Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Land Degradation -- Land Use Land Cover Mapping in Support of Land Degradation Mapping Using Tree-Based Classifiers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Land Cover Land Use Maps -- 5 Evaluation of the Results -- 6 Discussions -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- Detection of Anthropogenic and Environmental Degradation in Mongolia Using Multi-Sources Remotely Sensed Time Series Data and Machine Learning Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data and Methods -- 3.1 Remotely Sensed Data -- 3.2 Meteorological Data -- 3.3 Training Samples -- 3.4 Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Meteorological Data Time Series Analysis -- 4.2 Land Cover Classification Derived from Landsat Data -- 4.3 Change Detection Analysis -- 5 Discussions -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Assessment of Land Degradation Vulnerability Using GIS-Based Multicriteria Decision Analysis in Zakho District, Kurdistan Region of Iraq -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Case Study -- 2.2 Data Collection and Preparation -- 2.3 Weighting Criteria -- 2.4 Aggregating Criteria -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Physical Land Degradation Vulnerability -- 3.2 Chemical Degradation Vulnerability -- 3.3 Land Degradation Vulnerability -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Evaluation of Geo-hazard Induced by Zarand Earthquake in Central Iran Using Thermal Remote Sensing Data and GIS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Method -- 3.1 Satellite Data Acquisition -- 3.2 Satellite Data Analysis -- 3.3 Detection of LST Variation -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 LST Variation Prior to Earthquake for 2005 -- 4.2 Correlation Between MODIS LST and In-Situ Air Temperature -- 4.3 Comparisons of 2005 LST with 2004 and 2007 LSTs -- 4.4 Air Temperature Anomaly. , 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Environmental Control of the Sand Dunes in Iraq -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Aeolian Hazards -- 3 Migration of Sand Dunes -- 4 Hazards of Sand Dunes in Iraq -- 5 Methodology -- 5.1 Field Work -- 5.2 Geological Maps of Iraq -- 5.3 Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Amu Darya Dynamics in Afghanistan Using Remote Sensing Data -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 River Channel Dynamics -- 1.2 Remote Sensing and River Dynamics -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Google Earth Engine Classification -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- A New Method for Land Degradation Assessment in the Arid Zone of Republic of Kazakhstan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Physiography of the Arid Zone of Kazakhstan -- 3 Material and Methods -- 3.1 Field Data -- 3.2 Remote Sensing Data -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Land Degradation Issues in Uzbekistan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climatic Condition of the Country -- 3 Land Degradation in Uzbekistan -- 4 Effects of Climate Change Phenomena -- 5 Short Overview on the Aral Sea -- 6 Main Priorities of the Soil Science Development in Uzbekistan -- 7 Innovative Technologies for the Prevention of Soil Degradation -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Soil Degradation and Environmental Contamination -- Soil Erosion Catastrophe in Iraq-Preview, Causes and Study Cases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preview of Soil Erosion in Iraq -- 3 The Climate of Iraq -- 4 Soil Erosion Concepts -- 4.1 Water Erosion -- 4.2 Types of Water Erosion -- 4.3 Quantifying Water Erosion -- 4.4 Solving Water Erosion Equation (USLE) -- 4.5 Study Cases of Soil Erosion by Water in Iraq -- 5 Wind Erosion -- 5.1 Prediction of Soil Loss by Wind Erosion. , 5.2 Study Cases of Wind Erosion in Iraq -- 5.3 The Need for a Soil Conservation Foresight in Iraq -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Assessment of Aircraft Noise Pollution on Students' Performance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Data Collection -- 2.2 Statistical Analysis and Model Development -- 2.3 Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Samples -- 3 Data Analysis and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion and Limitations -- References -- Role of Effective Factors on Soil Erosion and Land Degradation: A Review -- 1 Introduction to Land Degradation -- 2 Environmental Destruction -- 3 Soil Erosion -- 3.1 The Importance of Erosion -- 3.2 Types of Erosion -- 4 Land Degradation Sources -- 4.1 Natural: Geography, Topography, and Climate -- 4.2 Anthropogenic -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendation -- References -- Cadmium Fractionation Technique as a Chemical Degradation Indicator for Some Soils Near Diyala River in Iraqi Center -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Samples Preparation and Analysis -- 2.3 Physio-chemical Properties of Soils -- 2.4 Extraction of Cadmium -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Physio-chemical Properties of Soils -- 3.2 Available Phase-Soluble and Exchangeable -- 3.3 Bound to Carbonates -- 3.4 Bound to Oxides -- 3.5 Bound to Organic Matter -- 3.6 Bound to Residue -- 3.7 Total Concentration of Cadmium Ions -- 3.8 Physio-chemical Pathway of Cadmium Ions in Soil -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Land Degradation Due to MSW Dumping and Sanitary Landfilling: Iraq as a Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sanitary Landfill -- 2.1 Identifications -- 2.2 Comparison Between Open Dumping and Sanitary Landfilling -- 2.3 Types of Sanitary Landfills -- 2.4 Waste Stabilization in Landfills -- 2.5 Planning and Operation. , 2.6 Design and Site Selection of Sanitary Landfilling -- 2.7 Estimation of Capacity, Volume, Area and Decomposition Rate -- 2.8 Estimation of Required Land Areas for Existing and Proposed Landfills in Iraq -- 2.9 Analysis of Estimated Areas Used for Existing and Future Landfills in Iraq -- 2.10 Landfills Impacts -- 3 Published Literature and Research Works on Landfilling -- 4 Up-to-Date Technologies of Waste Management and Treatment -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- RUSLE Model in the Northwest Part of the Zagros Mountain Belt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Case Study -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Data and Software -- 3.2 RUSLE Model Description -- 4 Estimation of RUSLE and Its Parameters -- 4.1 R Factor -- 4.2 K Factor -- 4.3 LS Factor -- 4.4 C Factor -- 4.5 P Factor -- 4.6 Prediction of Soil Erosion -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Changes in the Water Quality of Large Rivers in the Asian Part of Russia from the Standpoint of Achieving Sustainable Development Goals -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Global and National Approaches to Water Quality Evaluation Within the Context of Sustainable Development Goals Achievement -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendation -- References -- A Sustainable Way for Fish Health Management by Replacement of Chemical and Drugs by Earthworm -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Causative Agent for Fish Diseases -- 2.1 Bacterial Diseases -- 2.2 Fungal Diseases of Fish -- 2.3 Viral Diseases of Fish -- 2.4 Parasitic Diseases of Fish -- 3 Drugs or Chemicals Used to Cure Fish Diseases -- 4 Impact of Drugs/Chemicals -- 4.1 Bio-Magnification -- 4.2 Adverse Effects of Antibiotics -- 5 Therapeutic Properties of Earthworms -- 5.1 Earthworms as a Source of Biologically Active Molecules -- 5.2 Anticarcinogenic Property -- 5.3 Skin Wound Healing -- 5.4 Antipyretic Property. , 5.5 Antioxidative Property -- 5.6 Antiulcer Property -- 5.7 Anti-Inflammatory Property -- 5.8 Hepato-Protective Property -- 5.9 Analgesic Properties -- 6 Immune System of Earthworm -- 6.1 First Line of Defense -- 6.2 Cellular Defense Mechanism -- 6.3 Humoral Defense Mechanism -- 7 Role of Earthworm to Control Fish Diseases -- 8 Different Method/Strategies to Use Earthworm -- 9 Comparative Study of Treated and Untreated Fish -- 10 Conclusions -- 11 Future Prospective -- References -- Climate Change and Human Activities in Nine Chapters -- Integration of Field Investigation and Geoinformatics for Urban Environmental Quality Appraisal of Bankura Town, West Bengal, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Urban Heat Island Under the Background of Urbanization: A Case Study in Nan Jing City, China -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Surface Heat Island -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Study Area -- 3.2 Materials and Preprocessing -- 3.3 Study Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Urbanization Process and Land Cover Changes in Nanjing -- 4.2 The Variation of LST Zones -- 4.3 Spatial Autocorrelation of LST Zones -- 4.4 Driving Factors Analysis -- 5 Discussions -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Optimization of Ecological Environment Sensor Network Sites with Multiple Monitoring Targets -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Description -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Trend Modeling -- 3.2 Optimize the Target -- 3.3 Sampling Method -- 3.4 Optimization Algorithm -- 3.5 Entropy -- 3.6 Distribution Adjustment -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Number of Optimization Sites -- 4.2 Spatial Trend Optimization -- 4.3 Combine Objective Optimization Result -- 4.4 Sampling Comparison of SRS, SCS and UCK -- 4.5 Discussion. , 5 Conclusions.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 Introduction to "Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS in Iraq" -- 1.1 Iraq: A Brief Background -- 1.2 Soil Characterization, Modelling, and Mapping -- 1.3 Proximal Soil Sensing -- 1.4 RS and GIS for Land Cover/Land Use Change Monitoring -- 1.5 Land Degradation, Drought, and Dust Storms -- 1.6 Remote Sensing and GIS for Natural Resources -- References -- Soil Characterization, Modelling, and Mapping -- 2 Using Radar and Optical Data for Soil Salinity Modeling and Mapping in Central Iraq -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods and Materials -- 2.2.1 Study Area -- 2.2.2 Data -- 2.2.3 Approaches and Procedures -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 Correlation -- 2.3.2 Soil Salinity Models and Maps -- 2.3.3 Assessment of the Developed Approaches -- 2.4 Conclusions -- 2.5 Recommendations -- References -- 3 Using Remote Sensing to Predict Soil Properties in Iraq -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Case Studies -- 3.2.1 Prediction of Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Forms -- 3.2.2 Prediction of Soil Salinity -- 3.2.3 Physical Properties -- 3.2.4 Prediction of Some Soil Water Properties -- 3.3 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Characterization and Classification of Soil Map Units by Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Bahar Al-Najaf, Iraq -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Geology of the Study Area -- 4.2.1 Geomorphological and Hydrological Phenomena of the Study Area -- 4.2.2 Classification of Iraqi Alluvial Soils -- 4.2.3 Remote Sensing -- 4.2.4 Accuracy Assessment of Digital Image Classification -- 4.2.5 Applications of RS in the Field of Iraqi Environment and Soils -- 4.2.6 Soil Surveying and Classification Studies of Bahar Al-Najaf Region -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 