Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Author's Note -- Spring, 1860 -- North to the Flat Waters -- Platte Valley Spring -- Summer, 1900 -- Destination: Arctic -- The Tundra of Igiak Bay -- Fall, 1940 -- The Roof of the Continent -- Rendezvous at Horsehead Lake -- Winter, 1980 -- The Valley of the Sacred River -- The Staked Plains -- Afterword.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Maps -- Illustrations -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5 -- References -- Index.

Note: Includes bibliographical references and index. - Formerly CIP

Note: Hormone Signaling -- Editor's page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Signaling Websites -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Section I Fundamental Mechanisms in Signaling -- 1 Protein Phosphorylation and Protein-Protein Interactions -- 2 Control of Signaling by Tyrosine Phosphatases -- 3 Spatio-Temporal Parameters: The Case of the MAP Kinase Pathway -- Section II Receptor Tyrosine Kinases -- 4 The EGF Receptor Signaling System -- 5 Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptors and Signaling Pathways: Similarities and Differences -- Section III Cytokine Receptors -- 6 The JAK-STAT Pathway -- 7 Prolactin and Growth Hormone Receptors -- 8 Erythropoietin, Thrombopoietin and Leptin Receptors -- Section IV G Protein-Coupled Receptors -- 9 G Proteins and G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Overview -- 10 Gonadotropin and TSH Receptors -- 11 Endothelin G Protein-Coupled Receptors -- Section V Nuclear Receptors -- 12 Signal Transduction and Structure of Nuclear Receptors -- 13 Estrogen Receptor Beta: How Awareness of ERβ Affects Our Understanding of Estrogen Action -- 14 Sensors for Metabolic Control -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- Cardiac Electrophysiology Methods and Models -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology: An Overview of Its Evolution -- 1.1 Electrocardiography -- 1.2 Device Therapy: Pacing, Defibrillation, and Monitoring -- 1.2.1 Early Development -- 1.2.2 Initial Evolution of Implantable Pulse Generators -- 1.2.3 Pacing Lead Development -- 1.2.4 Later Pacing System Advances -- 1.2.5 More Recent Pacing System Advances -- 1.2.6 Emergence of Implantable Defibrillators -- 1.2.7 Ambulatory Monitoring -- 1.3 Intracardiac Recording, Stimulation, and Autonomic Assessment -- 1.3.1 Early Studies Using Transcatheter Recordings -- 1.3.2 Premature Electrical Stimulation and Entrainment -- 1.3.3 Ablation -- 1.3.4 Autonomic Disturbances and Genetically Determined Susceptibility to Arrhythmias -- 1.3.5 Channelopathies: Genetically Determined Arrhythmias -- 1.4 Epicardial and Endocardial Mapping, Imaging, and Navigation -- 1.5 Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- Part I Overview -- Chapter 2: Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology: Excitable Membranes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Cell Membrane -- 2.3 Membrane Electrophysiology -- 2.3.1 Resting Membrane Potential -- 2.3.2 Equilibrium Potential and the Nernst Equation -- 2.3.3 Ion Channels and Membrane Currents -- 2.3.4 Action Potential -- 2.3.5 Refractoriness -- 2.3.6 Excitation-Contraction Coupling -- 2.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: Cardiac Action Potentials, Ion Channels, and Gap Junctions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Phases of the Action Potential -- 3.3 Ion Channels -- 3.3.1 Voltage-Gated Channels -- 3.3.1.1 Sodium Channel -- 3.3.1.2 Calcium Channel -- 3.3.1.3 Potassium Channels -- The Inward Rectifier Current (IK1) -- The Transient Outward Current (ITo) -- The Delayed Rectifier Currents (IKr and IKs). , The Ultra-Rapid Delayed Rectifier Current (IKur) -- 3.3.2 Ligand-Gated Channels -- 3.3.3 Stretch-Activated Channels -- 3.3.4 Exchangers -- 3.3.5 Electrophysiological Heterogeneities in Ion Channel Expression -- 3.3.6 