Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Land Degradation -- Land Use Land Cover Mapping in Support of Land Degradation Mapping Using Tree-Based Classifiers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Land Cover Land Use Maps -- 5 Evaluation of the Results -- 6 Discussions -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- Detection of Anthropogenic and Environmental Degradation in Mongolia Using Multi-Sources Remotely Sensed Time Series Data and Machine Learning Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data and Methods -- 3.1 Remotely Sensed Data -- 3.2 Meteorological Data -- 3.3 Training Samples -- 3.4 Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Meteorological Data Time Series Analysis -- 4.2 Land Cover Classification Derived from Landsat Data -- 4.3 Change Detection Analysis -- 5 Discussions -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Assessment of Land Degradation Vulnerability Using GIS-Based Multicriteria Decision Analysis in Zakho District, Kurdistan Region of Iraq -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Case Study -- 2.2 Data Collection and Preparation -- 2.3 Weighting Criteria -- 2.4 Aggregating Criteria -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Physical Land Degradation Vulnerability -- 3.2 Chemical Degradation Vulnerability -- 3.3 Land Degradation Vulnerability -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Evaluation of Geo-hazard Induced by Zarand Earthquake in Central Iran Using Thermal Remote Sensing Data and GIS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Method -- 3.1 Satellite Data Acquisition -- 3.2 Satellite Data Analysis -- 3.3 Detection of LST Variation -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 LST Variation Prior to Earthquake for 2005 -- 4.2 Correlation Between MODIS LST and In-Situ Air Temperature -- 4.3 Comparisons of 2005 LST with 2004 and 2007 LSTs -- 4.4 Air Temperature Anomaly. , 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Environmental Control of the Sand Dunes in Iraq -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Aeolian Hazards -- 3 Migration of Sand Dunes -- 4 Hazards of Sand Dunes in Iraq -- 5 Methodology -- 5.1 Field Work -- 5.2 Geological Maps of Iraq -- 5.3 Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Amu Darya Dynamics in Afghanistan Using Remote Sensing Data -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 River Channel Dynamics -- 1.2 Remote Sensing and River Dynamics -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Google Earth Engine Classification -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- A New Method for Land Degradation Assessment in the Arid Zone of Republic of Kazakhstan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Physiography of the Arid Zone of Kazakhstan -- 3 Material and Methods -- 3.1 Field Data -- 3.2 Remote Sensing Data -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Land Degradation Issues in Uzbekistan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climatic Condition of the Country -- 3 Land Degradation in Uzbekistan -- 4 Effects of Climate Change Phenomena -- 5 Short Overview on the Aral Sea -- 6 Main Priorities of the Soil Science Development in Uzbekistan -- 7 Innovative Technologies for the Prevention of Soil Degradation -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Soil Degradation and Environmental Contamination -- Soil Erosion Catastrophe in Iraq-Preview, Causes and Study Cases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preview of Soil Erosion in Iraq -- 3 The Climate of Iraq -- 4 Soil Erosion Concepts -- 4.1 Water Erosion -- 4.2 Types of Water Erosion -- 4.3 Quantifying Water Erosion -- 4.4 Solving Water Erosion Equation (USLE) -- 4.5 Study Cases of Soil Erosion by Water in Iraq -- 5 Wind Erosion -- 5.1 Prediction of Soil Loss by Wind Erosion. , 5.2 Study Cases of Wind Erosion in Iraq -- 5.3 The Need for a Soil Conservation Foresight in Iraq -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Assessment of Aircraft Noise Pollution on Students' Performance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Data Collection -- 2.2 Statistical Analysis and Model Development -- 2.3 Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Samples -- 3 Data Analysis and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion and Limitations -- References -- Role of Effective Factors on Soil Erosion and Land Degradation: A Review -- 1 Introduction to Land Degradation -- 2 Environmental Destruction -- 3 Soil Erosion -- 3.1 The Importance of Erosion -- 3.2 Types of Erosion -- 4 Land Degradation Sources -- 4.1 Natural: Geography, Topography, and Climate -- 4.2 Anthropogenic -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendation -- References -- Cadmium Fractionation Technique as a Chemical Degradation Indicator for Some Soils Near Diyala River in Iraqi Center -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Samples Preparation and Analysis -- 2.3 Physio-chemical Properties of Soils -- 2.4 Extraction of Cadmium -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Physio-chemical Properties of Soils -- 3.2 Available Phase-Soluble and Exchangeable -- 3.3 Bound to Carbonates -- 3.4 Bound to Oxides -- 3.5 Bound to Organic Matter -- 3.6 Bound to Residue -- 3.7 Total Concentration of Cadmium Ions -- 3.8 Physio-chemical Pathway of Cadmium Ions in Soil -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Land Degradation Due to MSW Dumping and Sanitary Landfilling: Iraq as a Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sanitary Landfill -- 2.1 Identifications -- 2.2 Comparison Between Open Dumping and Sanitary Landfilling -- 2.3 Types of Sanitary Landfills -- 2.4 Waste Stabilization in Landfills -- 2.5 Planning and Operation. , 2.6 Design and Site Selection of Sanitary Landfilling -- 2.7 Estimation of Capacity, Volume, Area and Decomposition Rate -- 2.8 Estimation of Required Land Areas for Existing and Proposed Landfills in Iraq -- 2.9 Analysis of Estimated Areas Used for Existing and Future Landfills in Iraq -- 2.10 Landfills Impacts -- 3 Published Literature and Research Works on Landfilling -- 4 Up-to-Date Technologies of Waste Management and Treatment -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- RUSLE Model in the Northwest Part of the Zagros Mountain Belt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Case Study -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Data and Software -- 3.2 RUSLE Model Description -- 4 Estimation of RUSLE and Its Parameters -- 4.1 R Factor -- 4.2 K Factor -- 4.3 LS Factor -- 4.4 C Factor -- 4.5 P Factor -- 4.6 Prediction of Soil Erosion -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Changes in the Water Quality of Large Rivers in the Asian Part of Russia from the Standpoint of Achieving Sustainable Development Goals -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Global and National Approaches to Water Quality Evaluation Within the Context of Sustainable Development Goals Achievement -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendation -- References -- A Sustainable Way for Fish Health Management by Replacement of Chemical and Drugs by Earthworm -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Causative Agent for Fish Diseases -- 2.1 Bacterial Diseases -- 2.2 Fungal Diseases of Fish -- 2.3 Viral Diseases of Fish -- 2.4 Parasitic Diseases of Fish -- 3 Drugs or Chemicals Used to Cure Fish Diseases -- 4 Impact of Drugs/Chemicals -- 4.1 Bio-Magnification -- 4.2 Adverse Effects of Antibiotics -- 5 Therapeutic Properties of Earthworms -- 5.1 Earthworms as a Source of Biologically Active Molecules -- 5.2 Anticarcinogenic Property -- 5.3 Skin Wound Healing -- 5.4 Antipyretic Property. , 5.5 Antioxidative Property -- 5.6 Antiulcer Property -- 5.7 Anti-Inflammatory Property -- 5.8 Hepato-Protective Property -- 5.9 Analgesic Properties -- 6 Immune System of Earthworm -- 6.1 First Line of Defense -- 6.2 Cellular Defense Mechanism -- 6.3 Humoral Defense Mechanism -- 7 Role of Earthworm to Control Fish Diseases -- 8 Different Method/Strategies to Use Earthworm -- 9 Comparative Study of Treated and Untreated Fish -- 10 Conclusions -- 11 Future Prospective -- References -- Climate Change and Human Activities in Nine Chapters -- Integration of Field Investigation and Geoinformatics for Urban Environmental Quality Appraisal of Bankura Town, West Bengal, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Urban Heat Island Under the Background of Urbanization: A Case Study in Nan Jing City, China -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Surface Heat Island -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Study Area -- 3.2 Materials and Preprocessing -- 3.3 Study Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Urbanization Process and Land Cover Changes in Nanjing -- 4.2 The Variation of LST Zones -- 4.3 Spatial Autocorrelation of LST Zones -- 4.4 Driving Factors Analysis -- 5 Discussions -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Optimization of Ecological Environment Sensor Network Sites with Multiple Monitoring Targets -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Description -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Trend Modeling -- 3.2 Optimize the Target -- 3.3 Sampling Method -- 3.4 Optimization Algorithm -- 3.5 Entropy -- 3.6 Distribution Adjustment -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Number of Optimization Sites -- 4.2 Spatial Trend Optimization -- 4.3 Combine Objective Optimization Result -- 4.4 Sampling Comparison of SRS, SCS and UCK -- 4.5 Discussion. , 5 Conclusions.