The Geographical Location of Bahar Al-Najaf Region -- 4.3.2 FieldWork -- 4.3.3 Office Work -- 4.3.4 Accuracy Assessment for Digitalmap Classification. , 4.3.5 Preparation of GIS Database -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Classification and Distribution of Soil Units in the Study Area -- 4.4.2 Digital Image Classification Using Remote Sensing Techniques -- 4.4.3 Accuracy Assessment of Digital Classification -- 4.5 Conclusions -- 4.6 Recommendations -- References -- Proximal Soil Sensing -- 5 Proximal Soil Sensing for Soil Monitoring -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Proximal Soil Sensing (PSS) -- 5.1.2 Soil Spectroscopy -- 5.1.3 Acquiring Reflectance Information from Soil -- 5.2 Background of Soil Spectroscopy -- 5.2.1 Soil Spectroscopy for Soil Properties Monitoring -- 5.2.2 Soil Spectroscopy for Soil Contamination Monitoring -- 5.3 Spectroscopic Preprocessing and Calibration -- 5.3.1 Preprocessing -- 5.3.2 Calibration -- 5.4 Accuracy and Uncertainty in Soil Spectroscopy -- 5.5 Soil Spectroscopy for Iron Oxide Prediction: A Case Study in Sulaimani, the Iraqi Kurdistan Region -- 5.5.1 Materials and Methods -- 5.5.2 Results -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Recommendations and Future Aspects -- References -- 6 Proximal Soil Sensing Applications in Soil Fertility -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Background: Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Historical Review -- 6.2.1 The Potential of Vis-NIR Spectroscopy and Its Applications to Soil Analysis -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.3.1 Study Site Description and Soil Sampling -- 6.3.2 Soil Spectra Measurements -- 6.3.3 Data Analysis: Calibration -- 6.3.4 Evaluation of the Prediction Power -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Vis-NIR Spectra of Soils -- 6.4.2 Nutrients Prediction by PLS Analysis -- 6.4.3 Nutrients Prediction by GIS-Kriging -- 6.5 Conclusions -- 6.6 Recommendations -- References -- RS and GIS for Land Cover/Land Use Change Monitoring -- 7 Multi-temporal Satellite Data for Land Use/Cover (LULC) Change Detection in Zakho, Kurdistan Region-Iraq -- 7.1 Introduction. , 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Study Area -- 7.2.2 Data and Pre-processing -- 7.2.3 LULC Classification -- 7.2.4 LULC Mapping: Post Classification Change Detection -- 7.2.5 Accuracy and Area Assessment -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 LULC Analysis -- 7.3.2 LULC Patterns Change in the Study Area Between 1989 and 2017 -- 7.3.3 LULC Conversions for the Last 28 Years (1989-2017) -- 7.4 Conclusion -- 7.5 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Monitoring of the Land Cover Changes in Iraq -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Climate Changes in the World -- 8.3 Rainfall and Temperature -- 8.4 eMODIS NDVI V6 -- 8.5 Land Cover -- 8.6 Vegetation Distribution in Iraq -- 8.7 Vegetation Change Detection in Iraq -- 8.8 Relationship Between Vegetation Distribution, Precipitation and Elevation -- 8.9 Conclusion -- 8.10 Recommendation -- References -- 9 Effects of Land Cover Change on Surface Runoff Using GIS and Remote Sensing: A Case Study Duhok Sub-basin -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Land Cover and Land Use -- 9.1.2 Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) Method -- 9.2 Methodology and Data -- 9.2.1 Study Area -- 9.2.2 Climate Conditions -- 9.2.3 Satellite and Rainfall Data -- 9.2.4 Images Classification -- 9.2.5 SCS-CN Model and the Proposed Method -- 9.2.6 Estimate Runoff Depth -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 Changes in Land Cover -- 9.3.2 Rainfall Variable in Time -- 9.3.3 Changes in Potential Runoff -- 9.4 Conclusions -- 9.5 Recommendations -- References -- Land Degradation, Drought, and Dust Storms -- 10 Monitoring and Mapping of Land Threats in Iraq Using Remote Sensing -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Soil Salinity -- 10.2.1 Monitoring and Mapping Soil Salinity -- 10.2.2 Dynamic Salinity Changes -- 10.2.3 Methodology for Monitoring and Mapping Soil Salinity -- 10.2.4 Salinity Changes in Mesopotamia. , 10.2.5 Effect of Soil Salinity on Vegetation Changes in Mesopotamia Plain -- 10.3 Land Cover/Land Use -- 10.3.1 Land Cover/Land Use Dynamic Changes -- 10.3.2 Methodology for Monitoring and Mapping LULC Changes in Iraq -- 10.4 Sand Dunes -- 10.4.1 Dynamic Changes for Sand Dunes Areas During 2006-2016 -- 10.5 Monitoring the Expansion of Urban Land -- 10.5.1 Impacts of Urbanization -- 10.5.2 Causes of Urbanization -- 10.6 Conclusions -- 10.7 Recommendations -- References -- 11 Agricultural Drought Monitoring Over Iraq Utilizing MODIS Products -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Selection of the Study Area -- 11.2.2 Data Collection and Processing -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- 12 The Aeolian Sand Dunes in Iraq: A New Insight -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Type of Aeolian Sand Dunes and Their Distribution in the World -- 12.3 Climate and Aeolian Sand Dunes in Iraq -- 12.4 Landsat, Sentinel-SAR Data -- 12.5 Aeolian Sand Dunes Distribution in Iraq -- 12.6 Aeolian Sand Dunes Monitoring in Iraq -- 12.7 Sand Dunes Movement in the Center of Mesopotamia -- 12.7.1 Preparing SAR Data for DInSAR -- 12.7.2 Results and Discussion of DInSAR -- 12.8 Conclusion -- 12.9 Recommendations -- References -- 13 Drought Monitoring for Northern Part of Iraq Using Temporal NDVI and Rainfall Indices -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Background -- 13.2.1 Drought as a Concept and Definition -- 13.2.2 Impact of Drought on Soil Properties -- 13.2.3 Drought Monitoring -- 13.2.4 Remote Sensing and GIS: Their Relation to Drought Issues -- 13.2.5 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) -- 13.2.6 Drought Mitigation: Options and Implementation -- 13.3 Materials and Methods -- 13.3.1 Study Area -- 13.3.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 13.3.3 Pre-processing of Satellite Images -- 13.3.4 NDVI Calculations. , 13.3.5 Software Used -- 13.4 Result and Discussion -- 13.4.1 Drought Classification Based on Meteorological Data -- 13.4.2 Drought Classification Based on Remote Sensing Data -- 13.4.3 NDVI-Rainfall Relationship -- 13.4.4 Agricultural Drought Risk Based on NDVI Anomaly -- 13.5 Conclusions -- 13.6 Recommendations -- References -- 14 Remote Sensing and GIS for Dust Storm Studies in Iraq -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Remote Sensing for Dust Storm Studies -- 14.2.1 Dust Sources Identification -- 14.2.2 Dust Detection Using Satellite Imagery -- 14.2.3 Atmospheric Patterns of Dust Storms -- 14.2.4 Climate Regimes of Dust Storms -- 14.2.5 Dust Storm Tracking Model -- 14.2.6 Dust Emission (Soil Erosion) Assessment using Remote Sensing -- 14.2.7 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping Using Remote Sensing -- 14.2.8 Morphological Unite Maps -- 14.2.9 Drought and Dust Storms Studies using Remote Sensing -- 14.2.10 Remote Sensing Change Detection -- 14.3 GIS for Dust Storm Studies -- 14.3.1 Dust Sources Modeling with GIS -- 14.3.2 Knowledge-Based Approaches -- 14.3.3 GIS for Modeling the Effect of Dust Storms on Health -- 14.4 Summary -- References -- 15 Drought Monitoring Using Spectral and Meteorological Based Indices Combination: A Case Study in Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Study Area -- 15.3 Materials and Methods -- 15.3.1 Soil Samples Preparations -- 15.3.2 Remotely Sensed Datasets -- 15.3.3 Preprocessing of the Landsat Images -- 15.3.4 Drought Indices -- 15.3.5 SPI -- 15.3.6 Remote Sensing Based Drought Indices -- 15.3.7 NDVI -- 15.3.8 LST -- 15.3.9 NDWI -- 15.4 Results and Discussions -- 15.4.1 NDVI -- 15.4.2 NDWI -- 15.4.3 LST -- 15.4.4 SPI -- 15.4.5 The Combined NDVI-SPI Drought Maps -- 15.4.6 The Statistical Analysis -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- RS and GIS for Natural Resources. , 16 Geo-Morphometric Analysis and Flood Simulation of the Tigris River Due to a Predicted Failure of the Mosul Dam, Mosul, Iraq.

Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- An Overview of Aswan High Dam and Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam -- 1 Overview of the Nile River -- 2 Brief Description of Aswan High Dam -- 3 Impacts of Aswan High Dam -- 4 Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 5 Brief Description of GERD Project -- 6 The Historical Development of GERD -- 6.1 Lakes Border Dam -- 6.2 Project X -- 6.3 Grand Millennium Dam -- 6.4 Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam -- 7 GERD Benefits, Disadvantages, and the Major Threats to Egypt -- 7.1 GERD and the Threat of Egyptian Water Resources -- 7.2 GERD and the Threat of the Egyptian Agricultural Sector -- 7.3 GERD and the Threat of Electricity Generation Sector in Egypt -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Impacts of AHD on Egypt Between the Last and the Following 50 Years -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Dam Description and Difficulties Associated with the AHD Execution -- 3 Environmental Impacts of AHD on Egypt -- 3.1 Identification of Positive vs. Negative Impacts -- 3.2 Positive Impacts -- 3.2.1 Stability of Water Resources -- 3.2.2 Land Reclamation -- 3.2.3 Increase the Yield of the Agricultural Lands -- 3.2.4 Reduced Climate Change -- 3.2.5 Improved Navigation and Tourism -- 3.2.6 Protection Against Floods -- 3.2.7 AHD Generate Our Electricity -- 3.3 Negative Impacts -- 3.3.1 Increased in Soil Salinity and Water Logging of Agricultural Land -- 3.3.2 Development of Land Drainage -- 3.3.3 Human Issues and Resettlement of the Nubians -- 3.3.4 Changes to the Egyptian Fishing Industry -- 3.3.5 Erosion of the Delta -- 3.3.6 Riverbed Degradation and Coastal Erosion -- 3.3.7 Water Quality Changes -- 3.3.8 Decreasing the Fertility of the Agricultural Lands -- 4 Synthesis of AHD Impacts on Environmental and Ecosystem Sustainability. , 4.1 Environmental and Ecosystem Sustainability -- 4.2 Complex Issues with No Single Answer -- 5 Mitigation of the Negative Impacts -- 5.1 Toshka Flood Escape -- 5.2 Potential Fear of GERD Construction -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Importance of Aswan High Dam to Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Why Is Hydropower the Most Attractive Option? -- 3 Egypt Before Aswan High Dam -- 4 Collective Benefits of AHD -- 4.1 Increase Water Share of Egypt and Sudan -- 4.2 Control River Floods and Protect Infrastructure -- 4.3 Protects Egypt from Frequent Drought -- 4.4 Increase Agricultural Productivity -- 4.5 Regulate the Nile River Stream -- 4.6 Prevent Siltation of the Irrigation Canal Net System -- 4.7 Increase the Agriculture Extension and Greening the Desert -- 4.8 Cultivate the Nile Valley and Delta Lands All Around the Year -- 4.9 Doubling the Cultivation Areas of Rice and Sugar Cane -- 4.10 Increase the Access to Electricity -- 4.11 Improving Navigation and Enhance Tourism -- 4.12 Restructuring the Agriculture Pattern to More Cash Crops -- 4.13 Increase Fishery and Fish Production -- 4.14 Save the Nile Water from Being Wasted in the Mediterranean -- 4.15 Economic Value of the High Aswan Dam -- 4.16 Infrastructure and Drinking Water -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- Impacts of Constructing the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Nile River -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Models -- 3.1 ArcGIS Data -- 3.2 HEC-RAS Data -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Hydrological Impacts Assessment of the Dam -- 4.1.1 Dam Storage Reservoir -- 4.1.2 Reservoir Filling Scenarios -- 4.1.3 Dam Failure Scenarios -- 4.2 Environmental Impacts of the Dam -- 4.2.1 Impacts of Dam Reservoir on the Host Country -- People Resettlement -- Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 4.2.2 Impacts of Dam Reservoir on the Downstream Countries. , 4.3 Post-construction Assessment of the Dam -- 4.4 Policy Implications -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Stochastic Investigation of the GERD-AHD Interaction Through First Impoundment and Beyond -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Stochastic Simulation of GERD-AHD System -- 2.1 Generation of Synthetic Flow Data -- 2.2 Flow Simulation Model -- 3 Impact Assessment -- 4 Short-Term Impacts: GERD First Impoundment -- 5 Medium-Term Impacts -- 6 Long-Term Impacts -- 7 Some Economic Implications -- 8 Summary and Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Model-Based Optimization for Operating the Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Blue Nile River -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem Statement -- 3 Objectives -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Simulation Model Description -- 5.1 Models and Applications -- 5.2 System Description -- 5.3 Assessment Scope -- 5.4 Assessment Criteria and Measures -- 6 Results and Discussion -- 6.1 Analysis of Model Results -- 6.2 Best Regulation Policies Under Category A (Normal Flood) -- 6.2.1 Results of Energy-Target Regulation Policy -- 6.2.2 Results of 20 BCM Reserve Regulation Policy -- 6.2.3 Results of 10 BCM Reserve Regulation Policy -- 6.3 Best Regulation Policies Under Categories B and C -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- GERD Failure Analysis and the Impacts on Downstream Countries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydraulic Simulation Methodology -- 3 Hydraulic Simulation Reaches -- 4 Calibration of Hydraulic Simulation -- 5 Hydraulic Simulation Results and Discussions -- 6 Impacts of GERD Failure on AHD -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Impacts of the GERD Project on Egypt´s Aswan High Dam Lake and Mitigation and Adaptation Options -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Southern Egypt´s Lakes -- 2.1 Toshka Lake -- 2.2 High Dam Lake -- 2.2.1 Soils Surrounding Lake Nasser -- 3 Impact of GERD Project on AHD. , 3.1 Reduction in the Water Share of Egypt -- 3.2 Reduction in Power Generated at Aswan High Dam -- 3.3 Increased Salinization of Egypt´s Agricultural Lands -- 3.4 Increase in Seawater Intrusion -- 3.5 Environmental Degradation -- 3.6 Infilling Lake Nasser/Lake Nubia with Sediment -- 4 Recommendations to Minimize the Water Scarcity Problem -- 4.1 Reducing Evaporation Losses from Lake Nasser -- 4.2 Maximizing the Use of Groundwater Wells and Rainwater in Egypt -- 4.3 Seawater Desalination -- 4.4 Sewage Treatment and Reusing Irrigation Water -- 4.5 Maximizing Water Use Efficiency -- 4.6 Starting Giant Projects Out of the Narrow Valley and Delta -- 5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, Agriculture, and the Rural Poor in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Agricultural Sector and Food Self-Sufficiency in Egypt -- 2.1 Importance of the Agricultural Sector -- 2.2 Egypt´s Food Self-Sufficiency -- 3 The GERD Reservoir Filling Scenarios and Macro-Micro Implications -- 3.1 Impacts of Water Shortage on the Macro Level -- 3.2 Impacts of Water Shortage on the Micro Level -- 4 The Sustainable Livelihood Framework -- 4.1 Farmers´ Livelihood Assets -- 4.1.1 Human Assets -- 4.1.2 Natural Assets -- 4.1.3 Physical Assets -- 4.1.4 Social Assets -- 4.1.5 Financial Assets -- 4.2 Farmers´ Livelihood Strategies -- 4.2.1 Agricultural Intensification -- 4.2.2 Diversification -- 4.2.3 Migration -- 4.3 Farmers´ Livelihood Outcomes -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Annex -- References -- Assessment of Sediment Deposition in Aswan High Dam Reservoir During 50 Years (1964-2014) -- 1 Statement of the Problem -- 2 Types of Reservoir Sedimentation -- 2.1 Backwater Deposition -- 2.2 Delta Formation -- 2.3 Bottom-Set Bed Depositions -- 2.4 Depress Flow -- 3 Sedimentation in Nile Basin -- 4 The Aswan High Dam Reservoir Sedimentation Rate. , 5 Relation Between Discharges and Sedimentation in Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 6 Previous Sedimentation Studies in AHDR -- 7 Different Techniques for Calculating Sedimentation in AHDR -- 7.1 GIS Method -- 7.1.1 Algorithm of DTM -- 7.1.2 Spatial Analysis -- 7.1.3 Volumetric Calculations -- 7.2 Traditional Method -- 8 Percentage of Volume of Sedimentation for Every Cross Section to All Cross Sections of the AHDR -- 9 The Thickness of Sedimentation on the Lowest Point at All Cross Sections During 1964-2012 -- 10 Results and Analysis -- 11 Conclusion -- 12 Recommendations -- References -- Evaluation of Merowe Dam´s Effect on the Accumulated Sediment in Lake Nubia, Sudan Using RS/GIS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Merowe Dam in Brief -- 2.2 Active Sedimentation Portion (Study Area) -- 3 Collected Data -- 3.1 Hydrographic Survey Data -- 3.2 Remote Sensing (RS) Data -- 3.3 Water Level Data -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Building 3D Profiles -- 4.2 Creation of Maps of Changes -- 5 Results and Discussions -- 5.1 Created 3D Profiles -- 5.2 Creation of Maps of Changes -- 5.3 Estimating Total Amount and Annual Rate of Sediment -- 5.4 Comparisons -- 5.5 Effect of Other Sudanese Eastern Dams -- 5.5.1 Khashm el-Gibra Dam -- 5.5.2 Sennar Dam -- 5.5.3 Roseires Dam -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Impacts of GERD on the Accumulated Sediment in Lake Nubia Using Machine Learning and GIS Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of the Study Area -- 2.1 Nile River Basin -- 2.2 Aswan High Dam Lake (AHDL) -- 2.3 Active Sedimentation Portion (Study Area) -- 2.4 The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam in Brief -- 3 Collected Data -- 3.1 Bathymetric (Geometric) Data -- 3.1.1 Hydrographic Survey Data -- 3.1.2 Topographic Maps -- 3.2 Sediment Data -- 3.2.1 Old Longitudinal Section of AHDL -- 3.2.2 Sediment Rate -- 3.2.3 Lake Bed Material Samples. , 3.3 Remote Sensing (RS) Data.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part IIntroduction -- 1 Introduction to "Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS in Tunisia" -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Themes of the Book -- 1.3 Chapters' Summary -- 1.3.1 Remote Sensing and GIS for Urban and Rural Applications -- 1.3.2 Remote Sensing and GIS for Mapping and Modeling -- 1.3.3 Remote Sensing and GIS for Natural Risks Applications -- 1.3.4 Soil Degradation and Drought -- 1.3.5 Remote Sensing and GIS to Assess and Monitor Dry, Arid and Wetlands -- References -- Part IIRS and GIS for Urban and Rural Applications -- 2 Approaching the Tunisian Human Environment by Using RS and the Dasymetric Method -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Portraying the Density of Population: An Overview of the Methods in Use -- 2.3 The Dasymetric Method -- 2.4 Related Cartographic Literature -- 2.5 Advantages of the Dasymetric Method Applied to the Tunisian Territory -- 2.6 Methodology and Methods Implementation -- 2.7 Results and Discussion -- 2.8 Conclusion -- 2.9 Recommendations -- References -- 3 The Role of GIS as a Planning Tool in a Tunisian Urban Landscape, Sfax City -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 GIS and Planning of Green Spaces -- 3.3 GIS Assessement of Natural Space Planning in Sfax City -- 3.3.1 GIS Assessement of Urban Sprawl and Consumption of Agricultural Spaces in Sfax City -- 3.3.2 GIS Assessment of Green Space Consideration in the Sustainable Development Context -- 3.4 Green Spaces Issues in the Actors' Discourses -- 3.4.1 Complicated Mission of Local Authorities -- 3.4.2 An Active and Influential Civil Society -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 3.6 Recommandations -- References -- 4 Spatio-Temporal Monitoring of the Meskat System Distribution in the Tunisian Sahel Region Using TM Landsat Images -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Meskat System. , 4.3 Recognition of the Meskat System Processing in Tunisian Sahel Region: Thematic Focus and Methodology -- 4.3.1 Study Area -- 4.3.2 Exploitation of Satellite Images -- 4.3.3 Methodology -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Land Use Mapping -- 4.4.2 Spatio-Temporal Evolution of the Meskat System -- 4.4.3 Rate of Change of the Meskat System -- 4.5 Conclusion -- 4.6 Recommendations -- References -- 5 Spatial Distribution of Solanum elaeagnifolium in the Tunisian Arid Region Using GIS Tools -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Introducing Concepts and Terms -- 5.2.1 Definitions -- 5.2.2 Biological Invasion Process -- 5.3 Mapping Is an Effective Approach to Manage Invasive Alien Plants -- 5.4 Solanum elaeagnifolium Mapping Using GIS -- 5.4.1 Methodological Approach -- 5.5 Results and Discussion -- 5.5.1 EL Alam Land Cover Mapping in 2014-2015 -- 5.5.2 Solanum elaeagnifolium Spatial Distribution -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Recommendations -- References -- 6 PROMETHEE and Geospatial Analysis to Rank Suitable Sites for Grombalia Aquifer Recharge with Reclaimed Water -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Method -- 6.2.1 Description of the Study Area -- 6.2.2 Methodology -- 6.2.3 Calculation of Surface Needed for Aquifer Recharge -- 6.3 Results and Discussions -- 6.3.1 Spatial Datasets Used -- 6.3.2 Constraints Layer -- 6.3.3 Suitable Sites Ranking -- 6.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Part IIIRS and GIS for Mapping and Modeling -- 7 Using RS and GIS to Mapping Land Cover of the Cap Bon (Tunisia) -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Objectives of the Present Study -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.4 Documents Used -- 7.5 The Cap Bon as an Application Field -- 7.5.1 Overview of the Study Area -- 7.5.2 Model Space for a Better Understanding -- 7.5.3 The Conceptual, Logical and Physical Data Model -- 7.6 Creation of the Geodatabase -- 7.6.1 The Structure of the Geodatabase. , 7.6.2 The Image Processing and Loading of Datasets -- 7.6.3 The Implementation of the Geodatabase -- 7.7 Multiscalar Mapping of Land Cover and Land Use -- 7.7.1 Level 1 Mapping of the Land Cover and Land Use: Across the Cap Bon -- 7.7.2 Mapping Level 2 of the Land Cover and Land Use: Across the Plain of Grombalia -- 7.7.3 Mapping Level 3 of the Land Cover and Land Use: Local Delegation of Soliman -- 7.8 Conclusion -- 7.9 Recommendations -- References -- 8 A GIS Based DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC and SI Methods to Assess Groundwater Vulnerability to Pollution: Case Study of Oued Laya (Central Tunisia) -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Assessment of Vulnerability of Shallow Aquifer to Pollution and Methodology -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 Methodology -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Thematic Maps Presentation -- 8.4 Standard DRASTIC Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.5 Pesticide DRASTIC Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.6 SI Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.7 Standard DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC and SI Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.8 Conclusion -- 8.9 Recommendations -- References -- Part IVRS and GIS for Natural Risks Applications -- 9 Mapping Environmental Risk Degradation Under Climate Stress and Anthropogenic Pressure: Case Study of Abdeladim Watershed, Tunisia -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methodological Framework -- 9.2.1 GIS: The Study's Relevance to Agricultural Productivity -- 9.2.2 The Steps of the Work -- 9.3 Conceptual and Methodological Framework -- 9.3.1 Sensitivity and Potential Sensitivity to Degradation: The Study's Interest in Preserving Agricultural Productivity -- 9.4 Abdeladim Watershed: A Fragile Natural Balanced Environment Undergoing Significant Anthropic Pressure -- 9.5 Trends in the Evolution of the River System/Hydrographic Network -- 9.5.1 Linear Erosion -- 9.5.2 Regressive Erosion -- 9.5.3 Lateral Erosion. , 9.6 Potential Sensitivity to Degradation -- 9.6.1 Potential Sensitivity to Agricultural Land Degradation to Soil Quality Degradation -- 9.6.2 Sensitivity of Sloping Agricultural Land to Degradation by Soil Loss -- 9.6.3 Sensitivity to Watercourse Erosion Degradation -- 9.7 Measures to Combat the  Degradation of Agricultural Lands -- 9.7.1 The Extension of Information -- 9.7.2 Control of Potential Soil Quality Degradation -- 9.7.3 Control of Potential Degradation by Loss of Soil -- 9.7.4 Control of Potential Degradation by Stormwater -- 9.8 Discussions -- 9.9 Conclusion -- 9.10 Recommendations -- References -- 10 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Risk Assessment in Monastir, Tunisia -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Case Study: Monastir, Tunisia -- 10.3 Methodology -- 10.3.1 Conceptual Risk Framework -- 10.3.2 Workflow -- 10.3.3 Data Acquisition and Development of a Geodatabase -- 10.3.4 Land Use/Land Cover Analysis Based on the Urban Atlas Standard -- 10.3.5 Hazard Analysis -- 10.3.6 Exposure Analysis -- 10.3.7 Vulnerability and Integrated Risk Assessment -- 10.4 Results -- 10.4.1 Flash Floods and Coastal Erosion in Monastir -- 10.4.2 Exposure to Flash Floods -- 10.4.3 Social Vulnerability and Flash Flood Risk -- 10.4.4 Web-Based Information System -- 10.5 Discussion and Lessons Learned -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part VSoil Degradation and Drought -- 11 Monitoring of Land Use-Land Cover Changes and Assessment of Soil Degradation Using Landsat TM and OLI Data in Zarzis Arid Region -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area -- 11.2.2 Land Degradation Constraints -- 11.2.3 Landsat Image Processing -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 ISOCLUST Classification -- 11.3.2 Land Use and Land Cover Maps of 2007 -- 11.3.3 Land Use and Land Cover of 2014 -- 11.3.4 Change Analysis Using the Land Change Modeler Tool. , 11.4 Conclusions -- 11.5 Recommendations -- References -- 12 Drought Assessment in Tunisia by Time-Series Satellite Images: An Ecohydrologic Approach -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Principles of the Ecohydrology -- 12.3 Remote Sensing Integration in Ecohydrological Approaches -- 12.3.1 Overview of Remote Sensing Principles -- 12.3.2 Concepts of Remote Sensing Uses in Ecohydrology -- 12.4 Humidity Canopy Assessment at the Ecoregion Level -- 12.5 Ecohydrology Equilibrium Assessment by Remote Sensing -- 12.5.1 Water Balance Modelling with Times-Series LAI-MODIS -- 12.5.2 Water Stress Index Effect on Ecohydrologic Equilibrium -- 12.6 Data Quality of MODIS -- 12.6.1 Calibration of LAI-MODIS -- 12.6.2 Quality Assessment of MODIS Time-Series Images -- 12.7 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Part VIRS and GIS to Assess and Monitor Dry, Arid and Wetlands -- 13 Monitoring of Dryland Vulnerability by Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Processing: Case of Wadi Bouhamed Watershed (Southern Tunisia) -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Global Overview of Dryland Degradation -- 13.2.1 Erosion -- 13.2.2 Desertification -- 13.2.3 Factors Affecting Land Degradation -- 13.3 Modeling and Mapping Land Degradation -- 13.3.1 Image Transformations -- 13.3.2 Image Classifications -- 13.4 Study Area: The Wadi Bouhamed Watershed -- 13.4.1 Climate Context of the Studied Area -- 13.4.2 Vegetation Cover -- 13.4.3 Slope -- 13.4.4 Human Issues -- 13.4.5 Soil Conservation Management -- 13.5 Land Degradation Over the Watershed of Wadi Bouhamed -- 13.5.1 Methods and Multi-sources Data -- 13.5.2 Land Uses Changes in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by Image Classification -- 13.5.3 Vegetation Cover in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by NDVI -- 13.5.4 Soils Distribution in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by Brightness Index -- 13.6 Conclusions -- 13.7 Recommendations. , References.

Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Environmental and Climatic Implications of Lake Manzala, Egypt: Modeling and Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lake Manzala Characteristics -- 3 Lake Manzala State of the Art -- 3.1 Environmental Assessments -- 3.2 Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling -- 3.3 Climate Change Impacts -- 4 Research Deficits and Study Objectives -- 5 Methodology -- 5.1 Lagoon Water Quality Index (LWQI) -- 5.2 Trophic Index (TRIX) -- 5.3 MIKE21 Modeling System -- 5.4 Climate Change Estimates -- 6 Data Collection and Analysis -- 7 Water Quality Assessment of Lake Manzala -- 8 Trophic Status Assessment of Lake Manzala -- 9 Impacts of Future Climatic Changes on the Lake Characteristics -- 9.1 Developing of Manzala Model -- 9.2 Climate Change Impacts -- 10 Conclusions -- 11 Recommendations for Future Work -- References -- Modeling of Water Quality Parameters in Manzala Lake Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System and Stochastic Models -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Manzala Lake -- 3 Data-Driven Modeling -- 3.1 Monte Carlo Simulation -- 3.2 Neural Networks System -- 3.3 Fuzzy Logic -- 4 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Investigating the Impacts of Dredging on Improving the Water Quality and Circulation of Lake Mariout via Hydrodynamics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model Development -- 2.1 Hydrodynamic Simulation -- 2.2 Water Quality Simulations -- 3 Model Scenarios -- 4 Model Results -- 4.1 Hydrodynamic Modeling Results -- 4.1.1 Scenario-0 (Baseline) -- 4.1.2 Scenario-01 -- 4.1.3 Scenario-02 -- 4.1.4 Scenario-03 -- 4.1.5 Scenario-04 -- 4.1.6 Scenario-05 -- 4.2 Water Quality Modeling Results -- 4.2.1 Scenario-0 (Baseline) -- 4.3 Comparison of All Model Scenarios. , 5 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Impacts on Egyptian Delta Lakes´ Biodiversity: A Case Study on Lake Burullus -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lake Burullus -- 3 Physicochemical and Limnological Features -- 4 Commercial Fishes in Lake Burullus -- 5 Aquatic Macrophytes of Lake Burullus -- 6 Birds -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendation -- References -- Coastal Lakes as Hot Spots for Plant Diversity in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sites Description -- 2.1 Land Forms -- 2.2 Lakes Morphometry -- 2.3 Sediment and Water Characteristics -- 2.4 Prevailing Climate -- 3 Prevailing Habitats -- 4 Plant Diversity -- 4.1 Taxonomic Diversity -- 4.2 Habit and Life Form -- 4.3 Endemic and Near-Endemic Species -- 4.4 Threatened Species -- 5 Plant Communities -- 6 Succession Trends -- 7 Goods and Services -- 8 Carbon Sequestrations Potential -- 9 Identified Threats -- 10 Conservation Measures -- 11 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Responses of Zooplankton to Long-Term Environmental Changes in the Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Zooplankton -- 2.1 Zooplankton Population Dynamics: Similarities and Differences -- 2.1.1 Lake Manzala -- 2.1.2 Lake Burullus -- Long-Term Changes in Zooplankton Communities in Lake Burullus -- 2.1.3 Lake Edku -- 2.1.4 Lake Mariout -- 2.1.5 Lake Bardawil -- 3 Zooplankton and Environmental Changes of Coastal Lakes (Case Study Lake Burullus) -- 4 Linking Zooplankton and Fisheries -- 4.1 Zooplankton and Gut Contents of Fishes -- 4.1.1 Tilapias -- 4.1.2 Mullets -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Fisheries of Egyptian Delta Coastal Wetlands -- Burullus Wetland Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Present Status of Fish Species -- 2 Fish Production -- 3 Fishing Equipment and Techniques -- 3.1 Entangling Gears -- 3.1.1 Gill Net -- 3.1.2 Trammel Net -- 3.1.3 Stationary Trammel Nets (Saksook). , 3.2 Encircling Gears -- 3.2.1 El-Gafsha (Shebak El-Habl) -- 3.2.2 El-Ganeb -- 3.3 Trawl Gears (Dragged Gears) -- 3.3.1 Lawat -- 3.3.2 Lokkafa -- 3.3.3 E1-Kerba -- 3.4 Seine Nets (El-Shalta) -- 4 Fisheries -- 4.1 Cichlidae -- 4.1.1 Abundance of Different Cichlid Species in the Burullus Wetland -- 4.1.2 Seasonal Variations of Cichlid Species in the Catch -- 4.1.3 Mortality and Survival Rates -- 4.2 Muglidae -- 4.2.1 Seasonal Fluctuation of the Mullet Catch -- 4.2.2 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Mullet Fry -- Water Movement -- Water Temperatures -- Chlorosity -- Amount of Food -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations for Fisheries Management -- References -- Earth Observations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes Monitoring and Management -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Remote Sensing Applications in the Northern Coastal Lakes -- 2.1 Describing Lakes´ Geomorphological Properties -- 2.1.1 Mapping Lakes Boundaries and Coastal Changes -- 2.1.2 Case Studies -- Lake Bardawil -- Lake Manzala -- Lake Burullus -- Lake Idku -- Lake Mariout -- 2.2 Evaluating Lakes Water Quality -- 2.2.1 Physicochemical Parameters -- 2.2.2 Biological Component (Chl-a) -- 2.3 Retrieving the System ``Good Conditions´´ -- 3 Simulating the Climatic Changes and Predicting Impacts -- 4 Future Plan: Rehabilitation and Management -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Are the Egyptian Coastal Lakes Sustainable? A Comprehensive Review Based on Remote Sensing Approach -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Application of Remote Sensing on Lake -- 2.1 Surface Water Area of Lakes -- 2.1.1 Lake Boundaries Delineation by Visible and NIR Bands -- 2.1.2 Differentiating Lake Area from Surrounding Land by Thermal Imagery -- 2.1.3 Extraction of Lake Water Bodies Using RS Techniques -- 2.1.4 Water Surface Area Changes Using RS -- 2.2 Bathymetry of Lakes -- 2.2.1 Bathymetry Detection by Active Altimetric Sensing. , 2.2.2 Lake Bathymetry Indicators -- 2.3 Water Quality by RS -- 3 Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 3.1 Lake Mariout -- 3.2 Lake Edku -- 3.3 Lake Burullus -- 3.4 Lake Manzala -- 3.5 Lake Bardawil -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Changes in a Coastal Lake Dynamic System and Potential Restoration -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Developments Versus Sustainability -- 2.1 Aspects of Changing Features of Coastal Lakes -- 2.1.1 Sea Water Exchange and Salinity Level -- 2.1.2 Nutrient Loadings into Lakes -- 2.1.3 Internal Circulation and Localities of Sand Accumulation -- 2.2 Understanding Impact on Functional Dynamic System -- 2.3 Risks and Ability to Recover -- 3 Employing Remote Sensing Techniques in Tracking Transformation Pattern -- 3.1 Role of Satellite-Based Products in Change Monitoring -- 3.2 Case Study: Water Quality Indexing for