Changes in Ion Channel Expression by Cardiac Remodeling -- 3.4 Gap Junctions -- 3.4.1 Gap Junction Distribution in Cardiac Tissue -- 3.4.2 Redundancy of Connexins -- 3.4.3 Gap Junction Distribution in Cardiomyocytes -- 3.4.4 Homomeric and Heteromeric Expression -- 3.4.5 Remodeling of Connexin Expression -- 3.4.6 Transmural Differences in Connexins -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiac Conduction System -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Overview of Cardiac Conduction -- 4.3 Cardiac Rate Control -- 4.4 Cardiac Action Potentials -- 4.5 Gap Junctions (Cell-to-Cell Conduction) -- 4.6 The Atrioventricular Node and Bundle of His: Specific Features -- 4.7 Recording the Spread of Excitation Through the Heart -- 4.8 Future Research on the Heart's Conduction System -- 4.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5: The Electrocardiogram and Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Specialized Cardiac Conduction System -- 5.3 Electrocardiogram -- 5.3.1 ECG Leads -- 5.3.2 Waves and Intervals -- 5.3.2.1 P-wave -- 5.3.2.2 PR Interval -- 5.3.2.3 QRS Complex -- 5.3.2.4 ST Segment -- 5.3.2.5 T-wave -- 5.3.2.6 QT Interval -- 5.4 Mechanisms of Arrhythmias -- 5.5 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis -- 5.6 Treatment Considerations -- 5.7 Bradyarrhythmias -- 5.7.1 Sinus Node Dysfunction -- 5.7.2 AV Block -- 5.8 Tachyarrhythmias -- 5.8.1 Premature Complexes -- 5.8.1.1 Atrial Premature Complexes -- 5.8.1.2 Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia -- 5.8.1.3 AV Junctional Premature Complexes -- 5.8.1.4 Ventricular Premature Complexes -- 5.8.2 Sinus Tachycardias -- 5.8.2.1 Physiological Sinus Tachycardia. , 5.8.2.2 Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia -- 5.8.3 Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardias -- 5.8.3.1 Sinus Node Reentry Tachycardia -- 5.8.3.2 Atrial Tachycardias -- 5.8.3.3 AV Nodal Reentry Tachycardia -- 5.8.3.4 AV Reciprocating Tachycardia Using Concealed Accessory Pathway -- 5.9 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome -- 5.10 Nonparoxysmal Junctional Tachycardia -- 5.11 Atrial Flutter and Fibrillation -- 5.11.1 Atrial Flutter -- 5.11.2 Atrial Fibrillation -- 5.12 Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias -- 5.12.1 Ventricular Tachycardias -- 5.12.2 Ventricular Flutter and Ventricular Fibrillation -- 5.12.3 Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm -- 5.12.4 Torsades de Pointes -- 5.13 Summary -- Further Readings -- Part II Methods and Models -- Chapter 6: Principles of Electrophysiological In Vitro Measurements -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Electrodes -- 6.2.1 The Metal-Electrolyte Interface -- 6.2.2 Junction Potentials -- 6.2.3 Tip Potential -- 6.2.4 Glass Microelectrodes -- 6.3 Measurement of Membrane Potentials -- 6.3.1 Electrophysiological Measurement of Membrane Potentials -- 6.3.2 Fluorescence Techniques for Membrane Potential Measurement -- 6.4 Membrane Current Measurements -- 6.4.1 Classical Two-Electrode Voltage Clamp for the Measurement of Macroscopic Currents -- 6.4.2 The Patch Clamp Technique -- 6.4.3 High-Throughput Screening for the Pharmaceutical Industry -- 6.5 Solution and Pharmacology -- 6.6 Selective Measurements of Ion Activities -- 6.7 Troubleshooting -- 6.7.1 Low Series Resistances -- 6.7.2 Avoidance of Ground Loops -- 6.7.3 Stable Salt Bridges -- 6.7.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7: Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiological Modeling -- 7.1 Modeling Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology -- 7.1.1 Simplified Models of Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology -- 7.1.2 Biophysically Based Models of Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology -- 7.2 Model Description. , 7.2.1 Worked Examples -- 7.2.1.1 One Model, Multiple Parameter Sets -- 7.2.1.2 Model Evolution -- 7.