Note: Front Cover -- Characterization, Epidemiology, and Management -- Characterization, Epidemiology, and Management -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Authors biography -- Foreword -- Vol III - Characterization, Epidemiology, and Management -- 1 - Novel methods of phytoplasma detection of phytoplasma in Asian countries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical background -- 3. Symptomatic diagnosis -- 4. Microscopic detection -- 5. Light microscopy -- 6. Fluorescence microscopy -- 6.1 Epifluorescence -- 6.2 Immunofluorescence -- 7. Transmission electron microscopy -- 7.1 Thin section procedure -- 7.2 Immunosorbent and immunoelectron microscopy -- 7.3 Scanning electron microscopy -- 7.4 Critical-point drying technique -- 7.5 Cryofixation -- 7.6 Cryoscanning microscopy -- 8. Molecular detection -- 8.1 DNA extraction -- 8.2 Primer selection -- 8.3 PCR techniques -- 8.4 Nested PCR with universal or specific primers -- 8.5 Quantitative PCR for routine detection and quantification -- 8.6 Reverse transcription-PCR with crude sap extracts -- 8.7 Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for field pathogen detection -- 8.8 Microarray -- 8.8.1 High-resolution melt analysis and digital PCR -- 8.9 DNA barcoding of phytoplasmas with 16S rRNA and tuf gene sequences -- References -- 2 - Graft and vegetative transmission of phytoplasma-associated diseases in Asia and their management -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Graft transmission -- 2.1 Graft transmission in woody plants -- 2.2 Graft transmission in herbaceous plants -- 2.3 Transmission by micropropagation -- 2.4 Dodder transmission -- 3. Management -- 4. Conclusions and perspectives -- References -- 3 - Transmission of lime witches' broom -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Vector transmission -- 2.1 Hishimonus phycitis -- 2.1.1 Host range -- 2.1.2 Host preference -- 2.2 Diaphorina citri. , 2.2.1 Management of the insect vector -- 3. Seed transmission -- 4. Graft transmission and experimental hosts -- 5. Conclusion and perspectives -- References -- 4 - Major insect vectors of phytoplasma diseases in Asia -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Insect acquisition and transmission of phytoplasmas -- 3. How the phytoplasma insect vectors can be identified? -- 4. Major insect vectors of phytoplasmas -- 4.1 Hishimonus spp. -- 4.1.1 Hishimonus phycitis (Distant, 1908) -- 4.1.1.1 History of its identification as insect vector -- 4.1.1.2 Biology -- 4.1.2 Hishimonus sellatus (Uhler, 1896) -- 4.1.3 Management -- 4.1.3.1 Chemical control -- 4.1.3.2 Biological controls -- 4.1.3.3 New control approaches -- 4.2 Orosius albicinctus Distant, 1918 -- 4.2.1 Vector status -- 4.2.2 Management -- 4.2.2.1 Chemical control -- 4.3 Neoaliturus spp. -- 4.3.1 Neoaliturus haematoceps (Mulsant and Rey, 1855) -- 4.3.2 Neoaliturus tenellus -- 4.3.3 Neoaliturus fenestratus -- 5. Some minor phytoplasma insect vectors in Asia -- 6. General management -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 5 - Genomic studies on Asian phytoplasmas -- 1. Background -- 2. Historical perspective -- 3. Biological insights -- 3.1 Gene content and metabolism -- 3.2 Effectors and putative secreted proteins -- 3.3 Mobile genetic elements -- 4. Linking genomics to taxonomy -- 5. Conclusions and perspectives -- References -- 6 - Cross-boundary movement of phytoplasmas in Asia and status of plant quarantine -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Exclusion of phytoplasma through quarantine -- 2.1 International scenario: imports and exports -- 2.2 Status of phytoplasmas as regulated pest in Asia -- 2.3 National scenario: imports -- 2.4 National scenario: exports -- 2.5 National domestic quarantine -- 3. Perspectives -- References -- 7 - Updates on phytoplasma diseases management -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Quarantine. , 3. Healthy planting material -- 4. Antibiotics -- 5. Insect vector control strategies -- 6. Other management practices -- 7. Host resistance and/or tolerance? -- 8. Recovery -- 9. Induced resistance -- 10. Case study 1: witches' broom diseases of lime -- 11. Case study 2: grapevine yellows -- 12. Biotic resistance inducers -- 13. Biocontrol -- 14. Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- 8 - Management of insect vectors associated with phytoplasma diseases -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Vector taxonomy and ecology -- 3. Insect vector managements -- 3.1 Insecticides -- 3.2 Clean propagation material -- 3.3 Resistant plants -- 3.4 Alternative host's and weeds control -- 3.5 Habitat management -- 3.6 Covering plants -- 3.7 Biological controls -- 3.8 Symbiotic control -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 9 - Elimination of phytoplasmas: an effective control perspective -- 1. Introduction -- 2. In vivo methods -- 2.1 Chemotherapy -- 2.2 Thermotherapy by hot water or hot air -- 3. In vitro culture -- 3.1 In vitro meristem preparation in combination with in vitro thermotherapy -- 4. In vitro chemotherapy -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 10 - Phytoplasma resistance -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Natural (genetic) resistance -- 2.1 Natural resistance in temperate fruit trees -- 2.1.1 Apple proliferation -- 2.1.2 Pear decline -- 2.1.3 European stone fruit yellows -- 2.2 Natural resistance in economically important crops -- 2.2.1 Sesame phyllody -- 2.2.2 Brinjal little leaf -- 2.2.3 Jujube witches' broom -- 3. Induced resistance -- 3.1 Resistance inducers -- 3.2 The "recovery" phenomenon -- 3.3 Effectors and plant immunity -- 4. Transgenic resistance -- 5. Current status of phytoplasma resistance in India, Iran, Japan, and Turkey -- 5.1 India -- 5.2 Iran -- 5.3 Japan -- 5.4 Turkey -- 6. Conclusion and perspectives -- References. , 11 - microRNAs role in phytoplasma-associated developmental alterations -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Role of noncoding RNAs -- 1.2 Discovery of microRNAs -- 1.3 Biogenesis of microRNAs -- 2. Role of microRNAs in vegetative and reproductive development in plants -- 2.1 Leaf development -- 2.2 Root and shoot development in plants -- 2.3 Vascular development -- 2.4 Flower and fruit development -- 2.5 Abiotic and biotic stress -- 3. microRNAs associated with phytoplasma-induced diseases -- 3.1 Role of primary microRNAs involved in phytoplasma infection -- 3.1.1 miR156 -- 3.1.2 miR172 -- 3.1.3 miR159 -- 4. Putative mechanism(s) of interaction between miRNAs and their target genes in response to phytoplasma infection -- 4.1 Defective development of anthers -- 4.2 Anthocyanin accumulation in leaves (leaf margins and petioles) -- 4.3 Witches' broom and phyllody -- 4.4 Dwarfism or stunting -- 5. Conclusion -- 6. Future directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 - Characteristic features of genome and pathogenic factors of phytoplasmas -- 1. Characteristic features of phytoplasma genomes -- 2. Characteristic features of pathogenic factors -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- V -- W -- Y -- Back Cover.