Lake Burullus -- 3.2.1 Water Quality Index -- 3.2.2 Study Area -- 3.2.3 Selected Variables and Spectral Processing -- 3.2.4 Result Analysis: WQI -- 4 Strategy for Coastal Lake Restoration -- 4.1 Proposed Management Strategies -- 4.2 Reasoning Challenges, Effectiveness, and Adaptability -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes and Wetlands: Climate Change and Biodiversity -- 1 Summary -- 1.1 Climate Change and Water Quality Modeling -- 1.2 Biodiversity, Zooplankton, and Fish -- 1.3 Remote Sensing Applications and Potential Restoration of Lakes -- 2 Challenges Facing the Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References -- Erratum to: Earth Observations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes Monitoring and Management -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Introduction to "Sustainable Water Solutions in the Western Desert, Egypt: Dakhla Oasis" -- 1 Background -- 2 Themes of the Book -- 3 Chapters' Summary -- 3.1 Geology, Geomorphology, Archaeology and Climate -- 3.2 Land Use, Soil and Cultivation -- 3.3 Hydrology and Water -- References -- The Egyptian Western Desert: Water, Agriculture and Culture of Oasis Communities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historical Background of the Oasis Community in the Western Desert -- 3 Population -- 4 Migration -- 5 Economic Activities in Oases -- 5.1 Agriculture -- 5.2 Mining -- 5.3 Pottery -- 6 Women's Life and Activities -- 7 Impact of Tourism on Agriculture -- 8 Problems of Environment -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Geology, Geomorphology, Archaeology and Climate -- Geology of Dakhla Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geomorphology -- 2.1 The Dakhla-Abu Minqar Plateau -- 2.2 The Scarp Face -- 2.3 The Dakhla Depression -- 3 Stratigraphy -- 3.1 Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene Rock Units -- 3.2 Taref Formation -- 3.3 Paleocene-Lower Eocene Rock Units -- 3.4 The Quaternary Deposits -- 4 Geologic Structures -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendation -- References -- Geomorphology of Dakhla Depression -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regional Geomorphology -- 3 Principal Geomorphological Units -- 3.1 Plateau and Escarpment -- 3.2 Depression Floor -- 3.3 Sand Dunes -- 3.4 North: (El Dakar Dune Filed) -- 3.5 West: (Great Sand Sea) -- 3.6 East: (Dune Free-Zone) -- 3.7 South -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Archaeological Sites in Dakhla Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Archaeological Sites in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.1 Deir al-Hagar Temple -- 2.2 Deir al-Hagar Ancient Water Supply System -- 2.3 Qaret al-Muzawaka Tombs -- 2.4 Al-Qasr Islamic Village. , 2.5 Darb al-Ghabari Inscriptions -- 2.6 Bashandi Village -- 2.7 Balat Village -- 2.8 The Pharaonic Tombs in Balat -- 3 Gilf Kebir Area -- 3.1 Abu Ballas Area -- 3.2 The Rock Art Inscriptions -- 3.3 Gilf Kebir National Park (GKNP) -- 3.4 The Silica Glass Area -- 4 Conclusion -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Climate Features of Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climatic History of the Western Desert of Egypt -- 3 Overview of the Climate in Egypt Today -- 4 Climatic Characteristics of Dakhla Oasis -- 4.1 Sunshine Duration, Precipitation, and Aridity -- 4.2 Temperature -- 4.3 Wind Conditions -- 4.4 Humidity -- 4.5 Climatic Differences Between the Dakhla and Kharga Oases -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Land Use, Soil and Cultivation -- Aeolian Sand Transport Potential and Its Environmental Impact in Dakhla Oasis, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sand Dunes in Africa -- 2.1 Sahara Dunes -- 2.2 Kalahari Dunes -- 2.3 Namib Sand Dunes -- 2.4 Topography of Dakhla Oasis -- 2.5 Geology of Dakhla Oasis -- 2.6 Land Use and Land Cover in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.7 Types of Sand Dunes in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.8 Grain Size of Sand Dunes of Dakhla Oasis -- 2.9 Sand Grain Morphology in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.10 Mineral Composition of Dune Sands of Dakhla Oasis -- 3 Movement of Sand Dunes in Dakhla Oasis -- 4 Sand Drift Potential (SDP) in Dakhla Oasis -- 5 Dune Movement Threat in Dakhla Oasis -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Soil Conditions of Dakhla Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Location of Dakhla Oasis -- 3 Geomorphology of Dakhla Oasis -- 3.1 Escarpment -- 3.2 Sandy Plain -- 3.3 River Terraces -- 3.4 Sand Dune -- 3.5 Sand Sheet -- 3.6 Inselbergs -- 3.7 Pavement Plain -- 3.8 Playa -- 3.9 Footslope -- 4 Climate Data of Dakhla Oasis -- 5 Soil Characteristics of Dakhla Oasis -- 6 Soil Classification of Dakhla Oasis. , 7 Land Evaluation of Dakhla Oasis -- 7.1 Land Capability -- 7.2 Land Suitability -- 8 Conclusion -- 9 Recommendation -- References -- Remote Sensing and GIS for Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection in Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Location -- 2.2 Demographic Trend -- 2.3 Climate -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Main Land Use/Land Cover Classes -- 4.2 Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Crop Diversification and Its Efficiency in Rashda Village, Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Diversification of Farming Practices in Rashda Village -- 2.1 Crops in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.2 Different Cultivations by Type of Well -- 2.3 Crop Rotation in the Government Well Irrigation Districts -- 2.4 Diversification Strategy According to Land Size -- 3 Model and Data -- 3.1 Model -- 3.2 Data -- 4 Empirical Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Empirical Results -- 4.2 Discussion -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Hydrological Aspects and Water Resources -- Hydrologeological and Hydrological Conditions of Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate -- 3 Geologic Setting -- 4 Hydrologeological Conditions -- 4.1 The Aquifer Geometry -- 4.2 Aquifer Recharge -- 4.3 Aquifer Potentiometry and Pattern for Groundwater Flow -- 4.4 Groundwater Quality -- 4.5 Nubian Sandstone Age Dating -- 5 Irrigation and Drainage System in Dakhla Oasis -- 5.1 Drainage Network in the Depression -- 5.2 Drainage Ponds in Dakhla Oasis -- 5.3 Usage of Drainage Water -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- History of Wells in Rashda Village, Dakhla Oasis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Development of Modern Wells in Dakhla Oasis -- 2.1 Wells and Boring Until the Beginning of the Twentieth Century -- 2.2 Deep-Well Boring Since the Mid-Twentieth Century. , 3 Wells in Rashda Until the Beginning of the Twentieth Century -- 4 Wells in Rashda Since the Mid-Twentieth Century -- 4.1 End of the 1950s to the 1970s: Government Wells -- 4.2 Since the 1980s: Investment Wells and Surface Springs -- 5 Change in the Human-and-Water Relationship -- 5.1 Years of Well Construction -- 5.2 Continuous Well Drilling -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Development of Land Use and Groundwater in Rashda Village (Dakhla Oasis), 1960s-2018 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Research Site -- 2.1 Demographic Features -- 2.2 Topographic Features -- 3 Methods and Data Used -- 3.1 Data -- 3.2 Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Land Use/Cover Classifications -- 4.2 Land Use/Land Cover in 1968 -- 4.3 Land Use/Land Cover in 1988 -- 4.4 Land Use/Land Cover in 2003 -- 4.5 Land Use/Land Cover in 2018 -- 4.6 Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection -- 4.7 Land Use Change Detection from 1968 to 1988 -- 4.8 Land Use Change Detection from 1988 to 2003 -- 4.9 Land Use Change Detection from 2003 to 2018 -- 4.10 Land Use Change and Development of Wells in the Northern Section of Rashda Village -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Detecting and Controlling the Waterlogging in Dakhla Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Kharga-Dakhla-Farafra Depressions -- 2.2 New Valley Project -- 3 Case 1: Kharga Oasis -- 4 Case 2: Dakhla Oasis -- 5 Case 3: Farafra Oasis -- 6 Waterlogging in Dakhla Basin -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations and Potential for Future -- References -- Hydrogeophysical Investigations Using DC Resistivity Survey to Assess the Water Potentialities of the Shallow Aquifer Zone in East of Dakhla Oasis, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological and Hydrogeological Setting -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Aquifer Characterizations -- 4.2 Faults and Recharge of NSAS. , 4.3 Resistivity and Water Quality of the Upper Aquifer Zone -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions -- Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations of "Sustainable Water Solutions in the Western Desert, Egypt: Dakhla Oasis" -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An Update -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part IIntroduction -- 1 Introduction to "Mitigating Environmental Stresses for Agricultural Sustainability in Egypt" -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Purpose of the Book -- 1.3 Themes of the Book and Contribution of the Chapters -- 1.3.1 Improve Crop Tolerance for Abiotic Stresses -- 1.3.2 Recent Approaches to Biotic Stress Tolerance -- 1.3.3 Advanced Procedures in Improving Crop Productivity -- 1.3.4 Sustainability of Environmental Resources from a Crop Production Perspective -- References -- Part IIImprove Crop Tolerance for Abiotic Stresses -- 2 Drought Tolerance in Some Field Crops: State of the Art Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Rice -- 2.2.1 Economic Importance -- 2.2.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.2.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.2.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.2.5 Breeding Efforts and Biotechnology -- 2.3 Maize -- 2.3.1 Economic Importance -- 2.3.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.3.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.3.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.3.5 Breeding Efforts and Biotechnology -- 2.4 Barley -- 2.4.1 Economic Importance -- 2.4.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.4.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.4.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.4.5 Breeding and Biotechnology Efforts -- 2.5 Sunflower -- 2.5.1 Economic Importance -- 2.5.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.5.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.5.