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 Introduction to "Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS in Iraq" -- 1.1 Iraq: A Brief Background -- 1.2 Soil Characterization, Modelling, and Mapping -- 1.3 Proximal Soil Sensing -- 1.4 RS and GIS for Land Cover/Land Use Change Monitoring -- 1.5 Land Degradation, Drought, and Dust Storms -- 1.6 Remote Sensing and GIS for Natural Resources -- References -- Soil Characterization, Modelling, and Mapping -- 2 Using Radar and Optical Data for Soil Salinity Modeling and Mapping in Central Iraq -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods and Materials -- 2.2.1 Study Area -- 2.2.2 Data -- 2.2.3 Approaches and Procedures -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 Correlation -- 2.3.2 Soil Salinity Models and Maps -- 2.3.3 Assessment of the Developed Approaches -- 2.4 Conclusions -- 2.5 Recommendations -- References -- 3 Using Remote Sensing to Predict Soil Properties in Iraq -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Case Studies -- 3.2.1 Prediction of Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Forms -- 3.2.2 Prediction of Soil Salinity -- 3.2.3 Physical Properties -- 3.2.4 Prediction of Some Soil Water Properties -- 3.3 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Characterization and Classification of Soil Map Units by Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Bahar Al-Najaf, Iraq -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Geology of the Study Area -- 4.2.1 Geomorphological and Hydrological Phenomena of the Study Area -- 4.2.2 Classification of Iraqi Alluvial Soils -- 4.2.3 Remote Sensing -- 4.2.4 Accuracy Assessment of Digital Image Classification -- 4.2.5 Applications of RS in the Field of Iraqi Environment and Soils -- 4.2.6 Soil Surveying and Classification Studies of Bahar Al-Najaf Region -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 The Geographical Location of Bahar Al-Najaf Region -- 4.3.2 FieldWork -- 4.3.3 Office Work -- 4.3.4 Accuracy Assessment for Digitalmap Classification. , 4.3.5 Preparation of GIS Database -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Classification and Distribution of Soil Units in the Study Area -- 4.4.2 Digital Image Classification Using Remote Sensing Techniques -- 4.4.3 Accuracy Assessment of Digital Classification -- 4.5 Conclusions -- 4.6 Recommendations -- References -- Proximal Soil Sensing -- 5 Proximal Soil Sensing for Soil Monitoring -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Proximal Soil Sensing (PSS) -- 5.1.2 Soil Spectroscopy -- 5.1.3 Acquiring Reflectance Information from Soil -- 5.2 Background of Soil Spectroscopy -- 5.2.1 Soil Spectroscopy for Soil Properties Monitoring -- 5.2.2 Soil Spectroscopy for Soil Contamination Monitoring -- 5.3 Spectroscopic Preprocessing and Calibration -- 5.3.1 Preprocessing -- 5.3.2 Calibration -- 5.4 Accuracy and Uncertainty in Soil Spectroscopy -- 5.5 Soil Spectroscopy for Iron Oxide Prediction: A Case Study in Sulaimani, the Iraqi Kurdistan Region -- 5.5.1 Materials and Methods -- 5.5.2 Results -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Recommendations and Future Aspects -- References -- 6 Proximal Soil Sensing Applications in Soil Fertility -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Background: Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Historical Review -- 6.2.1 The Potential of Vis-NIR Spectroscopy and Its Applications to Soil Analysis -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.3.1 Study Site Description and Soil Sampling -- 6.3.2 Soil Spectra Measurements -- 6.3.3 Data Analysis: Calibration -- 6.3.4 Evaluation of the Prediction Power -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Vis-NIR Spectra of Soils -- 6.4.2 Nutrients Prediction by PLS Analysis -- 6.4.3 Nutrients Prediction by GIS-Kriging -- 6.5 Conclusions -- 6.6 Recommendations -- References -- RS and GIS for Land Cover/Land Use Change Monitoring -- 7 Multi-temporal Satellite Data for Land Use/Cover (LULC) Change Detection in Zakho, Kurdistan Region-Iraq -- 7.1 Introduction. , 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Study Area -- 7.2.2 Data and Pre-processing -- 7.2.3 LULC Classification -- 7.2.4 LULC Mapping: Post Classification Change Detection -- 7.2.5 Accuracy and Area Assessment -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 LULC Analysis -- 7.3.2 LULC Patterns Change in the Study Area Between 1989 and 2017 -- 7.3.3 LULC Conversions for the Last 28 Years (1989-2017) -- 7.4 Conclusion -- 7.5 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Monitoring of the Land Cover Changes in Iraq -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Climate Changes in the World -- 8.3 Rainfall and Temperature -- 8.4 eMODIS NDVI V6 -- 8.5 Land Cover -- 8.6 Vegetation Distribution in Iraq -- 8.7 Vegetation Change Detection in Iraq -- 8.8 Relationship Between Vegetation Distribution, Precipitation and Elevation -- 8.9 Conclusion -- 8.10 Recommendation -- References -- 9 Effects of Land Cover Change on Surface Runoff Using GIS and Remote Sensing: A Case Study Duhok Sub-basin -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Land Cover and Land Use -- 9.1.2 Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) Method -- 9.2 Methodology and Data -- 9.2.1 Study Area -- 9.2.2 Climate Conditions -- 9.2.3 Satellite and Rainfall Data -- 9.2.4 Images Classification -- 9.2.5 SCS-CN Model and the Proposed Method -- 9.2.6 Estimate Runoff Depth -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 Changes in Land Cover -- 9.3.2 Rainfall Variable in Time -- 9.3.3 Changes in Potential Runoff -- 9.4 Conclusions -- 9.5 Recommendations -- References -- Land Degradation, Drought, and Dust Storms -- 10 Monitoring and Mapping of Land Threats in Iraq Using Remote Sensing -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Soil Salinity -- 10.2.1 Monitoring and Mapping Soil Salinity -- 10.2.2 Dynamic Salinity Changes -- 10.2.3 Methodology for Monitoring and Mapping Soil Salinity -- 10.2.4 Salinity Changes in Mesopotamia. , 10.2.5 Effect of Soil Salinity on Vegetation Changes in Mesopotamia Plain -- 10.3 Land Cover/Land Use -- 10.3.1 Land Cover/Land Use Dynamic Changes -- 10.3.2 Methodology for Monitoring and Mapping LULC Changes in Iraq -- 10.4 Sand Dunes -- 10.4.1 Dynamic Changes for Sand Dunes Areas During 2006-2016 -- 10.5 Monitoring the Expansion of Urban Land -- 10.5.1 Impacts of Urbanization -- 10.5.2 Causes of Urbanization -- 10.6 Conclusions -- 10.7 Recommendations -- References -- 11 Agricultural Drought Monitoring Over Iraq Utilizing MODIS Products -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Selection of the Study Area -- 11.2.2 Data Collection and Processing -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- 12 The Aeolian Sand Dunes in Iraq: A New Insight -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Type of Aeolian Sand Dunes and Their Distribution in the World -- 12.3 Climate and Aeolian Sand Dunes in Iraq -- 12.4 Landsat, Sentinel-SAR Data -- 12.5 Aeolian Sand Dunes Distribution in Iraq -- 12.6 Aeolian Sand Dunes Monitoring in Iraq -- 12.7 Sand Dunes Movement in the Center of Mesopotamia -- 12.7.1 Preparing SAR Data for DInSAR -- 12.7.2 Results and Discussion of DInSAR -- 12.8 Conclusion -- 12.9 Recommendations -- References -- 13 Drought Monitoring for Northern Part of Iraq Using Temporal NDVI and Rainfall Indices -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Background -- 13.2.1 Drought as a Concept and Definition -- 13.2.2 Impact of Drought on Soil Properties -- 13.2.3 Drought Monitoring -- 13.2.4 Remote Sensing and GIS: Their Relation to Drought Issues -- 13.2.5 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) -- 13.2.6 Drought Mitigation: Options and Implementation -- 13.3 Materials and Methods -- 13.3.1 Study Area -- 13.3.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 13.3.3 Pre-processing of Satellite Images -- 13.3.4 NDVI Calculations. , 13.3.5 Software Used -- 13.4 Result and Discussion -- 13.4.1 Drought Classification Based on Meteorological Data -- 13.4.2 Drought Classification Based on Remote Sensing Data -- 13.4.3 NDVI-Rainfall Relationship -- 13.4.4 Agricultural Drought Risk Based on NDVI Anomaly -- 13.5 Conclusions -- 13.6 Recommendations -- References -- 14 Remote Sensing and GIS for Dust Storm Studies in Iraq -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Remote Sensing for Dust Storm Studies -- 14.2.1 Dust Sources Identification -- 14.2.2 Dust Detection Using Satellite Imagery -- 14.2.3 Atmospheric Patterns of Dust Storms -- 14.2.4 Climate Regimes of Dust Storms -- 14.2.5 Dust Storm Tracking Model -- 14.2.6 Dust Emission (Soil Erosion) Assessment using Remote Sensing -- 14.2.7 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping Using Remote Sensing -- 14.2.8 Morphological Unite Maps -- 14.2.9 Drought and Dust Storms Studies using Remote Sensing -- 14.2.10 Remote Sensing Change Detection -- 14.3 GIS for Dust Storm Studies -- 14.3.1 Dust Sources Modeling with GIS -- 14.3.2 Knowledge-Based Approaches -- 14.3.3 GIS for Modeling the Effect of Dust Storms on Health -- 14.4 Summary -- References -- 15 Drought Monitoring Using Spectral and Meteorological Based Indices Combination: A Case Study in Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Study Area -- 15.3 Materials and Methods -- 15.3.1 Soil Samples Preparations -- 15.3.2 Remotely Sensed Datasets -- 15.3.3 Preprocessing of the Landsat Images -- 15.3.4 Drought Indices -- 15.3.5 SPI -- 15.3.6 Remote Sensing Based Drought Indices -- 15.3.7 NDVI -- 15.3.8 LST -- 15.3.9 NDWI -- 15.4 Results and Discussions -- 15.4.1 NDVI -- 15.4.2 NDWI -- 15.4.3 LST -- 15.4.4 SPI -- 15.4.5 The Combined NDVI-SPI Drought Maps -- 15.4.6 The Statistical Analysis -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- RS and GIS for Natural Resources. , 16 Geo-Morphometric Analysis and Flood Simulation of the Tigris River Due to a Predicted Failure of the Mosul Dam, Mosul, Iraq.

Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- An Overview of Aswan High Dam and Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam -- 1 Overview of the Nile River -- 2 Brief Description of Aswan High Dam -- 3 Impacts of Aswan High Dam -- 4 Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 5 Brief Description of GERD Project -- 6 The Historical Development of GERD -- 6.1 Lakes Border Dam -- 6.2 Project X -- 6.3 Grand Millennium Dam -- 6.4 Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam -- 7 GERD Benefits, Disadvantages, and the Major Threats to Egypt -- 7.1 GERD and the Threat of Egyptian Water Resources -- 7.2 GERD and the Threat of the Egyptian Agricultural Sector -- 7.3 GERD and the Threat of Electricity Generation Sector in Egypt -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Impacts of AHD on Egypt Between the Last and the Following 50 Years -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Dam Description and Difficulties Associated with the AHD Execution -- 3 Environmental Impacts of AHD on Egypt -- 3.1 Identification of Positive vs. Negative Impacts -- 3.2 Positive Impacts -- 3.2.1 Stability of Water Resources -- 3.2.2 Land Reclamation -- 3.2.3 Increase the Yield of the Agricultural Lands -- 3.2.4 Reduced Climate Change -- 3.2.5 Improved Navigation and Tourism -- 3.2.6 Protection Against Floods -- 3.2.7 AHD Generate Our Electricity -- 3.3 Negative Impacts -- 3.3.1 Increased in Soil Salinity and Water Logging of Agricultural Land -- 3.3.2 Development of Land Drainage -- 3.3.3 Human Issues and Resettlement of the Nubians -- 3.3.4 Changes to the Egyptian Fishing Industry -- 3.3.5 Erosion of the Delta -- 3.3.6 Riverbed Degradation and Coastal Erosion -- 3.3.7 Water Quality Changes -- 3.3.8 Decreasing the Fertility of the Agricultural Lands -- 4 Synthesis of AHD Impacts on Environmental and Ecosystem Sustainability. , 4.1 Environmental and Ecosystem Sustainability -- 4.2 Complex Issues with No Single Answer -- 5 Mitigation of the Negative Impacts -- 5.1 Toshka Flood Escape -- 5.2 Potential Fear of GERD Construction -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Importance of Aswan High Dam to Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Why Is Hydropower the Most Attractive Option? -- 3 Egypt Before Aswan High Dam -- 4 Collective Benefits of AHD -- 4.1 Increase Water Share of Egypt and Sudan -- 4.2 Control River Floods and Protect Infrastructure -- 4.3 Protects Egypt from Frequent Drought -- 4.4 Increase Agricultural Productivity -- 4.5 Regulate the Nile River Stream -- 4.6 Prevent Siltation of the Irrigation Canal Net System -- 4.7 Increase the Agriculture Extension and Greening the Desert -- 4.8 Cultivate the Nile Valley and Delta Lands All Around the Year -- 4.9 Doubling the Cultivation Areas of Rice and Sugar Cane -- 4.10 Increase the Access to Electricity -- 4.11 Improving Navigation and Enhance Tourism -- 4.12 Restructuring the Agriculture Pattern to More Cash Crops -- 4.13 Increase Fishery and Fish Production -- 4.14 Save the Nile Water from Being Wasted in the Mediterranean -- 4.15 Economic Value of the High Aswan Dam -- 4.16 Infrastructure and Drinking Water -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- Impacts of Constructing the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Nile River -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Models -- 3.1 ArcGIS Data -- 3.2 HEC-RAS Data -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Hydrological Impacts Assessment of the Dam -- 4.1.1 Dam Storage Reservoir -- 4.1.2 Reservoir Filling Scenarios -- 4.1.3 Dam Failure Scenarios -- 4.2 Environmental Impacts of the Dam -- 4.2.1 Impacts of Dam Reservoir on the Host Country -- People Resettlement -- Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 4.2.2 Impacts of Dam Reservoir on the Downstream Countries. , 4.3 Post-construction Assessment of the Dam -- 4.4 Policy Implications -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Stochastic Investigation of the GERD-AHD Interaction Through First Impoundment and Beyond -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Stochastic Simulation of GERD-AHD System -- 2.1 Generation of Synthetic Flow Data -- 2.2 Flow Simulation Model -- 3 Impact Assessment -- 4 Short-Term Impacts: GERD First Impoundment -- 5 Medium-Term Impacts -- 6 Long-Term Impacts -- 7 Some Economic Implications -- 8 Summary and Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Model-Based Optimization for Operating the Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Blue Nile River -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem Statement -- 3 Objectives -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Simulation Model Description -- 5.1 Models and Applications -- 5.2 System Description -- 5.3 Assessment Scope -- 5.4 Assessment Criteria and Measures -- 6 Results and Discussion -- 6.1 Analysis of Model Results -- 6.2 Best Regulation Policies Under Category A (Normal Flood) -- 6.2.1 Results of Energy-Target Regulation Policy -- 6.2.2 Results of 20 BCM Reserve Regulation Policy -- 6.2.3 Results of 10 BCM Reserve Regulation Policy -- 6.3 Best Regulation Policies Under Categories B and C -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- GERD Failure Analysis and the Impacts on Downstream Countries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydraulic Simulation Methodology -- 3 Hydraulic Simulation Reaches -- 4 Calibration of Hydraulic Simulation -- 5 Hydraulic Simulation Results and Discussions -- 6 Impacts of GERD Failure on AHD -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Impacts of the GERD Project on Egypt´s Aswan High Dam Lake and Mitigation and Adaptation Options -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Southern Egypt´s Lakes -- 2.1 Toshka Lake -- 2.2 High Dam Lake -- 2.2.1 Soils Surrounding Lake Nasser -- 3 Impact of GERD Project on AHD. , 3.1 Reduction in the Water Share of Egypt -- 3.2 Reduction in Power Generated at Aswan High Dam -- 3.3 Increased Salinization of Egypt´s Agricultural Lands -- 3.4 Increase in Seawater Intrusion -- 3.5 Environmental Degradation -- 3.6 Infilling Lake Nasser/Lake Nubia with Sediment -- 4 Recommendations to Minimize the Water Scarcity Problem -- 4.1 Reducing Evaporation Losses from Lake Nasser -- 4.2 Maximizing the Use of Groundwater Wells and Rainwater in Egypt -- 4.3 Seawater Desalination -- 4.4 Sewage Treatment and Reusing Irrigation Water -- 4.5 Maximizing Water Use Efficiency -- 4.6 Starting Giant Projects Out of the Narrow Valley and Delta -- 5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, Agriculture, and the Rural Poor in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Agricultural Sector and Food Self-Sufficiency in Egypt -- 2.1 Importance of the Agricultural Sector -- 2.2 Egypt´s Food Self-Sufficiency -- 3 The GERD Reservoir Filling Scenarios and Macro-Micro Implications -- 3.1 Impacts of Water Shortage on the Macro Level -- 3.2 Impacts of Water Shortage on the Micro Level -- 4 The Sustainable Livelihood Framework -- 4.1 Farmers´ Livelihood Assets -- 4.1.1 Human Assets -- 4.1.2 Natural Assets -- 4.1.3 Physical Assets -- 4.1.4 Social Assets -- 4.1.5 Financial Assets -- 4.2 Farmers´ Livelihood Strategies -- 4.2.1 Agricultural Intensification -- 4.2.2 Diversification -- 4.2.3 Migration -- 4.3 Farmers´ Livelihood Outcomes -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Annex -- References -- Assessment of Sediment Deposition in Aswan High Dam Reservoir During 50 Years (1964-2014) -- 1 Statement of the Problem -- 2 Types of Reservoir Sedimentation -- 2.1 Backwater Deposition -- 2.2 Delta Formation -- 2.3 Bottom-Set Bed Depositions -- 2.4 Depress Flow -- 3 Sedimentation in Nile Basin -- 4 The Aswan High Dam Reservoir Sedimentation Rate. , 5 Relation Between Discharges and Sedimentation in Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 6 Previous Sedimentation Studies in AHDR -- 7 Different Techniques for Calculating Sedimentation in AHDR -- 7.1 GIS Method -- 7.1.1 Algorithm of DTM -- 7.1.2 Spatial Analysis -- 7.1.3 Volumetric Calculations -- 7.2 Traditional Method -- 8 Percentage of Volume of Sedimentation for Every Cross Section to All Cross Sections of the AHDR -- 9 The Thickness of Sedimentation on the Lowest Point at All Cross Sections During 1964-2012 -- 10 Results and Analysis -- 11 Conclusion -- 12 Recommendations -- References -- Evaluation of Merowe Dam´s Effect on the Accumulated Sediment in Lake Nubia, Sudan Using RS/GIS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Merowe Dam in Brief -- 2.2 Active Sedimentation Portion (Study Area) -- 3 Collected Data -- 3.1 Hydrographic Survey Data -- 3.2 Remote Sensing (RS) Data -- 3.3 Water Level Data -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Building 3D Profiles -- 4.2 Creation of Maps of Changes -- 5 Results and Discussions -- 5.1 Created 3D Profiles -- 5.2 Creation of Maps of Changes -- 5.3 Estimating Total Amount and Annual Rate of Sediment -- 5.4 Comparisons -- 5.5 Effect of Other Sudanese Eastern Dams -- 5.5.1 Khashm el-Gibra Dam -- 5.5.2 Sennar Dam -- 5.5.3 Roseires Dam -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Impacts of GERD on the Accumulated Sediment in Lake Nubia Using Machine Learning and GIS Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of the Study Area -- 2.1 Nile River Basin -- 2.2 Aswan High Dam Lake (AHDL) -- 2.3 Active Sedimentation Portion (Study Area) -- 2.4 The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam in Brief -- 3 Collected Data -- 3.1 Bathymetric (Geometric) Data -- 3.1.1 Hydrographic Survey Data -- 3.1.2 Topographic Maps -- 3.2 Sediment Data -- 3.2.1 Old Longitudinal Section of AHDL -- 3.2.2 Sediment Rate -- 3.2.3 Lake Bed Material Samples. , 3.3 Remote Sensing (RS) Data.