance and education -- 2.7.1.4 Health care practitioner's education -- 2.7.1.5 Marketing presentations -- 2.7.2 Reuse and recycling -- 2.7.2.1 Donation and recycle of medicines -- 2.7.3 Proper disposal -- 2.7.3.1 Take back programs -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 - Heavy metal contamination in the river ecosystem -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 River ecosystem -- 3.1.2 Sources and contamination of the rivers -- 3.1.3 Classifications of river contaminants -- 3.2 Heavy metals contamination in the rivers -- 3.2.1 Sources of heavy metals in the river water -- 3.2.2 Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of heavy metals -- 3.2.3 Adverse health impact on the organism -- 3.3 Preventive strategies to deal with heavy metal contamination in water -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 - Factors influencing the alteration of microbial and heavy metal characteristics of river systems in the Niger ... -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 River systems in the Niger Delta -- 4.3 Characteristics of river systems in the Niger Delta -- 4.3.1 Iron -- 4.3.2 Zinc -- 4.3.3 Cadmium -- 4.3.4 Chromium -- 4.3.5 Lead -- 4.3.6 Mercury -- 4.3.7 Copper -- 4.3.8 Cobalt -- 4.3.9 Nickel -- 4.3.10 Manganese -- 4.3.11 Arsenic. , 4.3.12 Microbial characteristics -- 4.3.12.1 Microbial population -- 4.3.12.2 Microbial diversity -- 4.4 Factors influencing the alteration of rivers system quality in the Niger Delta -- 4.4.1 Anthropogenic activities -- 4.4.2 Poor waste management -- 4.4.3 Industrial effluents -- 4.4.4 Oil and gas -- 4.4.5 Dredging -- 4.4.6 Agriculture -- 4.4.7 Makeshift or artisanal refinery -- 4.4.8 Water transportation -- 4.4.9 Human induced natural effects -- 4.5 Conclusion and the way forward -- References -- Chapter 5 - Impact of climate change on the river ecosystem -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 River ecosystem -- 5.3 General flow pattern of river -- 5.4 Channelization of river -- 5.5 Impact of climate change on river ecosystem -- 5.6 Changes of streamflow and flood/drought indices -- 5.7 Climatic adaptations -- 5.8 Mitigating the effects of climatic change -- 5.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 - Geospatial technology for sustainable management of water resources -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Water light and interaction (IOP and AOP) -- 6.1.2 Remote sensing strength in river ecosystems -- 6.2 River ecosystem management -- 6.3 Remote Sensing for delineation of river systems -- 6.3.1 River ecosystem network extraction using remote sensing -- 6.4 Monitoring water budget components: remote sensing-based observations -- 6.4.1 Precipitation -- 6.4.1.1 Multisatellite algorithms for precipitation -- 6.4.2.1 METRIC ET data access using EE flux -- 6.4.3 Surface water -- 6.4.4 Groundwater -- 6.5 Remote sensing in water quality monitoring -- 6.5.1 Role of hyperspectral data -- 6.6 Synthetic aperture radar data in river monitoring -- 6.7 Future scope of water quality -- 6.7.1 Satellites of geosynchronous earth orbit for wide range of coverage -- 6.7.2 Joint polar satellite system -- 6.7.3 Hyperspectral missions. , 6.7.4 Sub surface water from GRACE-FO and NASA ISRO synthetic aperture radar mission (NISAR) -- 6.7.5 Surface water ocean topography -- 6.7.6 Sentinel 6B -- 6.7.7 Landsat 9 -- 6.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 7 - Chemical and isotopic variability of Bhagirathi river water (Upper Ganga), Uttarakhand, India -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study area and methodology -- 7.3 Major ion chemistry of Bhagirathi river -- 7.4 Isotopic studies of Bhagirathi river -- 7.5 Discussion and conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 - Occurrence and distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids in rivers: Impact and risk assessment -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Naming conventions and uses -- 8.2.1 Anionic form of chemical names -- 8.2.2 "PFAS", not "PFASs" -- 8.2.3 Families of PFAS -- 8.3 Sources of the perfluoroalkyl acids -- 8.4 Environmental fate and transport process -- 8.5 Occurrence and distribution in rivers and sediment -- 8.6 Ecological and health effects -- 8.7 Regulation -- 8.7.1 Safe drinking water act -- 8.7.2 Toxic substances control act (TSCA) -- 8.8 Remediation techniques -- 8.8.1 Adsorption -- 8.8.2 Membrane filtration -- 8.8.3 Advanced oxidation process -- 8.8.4 Plasma -- 8.8.5 Biodegradation process -- 8.8.6 Thermal destruction -- 8.8.7 Sonochemical degradation -- 8.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 - Socio-economic perspective of river health: A case study of river Ami, Uttar Pradesh, India -- 9.1 The framework -- 9.2 Methodology -- 9.2.1 Study area -- 9.2.2 Water quality parameter -- 9.3 Impact and vulnerabilities -- 9.3.1 Social -- 9.3.1.1 Health and population -- 9.3.1.2 Livelihood -- 9.3.1.3 Aesthetic and spiritual value -- 9.3.2 Environmental -- 9.3.2.1 Biodiversity -- 9.3.2.2 Water quality and pollution -- 9.3.2.3 Flood and drought -- 9.3.2.4 Ecological. , 9.3.3 Economical -- 9.3.3.1 Agriculture and irrigation -- 9.3.3.2 Tourism and recreations -- 9.3.3.3 Fisheries -- 9.3.3.4 Manufacturing and industry -- 9.3.3.5 Transportation -- 9.4 Result and discussion -- 9.4.1 Source of pollution -- 9.4.2 Status of pollution -- 9.4.3 Strategies to improve water quality -- 9.4.4 Effect of socioeconomic measures -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 - Sources of ions in the river ecosystem -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Source of ions in the water body -- 10.2.1 Agronomical production -- 10.2.1.1 Agricultural nutrients -- 10.2.1.2 Pesticides -- 10.2.1.3 Salts -- 10.2.1.4 Sediment -- 10.2.2 Livestock production -- 10.2.2.1 Organic matter -- 10.2.3 Fisheries -- 10.2.3.1 Other elements -- 10.3 Determinant water quality parameters -- 10.3.1 Thermal regime of the river -- 10.3.2 Flow regime -- 10.3.3 Light/opaqueness -- 10.3.4 Water conductivity -- 10.3.5 Concentration of dissolved gases -- 10.3.6 Acidity and alkalinity of river water -- 10.3.7 Major cations and anions in the river -- 10.3.8 Dissolved nutrients -- 10.3.9 Land use/land cover alteration -- 10.3.10 Expansion in urban settlement -- 10.4 Effective measures for maintaining and restoring the river water quality -- 10.4.1 Phytoremediation -- 10.4.2 Rhizofiltration -- 10.4.3 Heavy metal pollutant control methods -- 10.4.4 Chemical precipitation -- 10.4.5 Coagulation-flocculation -- 10.4.6 Flotation -- 10.4.7 Aeration -- 10.4.8 Membrane filtration -- 10.4.9 Ion exchange -- 10.4.10 Use of reed plants -- 10.4.11 Electrochemical treatment -- 10.4.12 Microbial biosorption -- 10.4.13 Use of plants for the treatment of pollutant -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 - Nutrients contamination and eutrophication in the river ecosystem -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Sources of nutrients. , 11.3 Importance of aquatic plants.