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.5.5 Breeding Efforts and Biotechnology -- 2.6 Conclusions -- 2.7 Recommendations -- References -- 3 Performance and Genetic Diversity in Water Stress Tolerance and Relation to Wheat Productivity Under Rural Regions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Concept of Water Stress and Its Impact on Wheat Plants -- 3.2.1 Impact of Water Stress on Wheat Plants. , 3.3 Importance of Coordination Between Plant Breeders and Specialists in Other Related Fields of Science -- 3.4 Critical Stages of Water Stress Impact on Wheat -- 3.5 Adaptation Mechanisms for Water Stress Conditions -- 3.6 Foundations of Wheat Crop Tolerance to Water Stress -- 3.6.1 Plant Characteristics and Their Genetic Behavior Relevant to Water Stress Tolerance -- 3.7 Yield Performance in Relation to Water Stress Tolerance -- 3.8 Genetic Diversity and Sources of Water Stress Tolerant Genotypes -- 3.9 Breeding Efforts -- 3.9.1 Breeding Strategies -- 3.9.2 Mutations -- 3.10 Role of Biotechnology in Improving Water Stress Tolerance -- 3.10.1 Molecular Markers -- 3.10.2 Gene Transfer Technology -- 3.11 Agricultural Procedures to Support Wheat Productivity Under Water Stress Conditions -- 3.11.1 Land Leveling -- 3.11.2 Raised Bed Method -- 3.11.3 Cultivate Tolerant Varieties -- 3.11.4 Sowing Date -- 3.11.5 Plant Density -- 3.11.6 Fertilization -- 3.11.7 Irrigation System -- 3.11.8 Humic and Amino Acids Treatment -- 3.12 Conclusions -- 3.13 Recommendations -- References -- 4 Heat Stress Tolerance, Challenges and Solutions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Concepts Related to Heat Stress -- 4.2.1 Heat Stress -- 4.2.2 Vant Hoff Concept (Q10 Coefficient) -- 4.2.3 The Concept of Thermal Units -- 4.2.4 Daily Thermoperiodicity Concept -- 4.2.5 Seasonal Thermoperiodicity Concept -- 4.3 Heat Stress Impact on the Egyptian Agriculture Sector -- 4.4 Physiological and Biochemical Impacts of Heat Stress -- 4.5 Critical Periods of Crop Plants to Heat Stress -- 4.6 Nature of Resistance to Heat Stress -- 4.6.1 Heat Avoidance -- 4.6.2 Heat Tolerance (Thermotolerance) -- 4.7 Classification of Crop Plants According to Temperature -- 4.7.1 Cold Season Crops -- 4.7.2 Hot Season Crops. , 4.8 Is It Possible to Mitigate Extreme Heat Stress on Crop Plants? How Crop Plants Can Deal with Heat Stress? -- 4.8.1 Traits Relevant to Heat Stress Tolerance -- 4.8.2 Breeding Achievements -- 4.9 Biotechnology -- 4.9.1 Molecular Markers -- 4.9.2 Gene Transfer and Tissue Culture Technology -- 4.10 Agronomic Practices -- 4.10.1 Sowing Date -- 4.10.2 Fertigation -- 4.10.3 Intercropping -- 4.11 Conclusions -- 4.12 Recommendations -- References -- 5 Environmental Pollution Tolerance in Crop Plants -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Source of Pollutants -- 5.2.1 Natural Resources -- 5.2.2 An Unnatural Source -- 5.3 Tolerance to Air Pollutants -- 5.4 Tolerance to Heavy Metals Pollutants -- 5.5 Damage Mechanisms of Heavy Metals and Effects on Crop Plants -- 5.6 Water Pollution -- 5.7 Stress-Sensing in Plants -- 5.8 Resistance Mechanisms of Crop Pants to Environmental Pollutants -- 5.9 Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Characters Related to Environmental Pollutants Tolerance -- 5.9.1 Morphological Characters -- 5.9.2 Physiological Characters -- 5.9.3 Biochemical Characters -- 5.10 Genetic System and Nature of Gene Action Controlling Inheritance of Environmental Pollutants Tolerance -- 5.11 Role of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology in the Development of Cultivars Tolerant to Environmental Pollutants -- 5.11.1 Breeding Methods -- 5.11.2 Biotechnology -- 5.12 Procedures for Pollution Control -- 5.12.1 Air Pollutants -- 5.12.2 Heavy Metals -- 5.13 Conclusions -- 5.14 Recommendations -- References -- 6 Rapid Screening Wheat Genotypes for Tolerance to Heavy Metals -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.3 Results -- 6.3.1 Influence of Heavy Metals on Germination -- 6.3.2 Influence of Heavy Metals on Root Characteristics -- 6.3.3 Influence of Heavy Metals on Shoot Characteristics -- 6.3.4 Phytotoxicity Index -- 6.3.5 Tolerance Index -- 6.4 Conclusions. , 6.5 Recommendation -- References -- 7 Performance, Adaptability and Stability of Promising Bread Wheat Lines Across Different Environments -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Plant Materials and Experimental Layout -- 7.2.2 Statistical Analysis -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Analysis of Variance -- 7.3.2 Mean Performance of Wheat Genotypes Under Different Environments -- 7.3.3 Tolerance Index (TOL) -- 7.3.4 Phenotypic Stability Analysis -- 7.3.5 Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction Method (AMMI) -- 7.4 Conclusions -- 7.5 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Effect of Salt Stress on Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of African Locust Bean {Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth.} Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Plant Material -- 8.2.2 Establishment of Cell Suspension Culture Under Salt Stress Conditions -- 8.2.3 Effect of Salt Stress on Ions Uptake of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.2.4 Effect of Salt Stress on Proline Content of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.2.5 Electrophoretic Analysis: (Biochemical Markers) -- 8.2.6 Chemical Analysis -- 8.2.7 Statistical Analysis -- 8.3 Results and Discussions -- 8.3.1 Establishment of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture Under Salt Stress Conditions (NaCl) -- 8.3.2 Effect of Different Concentrations of NaCl on Ions Uptake (Na+, K+, Ca2+, P3+ and N3+) of P. biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.3.3 Effect of Different Concentration of NaCl on Proline Content of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.3.4 Electrophoretic Analysis -- 8.3.5 Chemical Analysis -- 8.4 Conclusions -- 8.5 Recommendations -- 8.6 Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IIIRecent Approaches for Biotic Stress Tolerance -- 9 Varietal Differences and Their Relation to Brown Rot Disease Resistance in Potato. , 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Survey the Causal Organism of Potato Brown Rot Disease Ralstonia solanacearum in Weeds -- 9.3 Isolation of R. solanacearum from Different Potato, Weeds and Irrigation Water -- 9.4 Identification of R. solanacearum -- 9.4.1 Traditional Methods -- 9.4.2 Molecular Biology Techniques -- 9.4.3 Pathogenicity Test -- 9.5 Varietal Differences in Relation to Brown Rot Disease Resistance -- 9.6 Effect of Plant Extracts on R. solanacearum Growth in Vitro -- 9.7 Conclusions -- 9.8 Recommendations -- References -- 10 Effect of Soil Type and Crop Rotation on the Causal Agent of Potato Brown Rot Disease Under Egyptian Condition -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Effect of Soil Type on Potato Brown Rot Disease Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum -- 10.3 Effect of Soil PH on Persistence of Potato Brown Rot Disease Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum -- 10.4 Effect of Crop Rotation on Potato Brown Rot Disease -- 10.5 Influence the Persistence of Ralstonia solanacearum by Different Plant Species and Habitats -- 10.6 Conclusions -- 10.7 Recommendations -- References -- 11 Advanced Methods in Controlling Late Blight Disease in Potatoes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Backgrounds Economic -- 11.3 The Late Blight Disease -- 11.4 The Pathogen -- 11.5 Diagnose the Disease -- 11.5.1 Traditional Methods -- 11.5.2 DNA Markers -- 11.5.3 Diagnosis Remotely -- 11.5.4 Bioinformatics -- 11.6 Control Methods -- 11.6.1 Chemical Methods -- 11.6.2 Resistant Cultivars -- 11.6.3 Alternatives of Fungicides -- 11.7 Conclusions -- 11.8 Recommendations -- References -- 12 Developing Rust Resistance of Wheat Genotypes Under Egyptian Conditions -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Types of Wheat Rusts -- 12.3 Economic Importance -- 12.3.1 Losses in Yield and Grain Quality -- 12.4 Race Analyses -- 12.4.1 Yellow Rust -- 12.4.2 Leaf Rust -- 12.4.3 Stem Rust -- 12.5 Genetic Variability. , 12.6 Genetic System and Genes Responsible Resistance.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- About the 2nd Springer Conference of the Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration (EMCEI-2), Tunisia 2019 -- Section 1: Engineering Applications for Environmental Management -- Section 2: Process Control, Simulations and Intensification for Environmental Management -- Section 3: Ecotoxicology, Environmental Safety and Bioremediation -- Section 4: Biotechnology for Environmental Management -- Section 5: Climate-Change-Related Effects on the Environment and Ecological Systems -- Section 6: Natural Resources, Agriculture and the Environment -- Section 7: Smart Technologies for Environmentally Friendly Energy Production -- Section 8: Remote Sensing and GIS for Environmental Monitoring and Management -- Section 9: Environmental Impacts of Natural Hazards and Environmental Risk Assessment -- Section 10: Sustainable Management of Marine and Coastal Environments -- Section 11: Sustainable Management of the Urban Environment -- Section 12: Sustainable Management of the Indoor and Built Environment -- Section 13: Environmental-Change-Related Impacts on Human Health -- About the Conference Steering Committee -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Engineering Applications for Environmental Management: Adsorption-Oriented Processes Using Conventional and Non-conventional Adsorbents -- Efficiency of Hybrid Process of Coagulation/Flocculation Followed by Membrane Filtration for the Treatment of Synthetic Vegetable Oil Refinery Wastewater -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Coagulation/Flocculation Treatment -- 3.2 Dead-End Filtration -- 3.3 Cross-Flow Filtration -- 3.4 Combination of CF and CFF Processes -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Fe/Clay Composite as Catalysts for Textile Wastewater Treatment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Catalysts. , 4 Conclusion -- References -- Iron Removal from Groundwater by Adsorption Process onto Activated Carbon Obtained from Pinus Halepensis Cone Wastes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Groundwater Characterization -- 3.2 Batch Adsorption Study -- 3.3 Fixed-Bed Column Adsorption Study -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Synthesis and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Pinus Halepensis Cone Wastes: Adsorption Prediction as a Function of Some Physicochemical Characteristics of Activated Carbons -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Adsorption of Industrial Dye BzR from Aqueous Solution Using Local Modified Clay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Bentonite Sample -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Characterization -- 3.2 Adsorption of Bezathren Red -- 3.3 Adsorption isotherm studies -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Adsorption-Desorption of Methylene Blue by Bentonite from Aqueous Solution -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Kinetics and Isotherms Adsorption -- 4 Effect of pH on Desorption of MB -- 5 Effect of Temperature on Desorption of MB -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Removal of Disperse Dye from Aqueous Solution by Bottom Ash -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Adsorbent -- 2.2 Adsorbate -- 2.3 The Adsorption Experiment -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Characterization of Adsorbent -- 3.2 Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetic Studies -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Experimental Study of the Removal of Rhodamine B from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption onto Coffee Waste -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Effect of pH -- 3.2 Effect Adsorbent Dosage -- 3.3 Effect of Contact Time and Initial Concentration of Rh B. , 3.4 Adsorption Isotherm -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Adsorption Study of Carbon Steel in 1 M HCl Solution Containing 2-(2-Methoxybenzylidene) Hydrazine-1-Carbothioamide -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 2.2 Electrochemical Impedance Measurements -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) -- 