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Computer Modeling of Electrical Activation: From Cellular Dynamics to the Whole Heart -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Finite Elements and Material Coordinate Systems -- 8.3 Models of Cardiac Anatomy -- 8.4 Tissue Electrodynamics -- 8.4.1 The Bidomain Equations -- 8.4.2 The Monodomain Equations -- 8.5 Models of Cardiac Electrical Activation -- 8.5.1 Computational Issues -- 8.5.2 2D Tissue Models -- 8.5.3 3D Tissue Models -- 8.5.4 3D Ventricular Models -- 8.5.5 3D Atrial Models -- 8.6 Problems and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 9: Detection and Measurement of Cardiac Ion Channels -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Apparatus -- 9.3 Methodology and Pitfalls -- 9.3.1 In Situ Hybridization with Digoxigenin-Labelled RNA Probes -- 9.3.1.1 Protocol Details -- 9.3.1.2 Generation of Digoxigenin-Labelled RNA Probes -- 9.3.1.3 Probe Design -- 9.3.1.4 Probe Length -- 9.3.1.5 Generation of Probe -- 9.3.1.6 Isolation of Insert (Probe) Sequences -- 9.3.1.7 Generation of Probe Template with RNA Polymerase Promoters -- 9.3.1.8 In Vitro Transcription -- 9.3.2 Quantitative PCR (qPCR) -- 9.3.2.1 Protocol Details -- 9.3.2.2 Primer Design -- 9.3.3 Immunohistochemistry with Fluorescent Conjugated Secondary Antibodies -- 9.3.3.1 Protocol Details -- 9.4 New Emerging Techniques -- 9.4.1 Laser Capture Microdissection -- 9.4.2 qPCR Arrays -- 9.4.3 Protein Arrays -- References -- Chapter 10: Cell Culture Models and Methods -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Primary Cardiac Cell Culture -- 10.2.1 Adult Cardiomyocytes -- 10.2.2 Cultured Neonatal Cardiomyocytes -- 10.3 Cardiac Cell Lines -- 10.4 Stem Cell-Derived Myocytes -- 10.4.1 Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes -- 10.4.2 Emerging Model: Induced-Pluripotent Stem Cells -- 10.5 Conclusion. , References -- Chapter 11: Isolated Tissue Models -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Description of Models -- 11.2.1 Isolated Trabeculae and Papillary Muscle Preparations -- 11.2.2 Isolated Ventricular Preparation -- 11.2.3 Isolated Atrioventricular Node Preparation -- 11.2.4 Isolated Atrial Preparation -- 11.3 Advantages, Limitations, and Pitfalls -- 11.3.1 Advantages and Limitations of Superfused Tissue Models -- 11.3.2 Advantages and Limitations of Perfused Tissue Models -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Isolated Heart Models -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Experimental Model and Methods -- 12.2.1 Species -- 12.2.2 Perfusion Method -- 12.2.3 Intracardiac Visualization -- 12.2.4 Electrophysiological Studies -- 12.2.5 Device-Tissue Interaction -- 12.3 Limitations -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Small Animal Models for Arrhythmia Studies -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Nongenetic Small Animal Models for Arrhythmia Studies -- 13.2.1 Myocardial Infarction Model -- 13.2.2 Hypertrophy and Heart Failure Model -- 13.2.3 Chronic Complete Atrioventricular Block Model -- 13.2.4 Cardiac Dyssynchrony Model -- 13.2.5 Atrial Fibrillation Model -- 13.3 Genetically Engineered Small Animal Models for Arrhythmia Studies -- 13.3.1 Long QT Syndromes -- 13.3.2 Brugada Syndrome -- 13.3.3 Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia -- 13.3.4 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) -- 13.3.5 Familial Atrial Fibrillation -- 13.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 14: Use of Large Animal Models for Cardiac Electrophysiology Studies -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Choosing the Right Animal Model -- 14.2.1 Rate of Growth -- 14.2.2 Arrhythmogenicity -- 14.2.3 Comparative Anatomy -- 14.3 Lead Placement -- 14.4 His Bundle Pacing -- 14.5 Ablation Studies -- 14.6 Anesthetics and Monitoring -- 14.6.1 Invasive Monitoring. , 14.6.2 Accessing the Heart.

