Note: Intro -- Series Editor's Foreword -- Introduction -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Water Quality Challenges in Ganga River Basin, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Its Water Resources -- 3 Water Quality Variations -- 4 Major Causes of Water Quality Degradation -- 4.1 Wastewater from Metropolitan Cities -- 4.2 Agricultural Field Runoff -- 4.3 Discarding of Bio-medical and Solid Wastes -- 4.4 Washing of Clothes and Animal Cleaning -- 4.5 Temple Waste Materials -- 4.6 Use of Lift Canals for the Extraction of Water -- 4.7 Deforestation in Himalayan Region and Development of Reservoirs -- 5 Cleaning Efforts from Government of India -- 5.1 NamamiGange Programme (NGP) -- 5.2 Ganga Manthan (GM) -- 5.3 National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) -- 5.4 National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) -- 5.5 Ganga River Basin Management Plan (GRBMP) -- 5.6 Other Initiatives -- 6 Summary -- References -- Sequential Characterization of Contaminant Plumes Using Feedback Information -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Groundwater Flow and Transport Simulation -- 2.2 Global Contaminant Mass Estimation -- 2.3 Optimization Using SA -- 2.4 Optimization Model Formulation -- 2.5 Model Application -- 2.6 Performance Evaluation -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Evaluation of Groundwater Quality Using Multivariate Analysis: Rae Bareli District, Ganga Basin, Uttar Pradesh -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Collection and Analysis -- 2.3 Analytical Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Principal Component Analysis/Factor Analysis -- 3.2 Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) -- 3.3 Cluster Analysis -- 3.4 Piper Analysis -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- A Supervising Grid Model for Identification of Groundwater Pollute -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Groundwater Flow Equation. , 2.2 Kriging -- 2.3 Simulated Annealing -- 3 Performance Evaluation -- 3.1 Study Area -- 3.2 Hydro-geological Parameters -- 3.3 Pumping Well Locations -- 3.4 Observation Wells -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 The Management Time Period at 2.5 years -- 4.2 Management Time Period at 7.5 years -- 5 Conclusion -- Reference -- Study of Methods Available for Groundwater and Surfacewater Interaction: A Case Study on Varanasi, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background of the Study -- 2.1 Process Driven by Groundwater -- 2.2 Processes Driven by Surfacewater -- 3 A Case Study on Varanasi, City, India -- 3.1 Study Area -- 3.2 Data Used and Methodology -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- River Bank Filtration in Indo-Gangetic Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Mass Balance Relationships -- 3 Analysis of Field Data -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- River Discharge Study in River Ganga, Varanasi Using Conventional and Modern Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Configuration Information -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Cross-Section at the Upstream Side -- 4.2 Cross-Section at the Downstream Side -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Review on the Field Applications of River Training Structures for River Bank Protection -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem Statement -- 3 River Training Structures and Field Applications -- 3.1 Impermeable Structures -- 3.2 Permeable Structures -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Comparison of Conceptual and Distributed Hydrological Models for Runoff Estimation in a River Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Study Area and Data -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 SHETRAN Model -- 4.2 Australian Water Balance Model (AWBM) -- 4.3 GR4J Model -- 4.4 Sensitivity Analysis, Model Calibration and Validation -- 5 Results and Discussion. , 6 Conclusions -- References -- Monthly Variation in Near Surface Air Temperature Lapse Rate Across Ganga Basin, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Lapse Rate -- 4.2 Temperature Variation with Latitude and Longitude -- 4.3 Coefficient of Determination -- 5 Interpolation Accuracy -- 5.1 Variation of Residual Errors -- 5.2 Root Mean Square Error -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Identification of Relationship Between Precipitation and Atmospheric Oscillations in Upper Ganga Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Data Collection -- 3.2 Wavelet Transform -- 3.3 Test for Serial Correlation -- 3.4 Mann-Kendall Test -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Serial Correlation and Seasonality -- 5.2 Wavelet Transform of Different Time Series -- 5.3 Identification of Dominant Periodic Component Affecting Trend -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Utilizing Stream Network for Regional Flood Frequency Analysis in Ganga Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Used -- 4 Methodology Used -- 5 Results -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Plotting Positions for the Generalized Extreme Value Distribution: A Critique -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Background -- 2.1 Generalized Extreme Value Distribution (GEV) -- 2.2 Theoretical Reduced Variates of GEV Distribution -- 2.3 Selection of a Range of Shape Parameter (K) -- 2.4 Performance Evaluation of the Existing Plotting Positions -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Need for Modification of Plotting Positions for GEV Distribution -- 4 Summary -- References -- Application of Machine Learning Techniques for Clustering of Rainfall Time Series Over Ganges River Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Clustering -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , Applicability of the InVEST Model for Estimating Water Yield in Upper Ganga Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data Sets -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Sets -- 2.3 Precipitation and Temperature -- 2.4 Land Use Land Cover and Soil Maps -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Lumped Zhang Model -- 3.2 InVEST Model -- 4 Results -- 5 Validation of Results -- 6 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Current Trends and Projections of Water Resources Under Climate Change in Ganga River Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Trends in Precipitation and Projections -- 4 Trends in Temperature and Projections -- 5 Streamflow and Projections -- 6 Drought and Climate Change -- 7 Glacier and Climate Change -- 8 Adaptation Strategy and Future Focuses -- References -- Detection of Changes in Twentieth Century Precipitation in the Ganga River Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Study of Twenty-first Century Precipitation and Temperature Trends Over Ganga River Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Characteristics of Soil Moisture Droughts in Ganga River Basin During 1948-2015 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 3.2 Soil Moisture Drought Severity (SMDS) Index -- 3.3 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Soil Moisture Response to Space-Time Patterns in Rainfall and Temperature -- 4.2 Droughts in Ganga River Basin -- 4.3 Spatial Pattern in Extreme Drought Events -- 4.4 Impact of Drought on Vegetation -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Strategic Analysis of Water Resources in the Ganga Basin, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods. , 2.1 GangaWIS Framework -- 2.2 Modeling in GangaWIS -- 3 Application of the Integrated Model -- 3.1 Scenarios -- 3.2 Strategies -- 3.3 Indicators -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References.