3.2 Adsorption Isotherm -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Adsorption Efficiency of Graphene Oxide Toward Cyanine Dyes with Different Alkyl Chain Lengths -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Characterization -- 3.2 Effect of Contact Time -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Cu(II) Ions Removal on Functionalized Cellulose Beads from Tunisian Almond (Prunus Dulcis) Shell -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Synthesis, Functionalization, and Characterization of Cellulose Beads -- 2.2 Cu(II) Adsorption Experiments -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Beads' Characterization -- 3.2 Adsorption of Cu(II) -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Dynamics Modelling of Multicomponent Metal Ions Removal onto Low-Cost Buckwheat Hulls -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Packed Column Experiments -- 3 Modelling of Dynamics for Buckwheat Hulls -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Local Materials and Solid Waste (Sawdust) Valorization in the Treatment of Industrial Synthetic Water Field -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Synthetic Water -- 2.2 Filtering Materials Used -- 2.3 Experimental Device -- 2.4 Analysis -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Cationic Dye Removal Using Alginate-Organobentonite Composite Beads -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 2.2 Preparation of Organobentonite (OB). , 2.3 Preparation of Calcium Alginate/Organobentonite Composite Beads (A-OB) -- 2.4 Adsorption and Desorption Studies -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Sorption Isotherms of MB -- 3.2 Desorption Study -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Successive Removal of Methylene Blue and Congo Red by Biomass-Based Beads from Aqueous Solutions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 FTIR Analysis -- 3.2 Effect of pH, Mass, Contact Time, and Concentration -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Malachite Green Removal Ability of a New Low-Temperature Alkali-Treated Almond Shell Adsorbent -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Adsorbate -- 2.2 Preparation of the Bioadsorbent -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 FTIR Characterization -- 3.2 Malachite Green Adsorption onto Low-Temperature Alkali-Treated Almond Shell Powder -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Low-Cost Magnetic Adsorbents for Water Remediation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Optimization of Simultaneous Removal of Binary Toxic Antibiotic and Heavy Metal by Novel Biocomposite Beads: Modeling Study Using Brouers-Sotolongo Family Equations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Biosorbent Characterization -- 3.2 Statistical Analysis -- 3.3 Kinetic and Isotherm Modeling of Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Adsorption -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Application of Almond Shell-Based Materials for Aquatic Pollutants Removal: A Mini-Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Almond Shell-Based Materials for Water Treatment -- 2.1 Application of Almond Shell-Based Materials for Heavy Metals Removal -- 2.2 Application of Almond Shell-Based Materials for Dyes Removal -- 2.3 Application of Almond Shell-Based Materials for Other Pollutants Removal -- 3 Conclusion -- References. , Fabrication of Novel Keratin/Cellulose-Based Composites for Oils and Organic Solvents Absorption -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Synthesis of (CF/C) Composite Cryogels -- 3.2 Spectroscopic Characterization -- 3.3 Oil Sorption Capacity -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Study of the Influence of Some Parameters on the Efficiency of Elimination of Zinc by Synthesized Na-Y Faujasite -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Effect of Concentration -- 3.2 Effect of Time -- 3.3 pH Effect -- 3.4 Effect of Temperature -- 3.5 Study of the Adsorption Kinetics -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Boron Sorption and Removal Using Hybrid Hydrogel Beads -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Engineering Applications for Environmental Management: Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies, Recycling and Reuse -- Reuse of Industrial Water at Mellitah Complex -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Wastewater Sources and Estimation -- 2 Experimental Work -- 2.1 Microfiltration (MF) -- 2.2 Reverse Osmosis (RO) -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Mixed Stream Water, Chemical Analysis -- 3.2 Cooling Water Microfiltration Treatment -- 3.3 Cooling Water Blowdown RO and MF Treatment -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- The Efficiency of Natural Decentralized Greywater Treatment Systems in Resolving the Wastewater Problems in the Rural Areas of Developing Countries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Settings, Materials, and Methods -- 2.1 Site Description -- 2.2 Design Criteria -- 2.3 Greywater Quality Monitoring -- 2.4 Greywater Flow Rates -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Raw Greywater Quality -- 3.2 Treatment Systems Performance with Regards to Organic Pollutants -- 3.3 Treatment Systems Performance with Regards to Chemical Pollutants -- 4 Conclusion -- References. , Physicochemical Characterization of Wastewater from the Mining Activity: A Case Study from Boukhadra Mine (Algeria).

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Waste Management and the Agenda 2030 in the Indian Context -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sustainability Issues Related to Waste Management -- 3 Agenda 2030, SDGs and Waste -- 4 Electronic Waste -- 5 Circular Economy for Sustainable Development -- 6 Sustainable Waste Management: Indian Scenario -- 6.1 Biomedical Waste -- 6.2 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) -- 7 Way Forward: Waste Management-Key to Achieving SDGs -- 8 Summary -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Waste to Wealth -- Solid Waste Management Methods: A Technological Analysis of Mechanical, Chemical, Thermal and Hybrid Means -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Solid Waste Conversion Technologies -- 2.1 Mechanical Conversion Technology -- 2.2 Thermal Conversion Technologies -- 2.3 Chemical Technologies -- 2.4 Hybrid Technologies -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References -- Characterization and Sustainable Utilization of Steel Slag (SS) as a Recycled Aggregates in Indian Concrete Industry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods and Material -- 2.1 Sample Collection -- 2.2 SS Waste Characterization Methods and Parameters Analyzed -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of SS Waste -- 3.2 Major, Minor and Trace Analysis of SS Waste -- 3.3 Mineralogical Characteristics of SS Waste -- 3.4 Sieve Analysis of SS Waste -- 3.5 Mechanical Characteristics of SS Wastes -- 3.6 Compressive Strength at 90, 28, and 7 Days -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Application of Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Removal of Heavy Metal Ion from Industrial Waste Water -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What Are Heavy Metal Ions? -- 1.2 Toxic Effect of Ions -- 1.3 Industrialization and Deposition of Metal Ions in Water -- 2 How Heavy Metal Ions Affect the Environment. , 3 Water Pollution: Determining the Quality of Water and Factors Inducing Toxicity -- 3.1 Acid Mine Water -- 3.2 Toxicity -- 4 Using Green Chemistry for Removal of Metal Ions-Brief Overview -- 5 Conventional Methods for Removal of Heavy Metal -- 5.1 Chemical Precipitation -- 5.2 Sulfide Precipitation -- 5.3 Ion Exchange -- 5.4 Adsorption -- 5.5 Disadvantages of Conventional Methods of Heavy Metal Removal -- 6 Methods to Remove Deposition of Ions from Water: Nano Technology -- 6.1 What is Nanotechnology? -- 6.2 Classification of Nano Materials [51] -- 6.3 Fabrication Methods -- 6.4 Kinds of Nanomaterials -- 6.5 Water Remediation Using Polymer Nanoparticles -- 7 Removal of Heavy Metal from Industrial Waste Water Using Bio Based Materials -- 7.1 Ligni -- 7.2 Composition of Leaves -- 8 Removal of Cu and Al from Drinking Water -- 8.1 Copper -- 8.2 Aluminum -- 9 Removal of Specific Metals: Zinc and Cadmium -- 9.1 Cadmium -- 9.2 Zinc -- 10 Toxic Effects on Health -- 10.1 Toxicity Mechanism of Some of the Heavy Metals -- 11 Conclusion -- 12 Recommendation -- References -- Waste Management in Indian Pharmaceutical Industries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Evolution of Indian Pharmaceutical Sector -- 3 Treatment Methods -- 3.1 Incineration -- 3.2 Autoclaving -- 3.3 Physicochemical Methods -- 3.4 Adsorption Process -- 3.5 Coagulation and Precipitation -- 3.6 Electro-Coagulation -- 3.7 Constructed Wetlands -- 3.8 Biological Processes -- 3.9 Membrane Separation -- 4 Management Practices in India -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Erosion Management of Riparian Ecosystem in Coal Mining Area Through Selective Vegetation -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Coal Mining -- 1.2 Riparian Ecosystem -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Coal Mining -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Coal Mining (OB Dump) -- 3.2 Riparian Land -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References. , Waste to Energy -- Urban Solid Waste Management for Enhancement of Agricultural Productivity in India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Impacts of Solid Waste -- 3 Agricultural Productivity: Waste to Wealth to Health -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Food Waste Utilization for the Production of Biogas by Anaerobic Digestion: A Case Study in Coal Capital of India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Formation and Chemical Properties of Biogas -- 2.1 Methane -- 2.2 Carbon Dioxide -- 2.3 Other Components -- 3 Anaerobic Digestion -- 4 Stages of Anaerobic Digestion -- 4.1 Hydrolysis -- 4.2 Acidogenesis -- 4.3 Methanogenesis -- 5 Biogasification: Policies and Current Status in India -- 6 Materials and Methods -- 6.1 Study Location -- 6.2 Waste Collection and Processing -- 6.3 Exploratory Set-Up -- 6.4 Analytical Methods -- 6.5 Measurements -- 7 Result and Discussion -- 8 Methane Yields -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Development of Low-Cost Microbial Fuel Cell for Converting Waste to Electricity and Abating Pollution -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Description of Microbial Fuel Cell -- 2 Cathode Materials -- 2.1 Modified Carbon Catalysts -- 2.2 Transition Metal Oxides -- 2.3 Metal Doped Complex Organic Catalysts -- 3 Anode Materials -- 3.1 Anode Modification Using Metal Oxides -- 3.2 Anode Modification Using Conductive Polymers -- 3.3 Anode Modification Using Graphene and Carbon Nanotube -- 4 Proton Exchange Membrane -- 4.1 Nafion and Its Modifications -- 4.2 Non-Nafion Sulfonated Polymeric Membranes -- 4.3 Polymeric Membranes -- 4.4 Clayware Membranes -- 5 Alternative to High-Cost Terminal Electron Acceptors -- 6 Perspectives and Way Forward -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Recent Developments in Energy Recovery from Sewage Treatment Plant Sludge via Anaerobic Digestion -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Anaerobic Digestion Process. , 2 Environmental Requirements and Control -- 2.1 Temperature -- 2.2 Alkalinity and pH -- 2.3 Nutrients -- 2.4 Retention Time -- 2.5 OLR and Sludge Feed Composition -- 2.6 Seeding and Mixing -- 3 Process Inhibition -- 3.1 Ammonia Inhibition -- 3.2 Volatile Fatty Acids -- 3.3 Sulphide/Sulphate -- 4 Process Configurations -- 4.1 High Rate or Continuous Digester -- 4.2 Two-Stage Digester -- 4.3 Digester Design Considerations -- 5 Pre-treatment -- 5.1 Physical Pre-treatment -- 5.2 Chemical Pre-treatment -- 5.3 Biological Pre-treatment -- 6 Biogas Refinement -- 7 Biogas Utilization Systems -- 8 Challenges and Opportunities -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Waste and Sustainability -- Management of Waste Plastic: Conversion and Its Degradation as an Environment Concern in Asian Country -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Healthcare Waste -- 2.1 Management of Healthcare Waste -- 3 Plastic Waste in Soil -- 3.1 Management of Plastic Waste in Soil -- 4 Municipal Solid Waste -- 4.1 Management of Municipal Solid Waste -- 5 Household Waste Plastic and Its Management -- 6 Marine Waste Plastic -- 6.1 Management of Marine Waste Plastic -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- Gold Phytomining in India: An Approach to Circular Economy in the 21st Century -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Gold Phytomining -- 2.1 Gold Phytomining-Indian Scenario and an Approach to the Circular Economy -- 3 Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions -- Update, Conclusions and Recommendations for "Environment Management: Waste to Wealth in India" -- 1 Background -- 2 Update -- 2.1 From Waste to Energy -- 2.2 Waste and Sustainability -- 3 Conclusions -- 3.1 From Waste to Wealth -- 3.2 From Waste to Energy -- 3.3 Waste and Sustainability -- 4 Recommendations -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Introduction to "Agro-Environmental Sustainability in MENA Regions" -- 1 Background -- 2 Summaries of the Book Chapters -- 2.1 Climate Change and Water Management Practices -- 2.2 Diagnosis and New Farming Technologies -- 2.3 Practices for Sustainable Plant and Soil Production -- 2.4 Industrial, Landscape, Touristic and Political Approaches for Agro-Environment Sustainability -- References -- Climate Change and Water Management Practices -- Climate Change Impacts on Water Balance in Egypt and Opportunities for Adaptations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area (Egypt) -- 3 Climate Change -- 3.1 Climate Models -- 3.2 Emissions Scenarios -- 4 Water Balance in Egypt in the Context of Climate Change -- 4.1 Rainfall -- 4.2 Groundwater -- 4.3 Evaporation and Evapotranspiration -- 5 Climate Change Impacts on the Nile River Flow -- 5.1 Sensitivity Studies -- 5.2 Direct Use of GCMs Outputs -- 5.3 Downscaling Techniques of GCMs -- 6 Climate Change Adaptation Measures in Egypt -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- 8 Recommendations for Future Studies -- References -- Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Using Biofilm Technologies as Cost Effective Applications -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overviews of Wastewater Treatment -- 2.1 Biofilm Treatment Process -- 2.2 Design Features -- 2.3 Biofilm Application Area -- 3 Implementation of Biofilm Technologies (Successful Case Studies) -- 3.1 Case Study: Small Municipal Wastewater Treatment Unit for 200 PE (Application in Tunis) -- 3.2 Case Study 2: Optimization of Modified Septic Tank Wastewater Treatment Performance for Small Scale (Application in Jordan) -- 4 The Demand for Capacity Building in the MENA Region -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendation -- References. , Estimation of the Olive Orchards Water Requirements Using Climatic and Physiological Methods: Case Study (Tunisian Semi-arid) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Relations -- 2.1 Water in the Soil -- 2.2 Soil Water Balance -- 3 Estimation of Water Requirements -- 3.1 Climatic Method: Determination of Reference Evapotranspiration (ET0) -- 3.2 Physiological Method: Direct Measurement of Transpiration in Olive Trees (Sap Flow) -- 4 Case Study: Estimation of the Olive Orchards Water Requirements Using Climatic and Physiological Methods in the Tunisian Semi-arid -- 4.1 Materials and Methods -- 4.2 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Diagnosis and New Farming Technologies -- Agrarian System Diagnosis in Kerkennah Archipelago, Tunisia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agrarian and Production System Concepts -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Methodological Approach -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Identification of Farmer -- 5.2 General Characteristics of the Production System -- 5.3 Livestock System -- 5.4 Agro-pastoral Forage System -- 6 Discussion -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- Precision Farming Technologies to Increase Soil and Crop Productivity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Definition of Precision Farming -- 3 Benefits of Precision Farming Technology -- 4 Global Position Systems (GPS) -- 5 Remote Sensing -- 5.1 Satellite and Aerial Photography Remote Sensing for Precision Farming -- 5.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for Precision Farming -- 5.3 Proximal Soil and Crop Sensors for Precision Farming -- 6 Geographic Information System and Precision Farming -- 7 Soil Sampling Techniques for Precision Farming -- 8 Variable Rate Technology (VRT) -- 9 Yield Monitoring System and Mapping -- 10 Site Specific Land Management (SSLM) and Soil Productivity -- 11 Profitability Map of Application Precision Farming Technology. , 12 Conclusions -- 13 Recommendations -- References -- Implementing an Environmental Information System in Data-Scarce Countries: Issues and Guidelines -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Monitoring Models -- 2.1 PSR Model -- 2.2 DSR Model -- 2.3 DPSIR Model -- 3 Environmental Data -- 3.1 Environmental Data Categories -- 3.2 Environmental Data Exchange -- 4 EIS Purpose and Functions -- 4.1 EIS Definition and Functions -- 4.2 EIS Architecture -- 5 EIS Benchmarking -- 5.1 International EIS Overview -- 5.2 Benchmarking Synthesis -- 6 Use Case: EIS in Morocco -- 6.1 Environmental Policy in Morocco -- 6.2 Moroccan EIS -- 6.3 REIS: Are They Operational? -- 7 Guidelines for Implementing Operational EIS in Data-Scarce Countries -- 7.1 Institutional Aspects -- 7.2 Technological Aspects -- 7.3 Aspects Related to Lack or Scarcity of Data -- 8 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Green Spaces for Residential Projects as a Commitment to Environmental Concerns and a Sustainable Development Initiative: Design of a Peri-Urban Park in Casablanca, Morocco -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Landscaping and Land Use Planning in Morocco -- 2.1 Territorial Planning in Morocco -- 2.2 Landscaping in Morocco -- 3 The City of Casablanca: A Metropolis that Suffocates -- 3.1 Urban and Demographic Expansion -- 3.2 Problems and Confrontations of Casablanca city -- 3.3 The Pre-Urban Area and Luxury Housing Projects -- 4 The Casa Diaa Project -- 5 The Park of the Casa Diaa Project -- 5.1 Landscape Analysis -- 5.2 Needs and Objectives -- 5.3 The Design of the Park -- 5.4 The Park: An Added Value -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- The Environment and Sustainable Development in Front of the Artificialisation of the Coastlines: Coasts of Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Location of the Study Site. , 2.2 Agri-Landscape Analysis Parameters -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 The Tunisian Sahel: An Essentially Rural Territory -- 3.2 The City of Sousse: A Linear Development and Marginalization of the Hinterland -- 3.3 A Tourism Sector that Consumes Large Amounts of Space -- 3.4 An Artificialisation of the Coasts and Its Environmental Impact -- 3.5 The Sprawl of Moroccan Coasts -- 3.6 Algeria: Development of Cities on Their Coastal Areas -- 4 Conclusion -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Practices for Sustainable Plant and Soil Production -- Sustainable Agriculture in Some Arab Maghreb Countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Impact of Agriculture -- 2.1 Soil Degradation -- 2.2 Pollution of Water -- 2.3 Use of Fresh Water -- 2.4 Air Pollution -- 2.5 Contribution to Climate Change -- 2.6 Loss of Biodiversity -- 3 Reduction of Impacts -- 3.1 The Sustainable Agriculture -- 4 Contribution of Some Maghreb Countries (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) to Sustainable Agriculture -- 4.1 Morocco -- 4.2 Algeria -- 4.3 Tunisia -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Possibilities of Mineral Fertilizer Substitution Via Bio and Organic Fertilizers for Decreasing Environmental Pollution and Improving of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Vegetative Growth -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Experimental Site -- 2.2 Physical and Chemical Analysis Methods of Soil and Compost -- 2.3 Treatments -- 2.4 Agricultural Practices -- 2.5 Studied Traits -- 2.6 Experimental Design -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Total Chlorophyll Content (%) -- 3.2 The Dry Weight of Whole Plant (g) -- 3.3 The Dry Weight of Shoot (g) -- 3.4 The Dry Weight of Root (g) -- 3.5 The Dry Weight Ratio of Shoot/Root -- 3.6 Leaf Area Ratio (cm2 mg−1) -- 3.7 Absolute Growth Rate (mg day−1) -- 3.8 Unite Shoot Rate (mg mg−1 day−1) -- 4 Conclusion -- 5 Recommendations. , References -- Animal and Rangeland Resources in Shalatin-Abou Ramad-Halaib Triangle Region, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt: An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Features of Shalatin-Abou Ramad-Halaib Region (SAHTR) -- 3 Animal Production Resources in the SAHTR -- 4 Natural Vegetation and Grazing Resources of the SAHTR -- 5 General Current Features of Animal and Rangeland Resources -- 6 Constraints of Animal/Range Resource Production in the SAHTR -- 7 Factors Affecting Animal and Range Production Resources -- 8 Suggested Polices and Strategies -- 9 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Industrial, Landscape, Touristic and Political Approaches for Agro-environment Sustainability -- Sustainable Mining Site Remediation Under (Semi) Arid Climates in the Middle East and in Northern Africa: The Djebel Ressas Mine in Tunisia as an Example of the Orphaned Mines Issue -- 1 Importance of Sustainable Soil and Land Management -- 2 Targets for Sustainable Soil and Land Management -- 3 Problem: The Orphaned Mine at Djebel Ressas in Tunisia as an Unsolved Issue of Sustainable Land and Soil Management -- 4 Definition of Quality Targets: Qualitative and Quantitative Approach -- 5 Scope for Design: Can There Be a Practical Benefit of Applying Quality Targets to the Brownfield Site Remediation of an Orphaned Mine? -- 6 Solution: What We Can Do to Reach All Three Dimensions of Sustainable Development via the Use of Quality Targets? -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- 9 Buzz Words -- References -- The Agricultural Landscape of Sahel Bizertin: A Heritage in Peril -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Sahel Bizertin: A New Contemporary Resort Area -- 2.1 Presentation of the Site -- 2.2 The Seaside Boom and Urban Development of the Bizerte Sahel -- 3 The Traditional Agricultural Landscapes of the Sahel Bizertin (Identity) -- 3.1 The Gattays of Ghar El Melh. , 3.2 The Planted Terraces of Raf-Raf and the Mixed Cultures of Sounine.