Note: Cover -- Wetland Ecology -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface to the second edition -- Preface to the first edition -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Wetlands: an overview -- 1.1 Definitions and distribution -- 1.1.1 Definition of wetlands -- 1.1.2 Distributions -- 1.2 Wetland classification -- 1.2.1 The six basic types -- Swamp -- Marsh -- Bog -- Fen -- Wet meadow -- Shallow water -- 1.2.2 Some other classification systems -- A global summary -- Hydrogeomorphic classifications -- A hydrological perspective -- 1.2.3 Combining classification systems -- 1.2.4 Plants, stress, and wetland types -- 1.3 Wetland soils -- 1.3.1 Wetlands have reduced rather than oxidized soils -- 1.3.2 The degree of reduction changes with time and depth -- 1.3.3 The processing of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur -- Carbon -- Nitrogen -- Phosphorus -- Sulfur -- 1.4 Flood tolerance: the primary constraint -- 1.4.1 Aerenchyma allows plants to cope with hypoxic soils -- 1.4.2 Metabolic adaptations in aquatic plants -- 1.4.3 Animals must also cope with hypoxia -- 1.5 Secondary constraints produce different types of wetlands -- 1.5.1 Secondary constraints in peatlands -- 1.5.2 Secondary constraints in aquatic wetlands -- 1.5.3 Secondary constraints in swamps -- 1.5.4 Secondary constraints in marshes -- 1.6 Wetlands provide valuable functions and services -- 1.6.1 Ecological services: the de Groot approach -- 1.6.2 Evaluating ecological services -- 1.7 Causal factors in wetland ecology -- 1.7.1 Three principles -- 1.7.2 Six causal factors -- 1.8 More on definitions and classification of wetlands -- 1.8.1 More on defining wetlands -- 1.8.2 More on classification systems -- Tropical Caribbean system -- African wetlands -- European phytosociology -- 1.8.3 Some confusions in terminology -- CONCLUSION -- 2 Flooding -- 2.1 Flooding and humans: an old story. , 2.2 Some biological consequences of flooding -- 2.2.1 Wading birds in the Everglades -- 2.2.2 Frogs in temporary ponds -- 2.2.3 Birds in salt marshes and deltas -- 2.2.4 Fish in floodplains -- 2.2.5 Macroinvertebrates -- 2.2.6 Rare plants in wet meadows -- 2.3 A survey of water level fluctuations -- 2.3.1 Rivers -- 2.3.2 Lakes -- 2.3.3 Beaver ponds -- 2.3.4 Potholes and related wet depressions -- Wet savannas -- 2.3.5 Peatlands -- 2.4 General relationships between wetlands and water level fluctuations -- 2.4.1 Swamps -- 2.4.2 Wet meadows -- 2.4.3 Marshes -- 2.4.4 Aquatic communities -- 2.5 Reservoirs, dams, and floodplains -- 2.5.1 Upstream effects: the reservoir -- 2.5.2 Downstream effects: altered hydrology -- 2.5.3 Dikes are another kind of dam -- 2.6 Predicting consequences for wetlands -- 2.6.1 Stabilized water levels reduce plant diversity and marsh area -- 2.6.2 A model for predicting how flooding increases wetland area -- 2.6.3 A summary model: frequency and intensity of flooding -- CONCLUSION -- 3 Fertility -- 3.1 Fertility and plants -- 3.1.1 Nitrogen and phosphorus often limit plant and animal growth -- 3.1.2 Fertility increases biomass -- 3.1.3 Sites lacking N and P can becalled infertile or stressed -- 3.1.4 Nutrients often control primaryproduction -- 3.1.5 Is it N or P? Experimental assessments of nutrient limitation -- 3.2 Infertile wetlands are constrained by low nutrient levels -- 3.2.1 Peatlands -- 3.2.2 The Everglades -- 3.2.3 Sand plains and shorelines -- 3.2.4 Wet savannas -- 3.3 Other issues related to fertility -- 3.3.1 Infertile habitats have unique species -- 3.3.2 Fertile habitats often have fast-growing species -- 3.3.3 Fertility gradients organize wetlands at different scales -- 3.3.4 Fertility gradients and the composition of peatlands -- 3.3.5 Mycorrhizae can supplement nutrient availability -- 3.4 Animals and fertility. , 3.5 Eutrophication: too much of a good thing -- 3.5.1 Human activity often increases nutrient levels in wetlands -- 3.5.2 