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part IIntroduction -- 1 Introduction to "Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS in Tunisia" -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Themes of the Book -- 1.3 Chapters' Summary -- 1.3.1 Remote Sensing and GIS for Urban and Rural Applications -- 1.3.2 Remote Sensing and GIS for Mapping and Modeling -- 1.3.3 Remote Sensing and GIS for Natural Risks Applications -- 1.3.4 Soil Degradation and Drought -- 1.3.5 Remote Sensing and GIS to Assess and Monitor Dry, Arid and Wetlands -- References -- Part IIRS and GIS for Urban and Rural Applications -- 2 Approaching the Tunisian Human Environment by Using RS and the Dasymetric Method -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Portraying the Density of Population: An Overview of the Methods in Use -- 2.3 The Dasymetric Method -- 2.4 Related Cartographic Literature -- 2.5 Advantages of the Dasymetric Method Applied to the Tunisian Territory -- 2.6 Methodology and Methods Implementation -- 2.7 Results and Discussion -- 2.8 Conclusion -- 2.9 Recommendations -- References -- 3 The Role of GIS as a Planning Tool in a Tunisian Urban Landscape, Sfax City -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 GIS and Planning of Green Spaces -- 3.3 GIS Assessement of Natural Space Planning in Sfax City -- 3.3.1 GIS Assessement of Urban Sprawl and Consumption of Agricultural Spaces in Sfax City -- 3.3.2 GIS Assessment of Green Space Consideration in the Sustainable Development Context -- 3.4 Green Spaces Issues in the Actors' Discourses -- 3.4.1 Complicated Mission of Local Authorities -- 3.4.2 An Active and Influential Civil Society -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 3.6 Recommandations -- References -- 4 Spatio-Temporal Monitoring of the Meskat System Distribution in the Tunisian Sahel Region Using TM Landsat Images -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Meskat System. , 4.3 Recognition of the Meskat System Processing in Tunisian Sahel Region: Thematic Focus and Methodology -- 4.3.1 Study Area -- 4.3.2 Exploitation of Satellite Images -- 4.3.3 Methodology -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Land Use Mapping -- 4.4.2 Spatio-Temporal Evolution of the Meskat System -- 4.4.3 Rate of Change of the Meskat System -- 4.5 Conclusion -- 4.6 Recommendations -- References -- 5 Spatial Distribution of Solanum elaeagnifolium in the Tunisian Arid Region Using GIS Tools -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Introducing Concepts and Terms -- 5.2.1 Definitions -- 5.2.2 Biological Invasion Process -- 5.3 Mapping Is an Effective Approach to Manage Invasive Alien Plants -- 5.4 Solanum elaeagnifolium Mapping Using GIS -- 5.4.1 Methodological Approach -- 5.5 Results and Discussion -- 5.5.1 EL Alam Land Cover Mapping in 2014-2015 -- 5.5.2 Solanum elaeagnifolium Spatial Distribution -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Recommendations -- References -- 6 PROMETHEE and Geospatial Analysis to Rank Suitable Sites for Grombalia Aquifer Recharge with Reclaimed Water -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Method -- 6.2.1 Description of the Study Area -- 6.2.2 Methodology -- 6.2.3 Calculation of Surface Needed for Aquifer Recharge -- 6.3 Results and Discussions -- 6.3.1 Spatial Datasets Used -- 6.3.2 Constraints Layer -- 6.3.3 Suitable Sites Ranking -- 6.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Part IIIRS and GIS for Mapping and Modeling -- 7 Using RS and GIS to Mapping Land Cover of the Cap Bon (Tunisia) -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Objectives of the Present Study -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.4 Documents Used -- 7.5 The Cap Bon as an Application Field -- 7.5.1 Overview of the Study Area -- 7.5.2 Model Space for a Better Understanding -- 7.5.3 The Conceptual, Logical and Physical Data Model -- 7.6 Creation of the Geodatabase -- 7.6.1 The Structure of the Geodatabase. , 7.6.2 The Image Processing and Loading of Datasets -- 7.6.3 The Implementation of the Geodatabase -- 7.7 Multiscalar Mapping of Land Cover and Land Use -- 7.7.1 Level 1 Mapping of the Land Cover and Land Use: Across the Cap Bon -- 7.7.2 Mapping Level 2 of the Land Cover and Land Use: Across the Plain of Grombalia -- 7.7.3 Mapping Level 3 of the Land Cover and Land Use: Local Delegation of Soliman -- 7.8 Conclusion -- 7.9 Recommendations -- References -- 8 A GIS Based DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC and SI Methods to Assess Groundwater Vulnerability to Pollution: Case Study of Oued Laya (Central Tunisia) -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Assessment of Vulnerability of Shallow Aquifer to Pollution and Methodology -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 Methodology -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Thematic Maps Presentation -- 8.4 Standard DRASTIC Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.5 Pesticide DRASTIC Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.6 SI Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.7 Standard DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC and SI Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.8 Conclusion -- 8.9 Recommendations -- References -- Part IVRS and GIS for Natural Risks Applications -- 9 Mapping Environmental Risk Degradation Under Climate Stress and Anthropogenic Pressure: Case Study of Abdeladim Watershed, Tunisia -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methodological Framework -- 9.2.1 GIS: The Study's Relevance to Agricultural Productivity -- 9.2.2 The Steps of the Work -- 9.3 Conceptual and Methodological Framework -- 9.3.1 Sensitivity and Potential Sensitivity to Degradation: The Study's Interest in Preserving Agricultural Productivity -- 9.4 Abdeladim Watershed: A Fragile Natural Balanced Environment Undergoing Significant Anthropic Pressure -- 9.5 Trends in the Evolution of the River System/Hydrographic Network -- 9.5.1 Linear Erosion -- 9.5.2 Regressive Erosion -- 9.5.3 Lateral Erosion. , 9.6 Potential Sensitivity to Degradation -- 9.6.1 Potential Sensitivity to Agricultural Land Degradation to Soil Quality Degradation -- 9.6.2 Sensitivity of Sloping Agricultural Land to Degradation by Soil Loss -- 9.6.3 Sensitivity to Watercourse Erosion Degradation -- 9.7 Measures to Combat the  Degradation of Agricultural Lands -- 9.7.1 The Extension of Information -- 9.7.2 Control of Potential Soil Quality Degradation -- 9.7.3 Control of Potential Degradation by Loss of Soil -- 9.7.4 Control of Potential Degradation by Stormwater -- 9.8 Discussions -- 9.9 Conclusion -- 9.10 Recommendations -- References -- 10 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Risk Assessment in Monastir, Tunisia -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Case Study: Monastir, Tunisia -- 10.3 Methodology -- 10.3.1 Conceptual Risk Framework -- 10.3.2 Workflow -- 10.3.3 Data Acquisition and Development of a Geodatabase -- 10.3.4 Land Use/Land Cover Analysis Based on the Urban Atlas Standard -- 10.3.5 Hazard Analysis -- 10.3.6 Exposure Analysis -- 10.3.7 Vulnerability and Integrated Risk Assessment -- 10.4 Results -- 10.4.1 Flash Floods and Coastal Erosion in Monastir -- 10.4.2 Exposure to Flash Floods -- 10.4.3 Social Vulnerability and Flash Flood Risk -- 10.4.4 Web-Based Information System -- 10.5 Discussion and Lessons Learned -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part VSoil Degradation and Drought -- 11 Monitoring of Land Use-Land Cover Changes and Assessment of Soil Degradation Using Landsat TM and OLI Data in Zarzis Arid Region -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area -- 11.2.2 Land Degradation Constraints -- 11.2.3 Landsat Image Processing -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 ISOCLUST Classification -- 11.3.2 Land Use and Land Cover Maps of 2007 -- 11.3.3 Land Use and Land Cover of 2014 -- 11.3.4 Change Analysis Using the Land Change Modeler Tool. , 11.4 Conclusions -- 11.5 Recommendations -- References -- 12 Drought Assessment in Tunisia by Time-Series Satellite Images: An Ecohydrologic Approach -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Principles of the Ecohydrology -- 12.3 Remote Sensing Integration in Ecohydrological Approaches -- 12.3.1 Overview of Remote Sensing Principles -- 12.3.2 Concepts of Remote Sensing Uses in Ecohydrology -- 12.4 Humidity Canopy Assessment at the Ecoregion Level -- 12.5 Ecohydrology Equilibrium Assessment by Remote Sensing -- 12.5.1 Water Balance Modelling with Times-Series LAI-MODIS -- 12.5.2 Water Stress Index Effect on Ecohydrologic Equilibrium -- 12.6 Data Quality of MODIS -- 12.6.1 Calibration of LAI-MODIS -- 12.6.2 Quality Assessment of MODIS Time-Series Images -- 12.7 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Part VIRS and GIS to Assess and Monitor Dry, Arid and Wetlands -- 13 Monitoring of Dryland Vulnerability by Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Processing: Case of Wadi Bouhamed Watershed (Southern Tunisia) -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Global Overview of Dryland Degradation -- 13.2.1 Erosion -- 13.2.2 Desertification -- 13.2.3 Factors Affecting Land Degradation -- 13.3 Modeling and Mapping Land Degradation -- 13.3.1 Image Transformations -- 13.3.2 Image Classifications -- 13.4 Study Area: The Wadi Bouhamed Watershed -- 13.4.1 Climate Context of the Studied Area -- 13.4.2 Vegetation Cover -- 13.4.3 Slope -- 13.4.4 Human Issues -- 13.4.5 Soil Conservation Management -- 13.5 Land Degradation Over the Watershed of Wadi Bouhamed -- 13.5.1 Methods and Multi-sources Data -- 13.5.2 Land Uses Changes in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by Image Classification -- 13.5.3 Vegetation Cover in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by NDVI -- 13.5.4 Soils Distribution in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by Brightness Index -- 13.6 Conclusions -- 13.7 Recommendations. , References.

Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Environmental and Climatic Implications of Lake Manzala, Egypt: Modeling and Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lake Manzala Characteristics -- 3 Lake Manzala State of the Art -- 3.1 Environmental Assessments -- 3.2 Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling -- 3.3 Climate Change Impacts -- 4 Research Deficits and Study Objectives -- 5 Methodology -- 5.1 Lagoon Water Quality Index (LWQI) -- 5.2 Trophic Index (TRIX) -- 5.3 MIKE21 Modeling System -- 5.4 Climate Change Estimates -- 6 Data Collection and Analysis -- 7 Water Quality Assessment of Lake Manzala -- 8 Trophic Status Assessment of Lake Manzala -- 9 Impacts of Future Climatic Changes on the Lake Characteristics -- 9.1 Developing of Manzala Model -- 9.2 Climate Change Impacts -- 10 Conclusions -- 11 Recommendations for Future Work -- References -- Modeling of Water Quality Parameters in Manzala Lake Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System and Stochastic Models -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Manzala Lake -- 3 Data-Driven Modeling -- 3.1 Monte Carlo Simulation -- 3.2 Neural Networks System -- 3.3 Fuzzy Logic -- 4 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Investigating the Impacts of Dredging on Improving the Water Quality and Circulation of Lake Mariout via Hydrodynamics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model Development -- 2.1 Hydrodynamic Simulation -- 2.2 Water Quality Simulations -- 3 Model Scenarios -- 4 Model Results -- 4.1 Hydrodynamic Modeling