Runoff carries nutrients into lakes, rivers, and wetlands -- 3.5.3 Precipitation also is a source of nutrients -- 3.5.4 Eutrophication reduces diversity in wet meadows and marshes -- 3.5.5 Eutrophication can lead to die-offs of aquatic plants -- 3.5.6 Eutrophication is reducing diversity in European vegetation -- 3.6 Calcium interacts with fertility in peatlands -- 3.7 Fertility and hydrology explain a great deal about wetlands -- CONCLUSION -- 4 Disturbance -- 4.1 Disturbance has four properties -- 4.1.1 Duration -- 4.1.2 Intensity -- 4.1.3 Frequency -- 4.1.4 Area -- 4.2 Disturbance triggers regeneration from buried propagules -- 4.3 Examples of disturbance controlling the composition of wetlands -- 4.3.1 Erosion along rivers creates as well as destroys wetlands -- 4.3.2 Fire creates a mosaic of vegetation types in the Everglades -- 4.3.3 Ice causes intense disturbance at many scales -- 4.3.4 Waves create disturbance gradients -- 4.3.5 Animals create many types of disturbance in wetlands -- 4.3.6 Traditional disturbances include mowing and peat-cutting -- 4.3.7 Logging is a widespread disturbance in forested wetlands -- 4.3.8 Hurricanes impose a predicable series of events -- 4.3.9 Frosts can convert mangrove swamp to salt marshes -- 4.4 Disturbances can create gap dynamics -- 4.4.1 Patch creation and management of freshwater marshes -- 4.4.2 Salt marshes: recolonization of bare patches is mainly by rhizomes -- 4.5 Measuring the effects of disturbance in future studies -- CONCLUSION -- 5 Competition -- 5.1 Some examples of competition in wetlands -- 5.1.1 Experiments are needed to detect competition -- 5.1.2 Competition among plants -- 5.1.3 Competition among larval amphibians -- 5.1.4 Competition among fish in lakeshore marshes. , 5.1.5 Competition among birds in marshes -- 5.2 Competition is often one-sided -- 5.3 Competition for light produces competitive hierarchies -- 5.4 Dominant plants are often larger than subordinate plants -- 5.5 Escape in space: competition in patches -- 5.6 Escape in time: competition and disturbance -- 5.7 Gradients provide another way of escaping in space -- 5.8 Competition gradients produce centrifugal organ -- 5.8.1 The centrifugal model links high competition with low diversity -- 5.8.2 Rare species are most often found in peripheral habitats -- 5.8.3 Peripheral habitats are at risk -- 5.9 Rare animals are found in peripheral habitats: the case history of the bog turtle -- CONCLUSION -- 6 Herbivory -- 6.1 Some herbivores have large impacts on wetlands -- 6.1.1 Effects of muskrats on freshwater wetlands -- 6.1.2 Effects of snow geese on boreal salt marshes -- 6.1.3 Effects of nutria on marshes -- 6.2 Wildlife diets document which animals eat which plants -- 6.3 Impacts of some other herbivores on wetlands -- 6.3.1 Snails in salt marshes -- 6.3.2 Large mammals in African grasslands -- 6.3.3 Slugs and sheep in peatlands -- 6.3.4 Rhinoceros in tropical floodplains -- 6.3.5 Effects of cattle on the flooding Pampa -- 6.3.6 Humans as herbivores: mowing -- 6.4 Plants have defenses to protect them against herbivores -- 6.4.1 Morphological defenses -- 6.4.2 Chemical defenses -- 6.4.3 Nitrogen content is the key to understanding food quality -- 6.4.4 Herbivores of the past: missing pieces -- 6.5 General patterns in herbivory -- 6.6 Three pieces of relevant theory -- 6.6.1 Selective grazing can increase or decrease diversity -- 6.6.2 Bottom-up or top-down? The overlooked potential for biological control of herbivores -- 6.6.3 Simple models show how populations can both grow and crash -- CONCLUSION -- 7 Burial -- 7.1 Exploring rates of burial. , 7.1.1 A brief introduction: rates of burial are usually only millimeters per year -- 7.1.2 Sediment loads increase with rainfall and deforestation -- 7.1.3 Sediment produces a diverse array of wetland types -- 7.1.4 Sediment loads decrease when dams are constructed -- 7.1.5 Sediment deposition is prevented by artificial levees -- 7.1.6 Autogenic burial is usually rather slow -- 7.2 Burial changes the species composition of wetlands -- 7.2.1 Evidence from plant traits -- 7.2.2 Evidence from experimental studies -- 7.2.3 Seedlings are particularly sensitive to burial -- 7.3 Burial has impacts on many animal species -- 7.4 Sedimentation, sediment cores, and plant succession -- 7.5 Ecological thresholds: burial, coastlines, and sea level -- 7.6 So is sediment bad or good? -- CONCLUSION -- 8 Other factors -- 8.1 Salinity -- 8.1.1 Salinity depresses the growth of many species -- 8.1.2 Salinity reduces the size of the species pool -- 8.1.3 Salinity is a critical gradient for subdividing estuaries -- 8.1.4 Salinity is often a short-lived pulse -- 8.1.5 Animals are similarly affected by salinity and salinity pulses -- 8.2 Roads -- 8.2.1 Roads are everywhere and still expanding -- 8.2.2 The direct effect: roads kill animals -- 8.2.3 Indirect effects may be more important than roadkill -- 8.3 Logs and coarse woody debris -- 8.4 Stream type -- 8.5 Human population density is becoming a key factor -- CONCLUSION -- 9 Diversity -- 9.1 Introduction to diversity in wetlands -- 9.1.1 Wetlands have many species of fish -- 9.1.2 Wetlands have many species of waterbirds -- 9.1.3 Most mammals use wetlands occasionally -- 9.2 Four general rules govern the number of species in wetlands -- 9.2.1 The number of species decreases with increasing latitude -- 9.2.2 The number of species increases with area -- 9.2.3 The number of species increases with topographical variation. , 9.2.4 A few species dominate most samples.

Note: Intro -- Henipavirus -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- 218 Introduction: Nipah Virus---Discovery and Origin -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Discovery of Nipah Virus -- 2.1 Early Period and Suspicions of Japanese Encephalitis -- 2.2 Clinical Samples and Virus Isolation -- 2.3 Early Evidence for the Presence of a Novel Virus -- 2.4 Identification of a Novel Agent -- 3…Origin of Nipah Virus -- 3.1 Switching Focus From Laboratory to Field -- 3.2 New Approach for Sample Collection -- 4…Challenges Encountered -- References -- 214 Ecological Aspects of Hendra Virus -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Hendra Virus Incidents 1994--2010 -- 2.1 Horses and Humans -- 2.2 Ecological Studies -- 3…An Unprecedented Hendra Year 2011 -- 3.1 More Incidents, More Locations -- 3.2 What Was Different? -- 3.3 An Effective Vaccine? -- 4…Fruit Bats and Hendra Virus -- 5…Epilogue -- References -- 207 Epidemiology of Henipavirus Disease in Humans -- Abstract -- 1…Hendra Outbreaks -- 2…Nipah Virus Outbreaks -- 2.1 Malaysia/Singapore -- 2.2 NiV Epidemiology Bangladesh/India -- 3…NiV Transmission Through Date Palm Sap -- 4…NiV Transmission from Domestic Animals -- 5…NiV Person-To-Person Transmission -- 6…Other Plausible Pathways of NiV Transmission -- 7…Open Questions in the Epidemiology of Henipaviruses -- 8…Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 211 Molecular Virology of the Henipaviruses -- Abstract -- 1…Nipah and Hendra Viruses -- 1.1 Classification -- 1.2 Genome Organization -- 1.3 Replication Cycle -- 1.4 Morphology -- 1.5 Viral Proteins -- 1.5.1 G Glycoprotein -- 1.5.2 F Glycoprotein -- 1.5.3 M Protein -- 1.5.4 N Protein -- 1.5.5 L Protein -- 1.5.6 P Gene Protein Products -- 2…Genetics and Reverse Genetics -- 3…Molecular Diversity -- 3.1 NiV -- 3.2 HeV -- 4…Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- 222 Henipavirus Receptor Usage and Tropism -- Abstract. , 1…The Receptors -- 1.1 The Molecular Biology of Ephrin-B2 -- 1.2 Surface Expression and Regulation -- 1.3 Distribution -- 1.3.1 Ephrin-B2 -- 1.3.2 Ephrin-B3 -- 1.4 Receptor and Host Range -- 1.5 Ephrins and Henipavirus Cellular Tropism In Vitro -- 2…Glycoprotein-Receptor Interaction -- 2.1 The Attachment Glycoprotein G -- 2.2 