Results -- 4.1.1 Scenario-0 (Baseline) -- 4.1.2 Scenario-01 -- 4.1.3 Scenario-02 -- 4.1.4 Scenario-03 -- 4.1.5 Scenario-04 -- 4.1.6 Scenario-05 -- 4.2 Water Quality Modeling Results -- 4.2.1 Scenario-0 (Baseline) -- 4.3 Comparison of All Model Scenarios. , 5 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Impacts on Egyptian Delta Lakes´ Biodiversity: A Case Study on Lake Burullus -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lake Burullus -- 3 Physicochemical and Limnological Features -- 4 Commercial Fishes in Lake Burullus -- 5 Aquatic Macrophytes of Lake Burullus -- 6 Birds -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendation -- References -- Coastal Lakes as Hot Spots for Plant Diversity in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sites Description -- 2.1 Land Forms -- 2.2 Lakes Morphometry -- 2.3 Sediment and Water Characteristics -- 2.4 Prevailing Climate -- 3 Prevailing Habitats -- 4 Plant Diversity -- 4.1 Taxonomic Diversity -- 4.2 Habit and Life Form -- 4.3 Endemic and Near-Endemic Species -- 4.4 Threatened Species -- 5 Plant Communities -- 6 Succession Trends -- 7 Goods and Services -- 8 Carbon Sequestrations Potential -- 9 Identified Threats -- 10 Conservation Measures -- 11 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Responses of Zooplankton to Long-Term Environmental Changes in the Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Zooplankton -- 2.1 Zooplankton Population Dynamics: Similarities and Differences -- 2.1.1 Lake Manzala -- 2.1.2 Lake Burullus -- Long-Term Changes in Zooplankton Communities in Lake Burullus -- 2.1.3 Lake Edku -- 2.1.4 Lake Mariout -- 2.1.5 Lake Bardawil -- 3 Zooplankton and Environmental Changes of Coastal Lakes (Case Study Lake Burullus) -- 4 Linking Zooplankton and Fisheries -- 4.1 Zooplankton and Gut Contents of Fishes -- 4.1.1 Tilapias -- 4.1.2 Mullets -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Fisheries of Egyptian Delta Coastal Wetlands -- Burullus Wetland Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Present Status of Fish Species -- 2 Fish Production -- 3 Fishing Equipment and Techniques -- 3.1 Entangling Gears -- 3.1.1 Gill Net -- 3.1.2 Trammel Net -- 3.1.3 Stationary Trammel Nets (Saksook). , 3.2 Encircling Gears -- 3.2.1 El-Gafsha (Shebak El-Habl) -- 3.2.2 El-Ganeb -- 3.3 Trawl Gears (Dragged Gears) -- 3.3.1 Lawat -- 3.3.2 Lokkafa -- 3.3.3 E1-Kerba -- 3.4 Seine Nets (El-Shalta) -- 4 Fisheries -- 4.1 Cichlidae -- 4.1.1 Abundance of Different Cichlid Species in the Burullus Wetland -- 4.1.2 Seasonal Variations of Cichlid Species in the Catch -- 4.1.3 Mortality and Survival Rates -- 4.2 Muglidae -- 4.2.1 Seasonal Fluctuation of the Mullet Catch -- 4.2.2 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Mullet Fry -- Water Movement -- Water Temperatures -- Chlorosity -- Amount of Food -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations for Fisheries Management -- References -- Earth Observations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes Monitoring and Management -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Remote Sensing Applications in the Northern Coastal Lakes -- 2.1 Describing Lakes´ Geomorphological Properties -- 2.1.1 Mapping Lakes Boundaries and Coastal Changes -- 2.1.2 Case Studies -- Lake Bardawil -- Lake Manzala -- Lake Burullus -- Lake Idku -- Lake Mariout -- 2.2 Evaluating Lakes Water Quality -- 2.2.1 Physicochemical Parameters -- 2.2.2 Biological Component (Chl-a) -- 2.3 Retrieving the System ``Good Conditions´´ -- 3 Simulating the Climatic Changes and Predicting Impacts -- 4 Future Plan: Rehabilitation and Management -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Are the Egyptian Coastal Lakes Sustainable? A Comprehensive Review Based on Remote Sensing Approach -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Application of Remote Sensing on Lake -- 2.1 Surface Water Area of Lakes -- 2.1.1 Lake Boundaries Delineation by Visible and NIR Bands -- 2.1.2 Differentiating Lake Area from Surrounding Land by Thermal Imagery -- 2.1.3 Extraction of Lake Water Bodies Using RS Techniques -- 2.1.4 Water Surface Area Changes Using RS -- 2.2 Bathymetry of Lakes -- 2.2.1 Bathymetry Detection by Active Altimetric Sensing. , 2.2.2 Lake Bathymetry Indicators -- 2.3 Water Quality by RS -- 3 Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 3.1 Lake Mariout -- 3.2 Lake Edku -- 3.3 Lake Burullus -- 3.4 Lake Manzala -- 3.5 Lake Bardawil -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Changes in a Coastal Lake Dynamic System and Potential Restoration -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Developments Versus Sustainability -- 2.1 Aspects of Changing Features of Coastal Lakes -- 2.1.1 Sea Water Exchange and Salinity Level -- 2.1.2 Nutrient Loadings into Lakes -- 2.1.3 Internal Circulation and Localities of Sand Accumulation -- 2.2 Understanding Impact on Functional Dynamic System -- 2.3 Risks and Ability to Recover -- 3 Employing Remote Sensing Techniques in Tracking Transformation Pattern -- 3.1 Role of Satellite-Based Products in Change Monitoring -- 3.2 Case Study: Water Quality Indexing for Lake Burullus -- 3.2.1 Water Quality Index -- 3.2.2 Study Area -- 3.2.3 Selected Variables and Spectral Processing -- 3.2.4 Result Analysis: WQI -- 4 Strategy for Coastal Lake Restoration -- 4.1 Proposed Management Strategies -- 4.2 Reasoning Challenges, Effectiveness, and Adaptability -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes and Wetlands: Climate Change and Biodiversity -- 1 Summary -- 1.1 Climate Change and Water Quality Modeling -- 1.2 Biodiversity, Zooplankton, and Fish -- 1.3 Remote Sensing Applications and Potential Restoration of Lakes -- 2 Challenges Facing the Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References -- Erratum to: Earth Observations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes Monitoring and Management -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Introduction to "Sustainable Water Solutions in the Western Desert, Egypt: Dakhla Oasis" -- 1 Background -- 2 Themes of the Book -- 3 Chapters' Summary -- 3.1 Geology, Geomorphology, Archaeology and Climate -- 3.2 Land Use, Soil and Cultivation -- 3.3 Hydrology and Water -- References -- The Egyptian Western Desert: Water, Agriculture and Culture of Oasis Communities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historical Background of the Oasis Community in the Western Desert -- 3 Population -- 4 Migration -- 5 Economic Activities in Oases -- 5.1 Agriculture -- 5.2 Mining -- 5.3 Pottery -- 6 Women's Life and Activities -- 7 Impact of Tourism on Agriculture -- 8 Problems of Environment -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Geology, Geomorphology, Archaeology and Climate -- Geology of Dakhla Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geomorphology -- 2.1 The Dakhla-Abu Minqar Plateau -- 2.2 The Scarp Face -- 2.3 The Dakhla Depression -- 3 Stratigraphy -- 3.1 Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene Rock Units -- 3.2 Taref Formation -- 3.3 Paleocene-Lower Eocene Rock Units -- 3.4 The Quaternary Deposits -- 4 Geologic Structures -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendation -- References -- Geomorphology of Dakhla Depression -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regional Geomorphology -- 3 Principal Geomorphological Units -- 3.1 Plateau and Escarpment -- 3.2 Depression Floor -- 3.3 Sand Dunes -- 3.4 North: (El Dakar Dune Filed) -- 3.5 West: (Great Sand Sea) -- 3.6 East: (Dune Free-Zone) -- 3.7 South -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Archaeological Sites in Dakhla Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Archaeological Sites in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.1 Deir al-Hagar Temple -- 2.2 Deir al-Hagar Ancient Water Supply System -- 2.3 Qaret al-Muzawaka Tombs -- 2.4 Al-Qasr Islamic Village. , 2.5 Darb al-Ghabari Inscriptions -- 2.6 Bashandi Village -- 2.7 Balat Village -- 2.8 The Pharaonic Tombs in Balat -- 3 Gilf Kebir Area -- 3.1 Abu Ballas Area -- 3.2 The Rock Art Inscriptions -- 3.3 Gilf Kebir National Park (GKNP) -- 3.4 The Silica Glass Area -- 4 Conclusion -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Climate Features of Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climatic History of the Western Desert of Egypt -- 3 Overview of the Climate in Egypt Today -- 4 Climatic Characteristics of Dakhla Oasis -- 4.1 Sunshine Duration, Precipitation, and Aridity -- 4.2 Temperature -- 4.3 Wind Conditions -- 4.4 Humidity -- 4.5 Climatic Differences Between the Dakhla and Kharga Oases -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Land Use, Soil and Cultivation -- Aeolian Sand Transport Potential and Its Environmental Impact in Dakhla Oasis, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sand Dunes in Africa -- 2.1 Sahara Dunes -- 2.2 Kalahari Dunes -- 2.3 Namib Sand Dunes -- 2.4 Topography of Dakhla Oasis -- 2.5 Geology of Dakhla Oasis -- 2.6 Land Use and Land Cover in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.7 Types of Sand Dunes in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.8 Grain Size of Sand Dunes of Dakhla Oasis -- 2.9 Sand Grain Morphology in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.10 Mineral Composition of Dune Sands of Dakhla Oasis -- 3 Movement of Sand Dunes in Dakhla Oasis -- 4 Sand Drift Potential (SDP) in Dakhla Oasis -- 5 Dune Movement Threat in Dakhla Oasis -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Soil Conditions of Dakhla Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Location of Dakhla Oasis -- 3 Geomorphology of Dakhla Oasis -- 3.1 Escarpment -- 3.2 Sandy Plain -- 3.3 River Terraces -- 3.4 Sand Dune -- 3.5 Sand Sheet -- 3.6 Inselbergs -- 3.7 Pavement Plain -- 3.8 Playa -- 3.9 Footslope -- 4 Climate Data of Dakhla Oasis -- 5 Soil Characteristics of Dakhla Oasis -- 6 Soil Classification of Dakhla Oasis. , 7 Land Evaluation of Dakhla Oasis -- 7.1 Land Capability -- 7.2 Land Suitability -- 8 Conclusion -- 9 Recommendation -- References -- Remote Sensing and GIS for Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection in Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Location -- 2.2 Demographic Trend -- 2.3 Climate -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Main Land Use/Land Cover Classes -- 4.2 Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Crop Diversification and Its Efficiency in Rashda Village, Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Diversification of Farming Practices in Rashda Village -- 2.1 Crops in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.2 Different Cultivations by Type of Well -- 2.3 Crop Rotation in the Government Well Irrigation Districts -- 2.4 Diversification Strategy According to Land Size -- 3 Model and Data -- 3.1 Model -- 3.2 Data -- 4 Empirical Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Empirical Results -- 4.2 Discussion -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Hydrological Aspects and Water Resources -- Hydrologeological and Hydrological Conditions of Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate -- 3 Geologic Setting -- 4 Hydrologeological Conditions -- 4.1 The Aquifer Geometry -- 4.2 Aquifer Recharge -- 4.3 Aquifer Potentiometry and Pattern for Groundwater Flow -- 4.4 Groundwater Quality -- 4.5 Nubian Sandstone Age Dating -- 5 Irrigation and Drainage System in Dakhla Oasis -- 5.1 Drainage Network in the Depression -- 5.2 Drainage Ponds in Dakhla Oasis -- 5.3 Usage of Drainage Water -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- History of Wells in Rashda Village, Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Development of Modern Wells in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.1 Wells and Boring Until the Beginning of the Twentieth Century -- 2.2 Deep-Well Boring Since the Mid-Twentieth Century. , 3 Wells in Rashda Until the Beginning of the Twentieth Century -- 4 Wells in Rashda Since the Mid-Twentieth Century -- 4.1 End of the 1950s to the 1970s: Government Wells -- 4.2 Since the 1980s: Investment Wells and Surface Springs -- 5 Change in the Human-and-Water Relationship -- 5.1 Years of Well Construction -- 5.2 Continuous Well Drilling -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Development of Land Use and Groundwater in Rashda Village (Dakhla Oasis), 1960s-2018 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Research Site -- 2.1 Demographic Features -- 2.2 Topographic Features -- 3 Methods and Data Used -- 3.1 Data -- 3.2 Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Land Use/Cover Classifications -- 4.2 Land Use/Land Cover in 1968 -- 4.3 Land Use/Land Cover in 1988 -- 4.4 Land Use/Land Cover in 2003 -- 4.5 Land Use/Land Cover in 2018 -- 4.6 Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection -- 4.7 Land Use Change Detection from 1968 to 1988 -- 4.8 Land Use Change Detection from 1988 to 2003 -- 4.9 Land Use Change Detection from 2003 to 2018 -- 4.10 Land Use Change and Development of Wells in the Northern Section of Rashda Village -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Detecting and Controlling the Waterlogging in Dakhla Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Kharga-Dakhla-Farafra Depressions -- 2.2 New Valley Project -- 3 Case 1: Kharga Oasis -- 4 Case 2: Dakhla Oasis -- 5 Case 3: Farafra Oasis -- 6 Waterlogging in Dakhla Basin -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations and Potential for Future -- References -- Hydrogeophysical Investigations Using DC Resistivity Survey to Assess the Water Potentialities of the Shallow Aquifer Zone in East of Dakhla Oasis, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological and Hydrogeological Setting -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Aquifer Characterizations -- 4.2 Faults and Recharge of NSAS. , 4.3 Resistivity and Water Quality of the Upper Aquifer Zone -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions -- Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations of "Sustainable Water Solutions in the Western Desert, Egypt: Dakhla Oasis" -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An Update -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Waste Management and the Agenda 2030 in the Indian Context -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sustainability Issues Related to Waste Management -- 3 Agenda 2030, SDGs and Waste -- 4 Electronic Waste -- 5 Circular Economy for Sustainable Development -- 6 Sustainable Waste Management: Indian Scenario -- 6.1 Biomedical Waste -- 6.2 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) -- 7 Way Forward: Waste Management-Key to Achieving SDGs -- 8 Summary -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Waste to Wealth -- Solid Waste Management Methods: A Technological Analysis of Mechanical, Chemical, Thermal and Hybrid Means -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Solid Waste Conversion Technologies -- 2.1 Mechanical Conversion Technology -- 2.2 Thermal Conversion Technologies -- 2.3 Chemical Technologies -- 2.4 Hybrid Technologies -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References -- Characterization and Sustainable Utilization of Steel Slag (SS) as a Recycled Aggregates in Indian Concrete Industry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods and Material -- 2.1 Sample Collection -- 2.2 SS Waste Characterization Methods and Parameters Analyzed -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of SS Waste -- 3.2 Major, Minor and Trace Analysis of SS Waste -- 3.3 Mineralogical Characteristics of SS Waste -- 3.4 Sieve Analysis of SS Waste -- 3.5 Mechanical Characteristics of SS Wastes -- 3.6 Compressive Strength at 90, 28, and 7 Days -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Application of Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Removal of Heavy Metal Ion from Industrial Waste Water -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What Are Heavy Metal Ions? -- 1.2 Toxic Effect of Ions -- 1.3 Industrialization and Deposition of Metal Ions in Water -- 2 How Heavy Metal Ions Affect the Environment. , 3 Water Pollution: Determining the Quality of Water and Factors Inducing Toxicity -- 3.1 Acid Mine Water -- 3.2 Toxicity -- 4 Using Green Chemistry for Removal of Metal Ions-Brief Overview -- 5 Conventional Methods for Removal of Heavy Metal -- 5.1 Chemical Precipitation -- 5.2 Sulfide Precipitation -- 5.3 Ion Exchange -- 5.4 Adsorption -- 5.5 Disadvantages of Conventional Methods of Heavy Metal Removal -- 6 Methods to Remove Deposition of Ions from Water: Nano Technology -- 6.1 What is Nanotechnology? -- 6.2 Classification of Nano Materials [51] -- 6.3 Fabrication Methods -- 6.4 Kinds of Nanomaterials -- 6.5 Water Remediation Using Polymer Nanoparticles -- 7 Removal of Heavy Metal from Industrial Waste Water Using Bio Based Materials -- 7.1 Ligni -- 7.2 Composition of Leaves -- 8 Removal of Cu and Al from Drinking Water -- 8.1 Copper -- 8.2 Aluminum -- 9 Removal of Specific Metals: Zinc and Cadmium -- 9.1 Cadmium -- 9.2 Zinc -- 10 Toxic Effects on Health -- 10.1 Toxicity Mechanism of Some of the Heavy Metals -- 11 Conclusion -- 12 Recommendation -- References -- Waste Management in Indian Pharmaceutical Industries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Evolution of Indian Pharmaceutical Sector -- 3 Treatment Methods -- 3.1 Incineration -- 3.2 Autoclaving -- 3.3 Physicochemical Methods -- 3.4 Adsorption Process -- 3.5 Coagulation and Precipitation -- 3.6 Electro-Coagulation -- 3.7 Constructed Wetlands -- 3.8 Biological Processes -- 3.9 Membrane Separation -- 4 Management Practices in India -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Erosion Management of Riparian Ecosystem in Coal Mining Area Through Selective Vegetation -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Coal Mining -- 1.2 Riparian Ecosystem -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Coal Mining -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Coal Mining (OB Dump) -- 3.2 Riparian Land -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References. , Waste to Energy -- Urban Solid Waste Management for Enhancement of Agricultural Productivity in India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Impacts of Solid Waste -- 3 Agricultural Productivity: Waste to Wealth to Health -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Food Waste Utilization for the Production of Biogas by Anaerobic Digestion: A Case Study in Coal Capital of India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Formation and Chemical Properties of Biogas -- 2.1 Methane -- 2.2 Carbon Dioxide -- 2.3 Other Components -- 3 Anaerobic Digestion -- 4 Stages of Anaerobic Digestion -- 4.1 Hydrolysis -- 4.2 Acidogenesis -- 4.3 Methanogenesis -- 5 Biogasification: Policies and Current Status in India -- 6 Materials and Methods -- 6.1 Study Location -- 6.2 Waste Collection and Processing -- 6.3 Exploratory Set-Up -- 6.4 Analytical Methods -- 6.5 Measurements -- 7 Result and Discussion -- 8 Methane Yields -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Development of Low-Cost Microbial Fuel Cell for Converting Waste to Electricity and Abating Pollution -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Description of Microbial Fuel Cell -- 2 Cathode Materials -- 2.1 Modified Carbon Catalysts -- 2.2 Transition Metal Oxides -- 2.3 Metal Doped Complex Organic Catalysts -- 3 Anode Materials -- 3.1 Anode Modification Using Metal Oxides -- 3.2 Anode Modification Using Conductive Polymers -- 3.3 Anode Modification Using Graphene and Carbon Nanotube -- 4 Proton Exchange Membrane -- 4.1 Nafion and Its Modifications -- 4.2 Non-Nafion Sulfonated Polymeric Membranes -- 4.3 Polymeric Membranes -- 4.4 Clayware Membranes -- 5 Alternative to High-Cost Terminal Electron Acceptors -- 6 Perspectives and Way Forward -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Recent Developments in Energy Recovery from Sewage Treatment Plant Sludge via Anaerobic Digestion -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Anaerobic Digestion Process. , 2 Environmental Requirements and Control -- 2.1 Temperature -- 2.2 Alkalinity and pH -- 2.3 Nutrients -- 2.4 Retention Time -- 2.5 OLR and Sludge Feed Composition -- 2.6 Seeding and Mixing -- 3 Process Inhibition -- 3.1 Ammonia Inhibition -- 3.2 Volatile Fatty Acids -- 3.3 Sulphide/Sulphate -- 4 Process Configurations -- 4.1 High Rate