Henipavirus-G-receptor Interaction -- 2.3 The Internalization of Viral Particles -- 3…Receptor Usage and Henipavirus Pathogenesis -- 3.1 Pathology and Symptoms -- 3.2 Ephrin-B2/B3 and NiV Pathogenesis -- 3.3 Alternative Tropism and Trans-Infection -- 4…Perspectives -- References -- 200 Henipavirus Membrane Fusion and Viral Entry -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…The Role(s) of Henipavirus G in Membrane Fusion -- 2.1 Paramyxovirus Attachment Proteins -- 2.2 Henipavirus G and Membrane Fusion -- 3…F/G Interactions -- 4…The Role of Henipavirus F in Membrane Fusion -- 4.1 Paramyxovirus Fusion Proteins -- 4.2 Henipavirus F and Membrane Fusion -- 5…Epilogue -- References -- 205 Clinical and Pathological Manifestations of Human Henipavirus Infection -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Clinical Aspects and Sequelae of Henipavirus Infection -- 3…Pathology of Acute Henipavirus Infection in Humans -- 4…Pathology of Relapsing Henipavirus Encephalitis -- 5…Comparative Pathology Between Human and Animal Infections -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 210 Henipaviruses in Their Natural Animal Hosts -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Henipaviruses in Bats -- 3…Hendra Virus in Horses -- 4…Nipah Virus in Swine -- 4.1 Natural Infections -- 4.2 Experimental Infections -- 4.2.1 Clinical Disease -- 4.2.2 Pathology -- 4.2.3 Virus Isolation -- 4.2.4 Immune Response -- 4.3 NiV Pathogenesis in the Swine Model -- 5…Conclusion -- References -- 209 Nipah and Hendra Virus Interactions with the Innate Immune System -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction. , 2…Host Cell alpha / beta Responses -- 2.1 Pattern Recognition Receptors that Trigger IFN alpha / beta Gene Expression -- 2.2 IFN alpha / beta -Induced Signaling -- 3…NiV and HeV P Gene Products Counter IFN alpha / beta Responses -- 3.1 Henipaviruses Encode Accessory Proteins from their P Genes -- 3.2 The P Gene Encoded Products are Produced in Infected Cells -- 3.3 P Gene Products Inhibit Innate Antiviral Responses -- 4…NiV and HeV Inhibit RLR and TLR Signaling -- 4.1 The NiV V and W Proteins Inhibit IFN alpha / beta Production -- 4.2 Henipavirus V Proteins Inhibit MDA5 -- 4.3 Variable Ability of NiV and HeV to Block IFN Production in Different Cell Types -- 5…Inhibition of IFN Signaling by the P, V and W Proteins -- 5.1 The NiV and HeV V Proteins Interact with and Inhibit STAT1 and STAT2 -- 5.2 A STAT1 Binding and Inhibitory Domain Resides in the Amino-Terminal Domain Common to the P, V and W Proteins -- 5.3 The STAT1 Binding Domain Mediates Additional Protein--Protein Interactions -- 5.4 The P Gene Products Disrupt STAT1 Trafficking and Activation in NiV-Infected Cells -- 6…How do NiV-Encoded IFN-Antagonists Influence Replication? -- 7…Epilogue -- References -- 208 Animal Challenge Models of Henipavirus Infection and Pathogenesis -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Naturally Occurring Henipavirus Infections -- 2.1 Henipavirus Infection in Humans -- 2.2 Henipavirus Infections in Animals -- 3…Animal Modeling of Henipavirus Infection -- 3.1 Initial Experimental Infections of Animals -- 3.2 Henipavirus Infection Experiments in Their Pteropid Bat Hosts -- 4…Well-Established Animal Models of Henipavirus Infection -- 4.1 Guinea Pig Model -- 4.2 Pig Model -- 4.3 Horse Model -- 4.4 Cat Model -- 4.5 Golden Syrian Hamster Model -- 4.6 Ferret Model -- 4.7 Nonhuman Primate Model -- 5…Routes of Experimental Exposure and Dose -- 6…Epilogue -- References. , 215 Diagnosis of Henipavirus Infection: Current Capabilities and Future Directions -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Clinical Diagnosis -- 3…Laboratory Diagnosis -- 3.1 Molecular Diagnosis -- 3.1.1 Conventional PCR -- 3.1.2 Real-Time PCR -- 3.1.3 Sequencing -- 3.2 Virus Isolation -- 3.3 Immunohistochemistry -- 3.4 Electron Microscopy -- 3.5 Serology -- 3.5.1 Serum Neutralization Test -- 3.5.2 ELISA -- 3.5.3 Luminex-Based Binding and Inhibition Tests -- 3.5.4 Surrogate Neutralization Tests Based on Pseudotyped Viruses -- 4…Future Challenges -- 4.1 Rapid Field Test -- 4.2 DIVA Test -- 4.3 Capacity to Detect Infection by Henipa-Like Viruses -- 4.4 Diagnostic Capability in Developing Nations -- References -- 213 Immunization Strategies Against Henipaviruses -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Henipavirus Tropism and Pathogenesis -- 2.1 Human Pathology -- 2.2 Animal Pathology and Virus Challenge Models -- 2.2.1 Pathogenic Natural and Experimental Henipavirus Infections -- 2.2.2 Pathogenic Experimental Henipavirus Infections -- 3…Active Immunization -- 3.1 Live Recombinant Vaccines -- 3.2 Subunit Vaccines -- 4…Passive Immunization -- 4.1 Polyclonal Antibody -- 4.2 Monoclonal Antibody -- 5…Concluding Remarks -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- Preface -- About This Book -- PART ONE -- Morphology -- Biology -- Significance in Natural and Human Communities -- Fossil Record and Evolution -- A History of Moth Collectors in Western North America -- PART TWO -- Primitive Lineages -- Ditrysia, Nonapoditrysian Superfamilies -- Moths of Western North America: Plates -- Moth Families and Plates -- Apoditrysia -- Macrolepidoptera -- Suggestions for Collecting and Observing Moths -- Glossary -- Insect Index -- Plant Index -- General Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1. An Introduction to Island Bats -- Part 1. Evolution of Island Bats -- 2. New Perspectives on the Long-Term Biogeographic Dynamics and Conservation of Philippine Fruit Bats -- 3. Crossing the Line: The Impact of Contemporary and Historical Sea Barriers on the Population Structure of Bats in Southern Wallacea -- 4. Earth History and the Evolution of Caribbean Bats -- 5. Phylogeography and Genetic Structure of Three Evolutionary Lineages of West Indian Phyllostomid Bats -- Part 2. Ecology of Island Bats -- 6. Physiological Adaptation of Bats and Birds to Island Life -- 7. The Role of Pteropodid Bats in Reestablishing Tropical Forests on Krakatau -- 8. Macroecology of Caribbean Bats: Effects of Area, Elevation, Latitude, and Hurricane-Induced Disturbance -- 9. Bat Assemblages in the West Indies: The Role of Caves -- 10. Island in the Storm: Disturbance Ecology of Plant-Visiting Bats on the Hurricane-Prone Island of Puerto Rico -- 11. Bats of Montserrat: Population Fluctuation and Response to Hurricanes and Volcanoes, 1978-2005 -- 12. Flying Fox Consumption and Human Neurodegenerative Disease in Guam -- Part 3. Conversation of Island Bats -- 13. The Ecology and Conservation of Malagasy Bats -- 14. Conservation Threats to Bats in the Tropical Pacific Islands and InsularSoutheast Asia -- 15. The Ecology and Conservation of New Zealand Bats -- 16. Global Overview of the Conservation of Island Bats: Importance,Challenges, and Opportunities -- List of Contributors -- Subject Index -- Species Index -- Color gallery follows page 314.

Note: Intro -- Cover -- Series Page -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Preface -- I. Earth: Stray Feathers in the Dust -- Sacred Places and the Voices of Ancestors -- Dawn Rendezvous on the Lek -- The Elusive Tree Quails of Mexico -- Quail Music -- On Display: The Pheasants -- Bustards: Stalkers of the Dry Plains -- Glittering Garments of the Rainbow -- II. Water: a River of Time -- Adrift in Time on the Niobrara River -- The Evolution of Duck Courtship -- The Elusive Musk Duck -- The Unlikely Ruddy Duck -- Torrent Ducks of the Andes -- Seabirds of the Pribilofs -- III. Sky: Migrations of the Imagination -- The Gifts of the Cranes -- Flight of the Sea Ducks -- The Triumphant Trumpeters -- The 6,000-mile Odyssey of a Globe-trotting Bird -- Where Have All the Curlews Gone? -- The Geese from beyond the North Wind -- Suggested Readings -- Citations for Previously Published Articles -- Index.