or Continuous Digester -- 4.2 Two-Stage Digester -- 4.3 Digester Design Considerations -- 5 Pre-treatment -- 5.1 Physical Pre-treatment -- 5.2 Chemical Pre-treatment -- 5.3 Biological Pre-treatment -- 6 Biogas Refinement -- 7 Biogas Utilization Systems -- 8 Challenges and Opportunities -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Waste and Sustainability -- Management of Waste Plastic: Conversion and Its Degradation as an Environment Concern in Asian Country -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Healthcare Waste -- 2.1 Management of Healthcare Waste -- 3 Plastic Waste in Soil -- 3.1 Management of Plastic Waste in Soil -- 4 Municipal Solid Waste -- 4.1 Management of Municipal Solid Waste -- 5 Household Waste Plastic and Its Management -- 6 Marine Waste Plastic -- 6.1 Management of Marine Waste Plastic -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- Gold Phytomining in India: An Approach to Circular Economy in the 21st Century -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Gold Phytomining -- 2.1 Gold Phytomining-Indian Scenario and an Approach to the Circular Economy -- 3 Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions -- Update, Conclusions and Recommendations for "Environment Management: Waste to Wealth in India" -- 1 Background -- 2 Update -- 2.1 From Waste to Energy -- 2.2 Waste and Sustainability -- 3 Conclusions -- 3.1 From Waste to Wealth -- 3.2 From Waste to Energy -- 3.3 Waste and Sustainability -- 4 Recommendations -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- An Overview of Climate Change in Egypt -- Introduction to "Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security in Egypt" -- 1 Background/Overview -- 2 Themes of the Book -- 3 Chapter's Summary -- 3.1 An Overview of Climate Change in Egypt -- 3.2 Land and Water Resources -- 3.3 Smart Farming -- 3.4 Livestock, Fishery, and Aquaculture -- 3.5 Socioeconomic Impacts -- References -- An Overview of Paleo-Climate Evidence in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Palaeoclimate Through Geological Time -- 3 Causes of and Consequences of Global Paleoenvironmental and Climatic Changes -- 4 Major Mass Extinction Events -- 4.1 The Ordovician-Silurian Mass Extinction Event (Fig. 3) -- 4.2 Late Devonian (Frasnian-Fammenian) -- 4.3 Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction -- 4.4 Triassic- Jurassic Mass Extinction -- 4.5 Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction -- 5 Hyperthermal Events -- 6 Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum in Egypt -- 7 Anthropocene Warming -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Governance and Institutional Structure of Climate Change in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Governance in Egypt -- 3 Environmental Policies and Legislation in Egypt -- 4 Role of Civil Society Organizations and Private Sector -- 5 Gender Mainstreaming in the Climate Change Policies in Egypt -- 6 Engagement in Regional and Global Climate Change Governance -- 7 Challenges Facing Climate Change Governance in Egypt -- 8 Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening -- 9 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Role of Science, Technology and Innovation in Addressing Climate Change Challenges in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Role of Science in the Assessment of Climate Change Scenarios -- 2.1 At the Global Level -- 2.2 At the Regional Level -- 3 Innovations and Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation Measures -- 3.1 Management of Water Resources. , 3.2 Breeding for Drought Tolerance -- 3.3 Breeding for Heat Tolerance -- 3.4 Crop Simulation Models -- 4 Management of Sustainable Livestock Production Under Expected Harsh Environment -- 5 Scientific Research and Innovations to Address Climate Changes in Egypt -- 6 Monitoring, Assessment and Follow-Up of Climate Change Related Impact on Egypt -- 7 Climate Change Modeling in Egypt -- 8 Improved Crop Varieties and Livestock Breeds -- 9 Challenges of Innovation, Knowledge, and Scientific Research (SDS Egypt Vision 2030) -- 10 Conclusions -- 11 Recommendations -- References -- Land and Water Resources -- Impact of Climate Change on Plant-Associated Fungi -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Relation Between Climate Change and Diversity of Soil Fungi -- 3 Plants and Mycorrhizal Fungi: Effect of Climate Change on This Relationship -- 4 Effects of Climate Change on Saprophytic Fungi -- 5 Effects of Climate Change on the Pathogenic Fungi -- 6 Effect of Climate Change on Soil Mycobiomes -- 7 Direct Impact of Changing Temperatures on Fungi -- 8 The Need for Modern Tools for Monitoring Climate Changes and Some Closing Remarks -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Impacts of Climate Change on Microbial Activity in Agricultural Egyptian Soils -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Soil Microbial and Enzyme Activities -- 3 Response of Microbial Activity to Climate Change -- 3.1 Effect of Temperature -- 3.2 Impact of Carbon Dioxide -- 3.3 Impact of Soil Moisture Content -- 3.4 Impact of Soil Salinity -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Soils as Driver and Victim of Climate Change in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural GHG Invention of Egypt -- 3 Drivers of Soil GHG Emissions -- 3.1 Soil Type and Composition -- 3.2 Soil Temperature and Moisture -- 3.3 Fertilization as a Source of NO2 Emission -- 3.4 Soil Miss-Management (Heavy Tillage). , 3.5 Rice Cultivation -- 3.6 Burning of Crop Residues -- 4 Impact of Climate Changes on Soil Functions -- 4.1 Depletion of Soil Organic Matter -- 4.2 Impact of Sea Level Rise (SLR) on Soils of Egypt -- 4.3 Impact of Rainfall Scenarios on Soils -- 4.4 Geographical Nature of Climate Changes Impacts in Egypt -- 4.5 History of Flooding Rainstorms in Egypt -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendation -- References -- Soil Carbon Sequestration for Climate Change Mitigation: Some Implications to Egypt -- 1 Introduction: Climate Change and Carbon Cycle -- 2 Emissions of CO2: Reasons and Mitigation -- 3 Soil Carbon Sequestration for Climate Change Mitigation and Greenhouse Gases Reduction -- 4 Soil C Stock -- 4.1 Soil Organic C Stock -- 4.2 Soil Inorganic Carbon (SIC) Stock -- 5 Soil Nitrogen (N) Stock and Its Relation to Soil Organic C -- 6 Required Variables for Calculating Soil C and N Stocks -- 7 Factors Controlling of Carbon Stocks in the Soil -- 7.1 Soil Properties -- 7.2 Climate Conditions -- 7.3 Land Use -- 7.4 Topography -- 8 The Impact of Soil Carbon Sequestration on the Sustainability of Agroecosystem and Crop Productivity -- 9 Management Practices and Soil Carbon Sequestration -- 10 Soil Carbon Sequestration in Arid and Mediterranean Sea Region -- 11 Implication of Climate Change and Soil Carbon Sequestration on Egypt -- 11.1 Soil C and N in Nile Delta, Egypt in Current State and the Context of Climate Change -- 11.2 Influence of Changing Climate on Soil C and N Stocks and Sequestration -- 12 Potential Soil Carbon Sequestration in Egypt and Nile Delta -- 13 Sequestration Rate of Soil C and N Stocks in North Nile Delta Egypt -- 14 Summary -- References -- Mapping Egypt Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise Scenarios -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area: Nile Delta -- 3 Climate Change Observations and Potential Impacts. , 3.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Anthropogenic Climate Change -- 3.2 SLR and Agriculture in the Nile Delta -- 4 The Methodology of the Development of Interactive Web Enabled SLR Scenarios (SLRS) -- 5 SLRS Architecture -- 6 SLRS Main Components -- 7 Results -- 8 Discussion -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Smart Farming -- Agricultural Production in Egypt: Assessing Vulnerability and Enhancing Adaptive Capacity and Resilience to Climate Change -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Vulnerability of the Near East and North Africa Region to Climate Change -- 3 The Farming System in Egypt -- 4 Vulnerability of Egypt to Climate Change -- 4.1 Vulnerability of Water Resources to Climate Change -- 4.2 Vulnerability of the Crop Production System -- 4.3 Vulnerability of the Livestock Production System -- 4.4 The Vulnerability of the Fishery Production System -- 4.5 Enhancing Adaptive Capacity and Resilience to Climate Change in Egypt -- 5 Climate Change Adaptation Efforts -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Vulnerability of Crop Pollination Ecosystem Services to Climate Change -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pollination as an Essential Ecosystem Service -- 3 Role of Pollinators in Sustaining Agricultural Productivity -- 4 Climate Change and Crop Pollination -- 4.1 Impact of Climate Change on Crop Diversity -- 4.2 Effect of Climate Change on Crop Flowering Time -- 5 Vulnerability of Pollinating Insects to Climate Change -- 5.1 Decline of Insect Pollinators in Egypt -- 5.2 Solitary Bees and Nest Fragmentation -- 5.3 Bees and Shortage of Foraging Resources -- 5.4 Honeybee Pests and Diseases -- 5.5 Honeybee and Pesticides -- 6 Newly Approaches for Bee and Other Pollinators Conservation -- 7 Potential Mitigation Measures of Climate Change Impacts on Pollinators -- 8 Conclusion -- 9 Recommendations -- References. , Exploring Changes in the Agricultural Calendar as a Response to Climate Variability in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture -- 3 The Climate (Temperature and Precipitation) Variability of Egypt, Is There Any Change? -- 4 Crop Weather Calendar and Crop Activity Calendar -- 5 Data, Geographical Domain, and Satellite-Derived Phenology -- 6 Management and Adjusting of the Agricultural Calendar as a Coping Mechanism to Climate Variability -- 7 Innovations and Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation Measures -- 8 Challenges Still Facing Climate Change Governance in Egypt -- 9 Satellite Images, GIS, Mathematical Models in Studying Climate Change in 2030 -- 10 Impact of Climate Change on Field Crops' Production and Net Value -- 11 Overall Discussion -- 12 Conclusions -- 13 Recommendations -- References -- Projected Crop Coefficients Under Climate Change in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Climate Change Scenario -- 2.2 The Projected Value of ETo Using Hargreaves-Samani Equation -- 2.3 The Predicted Values of ETo Using Penman-Monteith Equation in 2030 -- 3 Kc Values for Field Crops in the Agro-Climatic Zones in 2030 -- 3.1 The Projected Planting and Harvest Dates for the Studied Field Crops in 2030 -- 3.2 The Projected Date of Kc Growth Stages and Its Values for the Studied Field Crops in 2030 -- 3.3 Comparison Between Kc Values for Field Crops in 2016 and 2030 -- 3.4 The Projected Values of ETc for the Studied Field Crops in 2030 -- 4 The Projected Kc Values for the Studied Fruit Crops in the Agro-Climatic Zones in 2030 -- 4.1 The Projected Planting and Harvest Dates for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2030 -- 4.2 The Projected Date of Kc Growth Stages and Its Values for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2030 -- 4.3 Comparison Between Kc Values for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2016 and 2030. , 4.4 The Projected Value of ETc for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2030.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction to the Agriculture Productivity in Tunisia -- Introduction to "Agriculture Productivity in Tunisia Under Stressed Environment" -- 1 Background -- 2 Themes of the Book -- 3 Chapters' Summary -- 3.1 Overview of Tunisian Sustainable Agriculture -- 3.2 Sustainable Agriculture Water Management -- 3.3 Tunisian Marine and Terrestrial Living Environment -- References -- Overview of Tunisian Sustainable Agriculture -- Assessment of the Environmental Sustainability of Family Farming: The Case of Cereal Sector in Tunisia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cereal Sector in Tunisia -- 3 Methodological Framework -- 4 Data -- 5 Empirical Results and Discussion -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Sustainability and Plasticity of the Olive Tree Cultivation in Arid Conditions -- 1 History Overview -- 2 Importance of the Olive Sector -- 2.1 Cultivated Area, Tree Number and Varieties -- 2.2 Production -- 3 Genetic Resources -- 4 Environmental Conditions of the Olive Specie -- 5 Temperature -- 5.1 Rainfall -- 5.2 Light -- 5.3 Soil -- 6 Shoot Architecture and Olive Tree Biology -- 7 Training System for Sustainable Olive Orchard -- 8 Orchard Management for Sustainable Olive Cultivation -- 8.1 Soil Management -- 8.2 Water Use -- 8.3 Fertilization Strategy -- 8.4 Pest Control -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Tunisian Date Cultivars: Economical Aspect, Physicochemical Properties, Sensory Characterization and Potential Valorization -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History and Symbolic Meaning -- 3 Importance of Dates -- 4 Traditional Use of Dates -- 5 Identification of Common and Non-common Cultivars -- 5.1 Early and Fresh Dates -- 5.2 Soft Dates -- 5.3 Dry Dates -- 6 Dates Characterization -- 6.1 Physiological Characterization -- 6.2 Dates: A Nourishing Fruit with an Exceptional Composition -- 6.3 Sensory Characterization. , 7 Dates Cultivars Valorization -- 7.1 Valorization in Food Industries -- 7.2 Valorization of Date Sorting Gaps by Drying to Obtain a Powder for Animal Feed -- 7.3 Valorization in Cosmetics and Artisanal Products -- 7.4 Energy Production -- 7.5 Manufacture of Date Palm wood and Furniture with Liquid Wood -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Ecological Distribution, Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Rosa Species in Tunisia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Taxonomic Characters of Rosa Species in Tunisia -- 2.1 Rosa Dumetorum Thuil. -- 2.2 Rosa Pomifera L. -- 2.3 Rosa Rubigenosa L. -- 2.4 Rosa Canina L. -- 2.5 Rosa Moschata Herrm. -- 2.6 Rosa Sempervirens L. -- 2.7 Rosa Gallica L. -- 2.8 Rosa Sicula Tratt. -- 2.9 Rosa Agrestis Savi. -- 2.10 Rosa Stylosa Desv. -- 2.11 Rosa Micrantha Sm. -- 3 Prospection and Localization of Different Rosa Species Inventoried in Tunisia -- 4 Ecological Characteristics of Some Species of Rosa in Tunisia -- 4.1 Edaphic Characteristics of Species Distribution Areas of Rosa Sp. in Northern and Central Tunisia -- 4.2 Bioclimatic Characteristics of Northern and Central Tunisia Occupated by Rosa Species -- 4.3 The Plant Communities of Rosa Sp. in Tunisia -- 5 Phytochemistry of Tunisian Rosa Species -- 5.1 Essential Oil Composition -- 5.2 Fatty Acid Composition -- 5.3 Ascorbic Acid Content -- 5.4 Total Polyphenol and Flavonoid Contents -- 5.5 Polyphenol Composition -- 5.6 Carotenoid Content and Composition -- 6 Biological Activity -- 6.1 Antioxidant Activity -- 6.2 Insecticidal Activity -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendation -- References -- Natural Mediterranean Plants Products: A Sustainable Approach for Integrated Insect Pests Management -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Plant Secondary Metabolites -- 2.1 Terpenoids -- 2.2 Alkaloids -- 2.3 Phenylpropanoids -- 3 Secondary Metabolites in Mediterranean Plants. , 4 Mode of Action Against Pest Insects -- 4.1 Anti-feeding Activity -- 4.2 Repulsive Activity -- 4.3 Toxic Activity -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Invasive Alien Plants Management in Tunisia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biological Invasions -- 2.1 Invasion Process -- 2.2 IAP Impacts -- 3 IAP Management -- 3.1 Global Context -- 3.2 Management General Scheme -- 4 IAP Management in Tunisia -- 4.1 Potentially IAP Inventory -- 4.2 Silverleaf Nightshade Management (Solanum Elaeagnifolium Cav. # SOEL) -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Study of the Effect of the Biochar Amendment on the Physic-Chemical Properties of a Soil Cultivated in Green Mint (Mentha Viridis L.) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Soil Test Results -- 3.2 Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Potency of Methanolic Extracts of Mint -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Sustainable Agriculture Water Management -- Assessing the Water Productivity of Durum Wheat in Tunisian Semi-Arid Conditions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural Water Use Efficiency in Tunisia -- 2.1 Water Use Efficiency and Productivity Concepts -- 2.2 Irrigation Water Use Efficiency -- 2.3 Water Use Efficiency of Wheat Under Semi-Arid Conditions -- 3 Inter Relationship Between Yield, Water Use and Water Use Efficiency of Durum Wheat: A Case Study in Northeastern Tunisia -- 3.1 Study Area -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.3 Scenarios of Irrigation Scheduling and Pedoclimatic Conditions -- 3.4 Inter Relationship Between Yield, Water Use and Water Use Efficiency -- 4 Discussions -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Assessing Institutional Barriers to Effective Dissemination Strategies of Proven Water Management Practices to Face Climate Change Threats in the Citrus Growing Area in Tunisia -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Agricultural Extension System in Tunisia: An Overview -- 3 Methodological Framework -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Barriers Related to Institution Organization, Human Resource and Decision Making -- 4.2 Barriers Related to Institution Linkages and Partnerships -- 4.3 Barriers Related to Time Allocation -- 4.4 Efficiency of the Research-Extension Interface -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Stable Isotopes for Sustainable Management of Agricultural Water: Case of Mateur Plain (North Tunisia) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Concepts of Isotope Hydrology -- 2.1 Water Isotopes -- 2.2 Isotopic Fractionation -- 2.3 Isotopes in the Water Cycle -- 3 Case Study of the Mateur Plain (Northern Tunisia) -- 3.1 Site Description -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.3 Water Levels and Flow Pathways -- 3.4 Geochemical Processes Affecting Groundwater Quality -- 3.5 Groundwater Residence Time as Inferred by Isotopic Tracers -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Assessing the Blue and Green Water Resources Use for Regional Crop Production in a Semi Arid Area (The Cap Bon Case Study, Tunisia) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Water Resources and Agriculture in the Cap Bon Region -- 2.1 Description of the Study Site -- 2.2 Characteristics of the Climate -- 2.3 Blue and Green Water Resources Situation -- 2.4 Characteristics of the Irrigated and Rainfed Agriculture -- 3 Impact of Climate Change -- 3.1 Water Resources -- 3.2 Irrigated and Rainfed Agriculture -- 3.3 Climate Change Adaptation -- 4 Methodology and Used Data -- 4.1 Calculating Blue and Green Crop Water Use -- 4.2 Used Data -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Water Foot Print -- 5.2 Green Water Footprint of Wheat -- 5.3 Blue and Green Water Footprint of Tomato -- 5.4 Blue and Green Water Footprint of Citrus -- 5.5 Sustainability of the Water Footprint -- 5.6 Spatial and Temporal Scales. , 6 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Tunisian Marine and Terrestrial Living Environment -- Producing Barbarine Lambs on Tunisian Rangelands Could be Sustainable and Provide Healthy Meat -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lamb Production on Tunisian Arid Rangeland: A Synthesis of Trials Data -- 2.1 Data Description and Statistical Analysis -- 2.2 Results -- 2.3 Discussions -- 3 Sustainability of Lamb Production on Rangeland -- 3.1 Improvement of the Rangeland Quality -- 3.2 Valorisation of Lamb Meat Produced on Rangeland -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Freshwater Fish Farming and Fishery Management in Tunisian Reservoirs: Limitations and Opportunities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Study Sites -- 2.2 Sampling -- 2.3 Data Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Species Composition -- 3.2 Fish Species Dynamics -- 3.3 Vertical Distribution -- 3.4 General and Specific Abundance -- 3.5 Population Structure -- 4 Discussions -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Updates, Conclusions, and Recommendations for "Agriculture Productivity in Tunisia Under Stressed Environment" -- 1 Update -- 2 Conclusions -- 3 Recommendations -- References -- Author Index.