Note: Intro -- Series Editor's Foreword -- Scientific Committee -- Introduction -- Contents -- Energy and Smart Systems -- 1 Multivariable Coupling Influence on Energy-Efficient Skylight Design -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Response Surface Methodology Working Steps -- 2.2 RSM for Energy-Saving Building Design -- 2.3 Framework of This Study -- 3 Simulation Settings -- 3.1 Base Model Settings -- 3.2 Factor Parameterization -- 3.2.1 Geometry Factors -- 3.2.2 Material Settings of Skylights -- 3.2.3 Exterior Blind Settings -- 3.3 Experiment Summary -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Experiment Outputs of Ec, Eh, El, and Et -- 4.2 Mathematical Model Generation for Et -- 4.3 Trend Between Total Energy Demand and Multifactors -- 4.4 Optimization for Energy-Saving Design -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Performance of L-shaped Mini Louvers in Tropical Cities in Cooling Energy Reduction: Case Study of Mumbai, Mexico City, and Lagos -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Previous Researches -- 3 Research Methods -- 4 Simulations -- 5 Results -- 6 Discussion -- 7 Conclusions and Further Researches -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 User Perception of Energy Efficiency in School of Architecture and Built Environment (SABE) Building, Kigali, RWANDA -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Sustainability in Building Designs and Users -- 2 Research Method -- 3 Findings and Discussion -- 3.1 Passive Design Considerations -- 3.2 User Perception on Thermal Considerations -- 3.3 User Perception on Lighting Considerations -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Research on Small Sewage Treatment Technology -- Abstract -- 1 Overview -- 2 Rural Sewage Treatment Technology in Jilin Province -- 2.1 Traditional A2O Process -- 2.2 Traditional and Improved SBR Process -- 2.2.1 Traditional SBR Process -- 2.2.2 CAST Process. , 2.2.3 MSBR Process -- 2.3 MBR Process -- 2.4 VFL Process -- 2.4.1 Principle and Layout of VFL Process -- 2.4.2 VFL Process Characteristics -- 2.4.3 Practical Cases in Jilin Province -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Smart Energy Infrastructure and Technology: Assessing Community Preparedness for Residential Solar Uptake -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Project Background -- 3 India's Energy Context: Exploring Policy, Regulation, and Guidelines and Their Influence on India's Solar Energy Market -- 4 Indian Building Codes -- 5 To Address the Challenge… -- 6 Methodology -- 7 Analysis -- 8 Experience Without Solar Panels -- 9 Experience with Solar Panels -- 10 Built Environment Implications on Uptake of Solar Panels -- 11 Conclusion -- References -- 6 A Comparative Study of Spanish Mid-Sized Smart Cities from the Citizen's Perspective -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Concept of Smart City -- 3 Case Study -- 4 Methodological Framework -- 4.1 Definition of the Indicators -- 4.2 Evaluation Scales -- 4.3 Obtaining the Relevance Indexes -- 4.4 Evaluating the Cities and Obtaining the Rankings -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Relevance Indexes (RIs) -- 5.2 Evaluating the Cities -- 5.3 City Rankings -- 6 Conclusions -- Annex 1. Evaluation Scales Established for the Governance Indicators -- Annex 2. Evaluation Scales Established for the Mobility Indicators -- Annex 3. Evaluation Scales Established for the Environment Indicators -- Annex 4. Evaluation Scales Established for the Economy Indicators -- Annex 5. Evaluation Scales Established for the People Indicators -- Annex 6. Evaluation Scales Established for the Living Indicators -- References -- 7 Optimization of Micro-house Building Façade in Supporting the Net Zero Energy Buildings (Nze-Bs) Program for Low-Cost Economics Communities in Bandung City, Indonesia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review. , 2.1 The Concept of "Efficiency-House Plus" as a Concept of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy -- 2.2 Between the Concept of Eco-architecture and NZE-Buildings -- 2.3 Building Facade -- 2.3.1 Daylight Level (DiL) -- 2.3.2 Building and Orientation -- 3 Research Methods -- 3.1 Method -- 3.2 Research Site -- 3.2.1 Desain Micro-house -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Facades and Buildings -- 4.2 Material and Paint Selection -- 4.3 IES-VE V.5.3.1, CFD, and Ecotect Thermal Comfort Tool -- 4.4 Energy Consumption in Processed Building Facades -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Commercial Development and GIS in Neighborhood Context: Case of Tirana, Albania -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review and Background -- 2.1 Importance of Location Selection -- 2.2 Analysis Through GIS -- 2.3 Characteristics of the Neighborhood -- 2.4 Research Problematics -- 2.5 Objectives of the Research -- 2.6 Research Hypothesis and Development Scenario -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Software Needs -- 3.2 Collection and Data Editing -- 4 Analysis -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Findings and Discussions -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 9 The Effect of Shading Devices with Integrated Photovoltaics on Energy Efficiency of Buildings -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Design Considerations -- 1.2 Performance Evaluation -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Location and Climate -- 2.2 Case Study -- 2.3 Simulations -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Energy Consumption -- 3.2 PV Production -- 3.3 Economics of PV Production -- 3.4 Shading Device Efficiency -- 3.4.1 PV Production/Electricity Consumption -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 10 The Traditional Architecture of the Heritage Villages in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Thermal Performance Efficiency -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Research Problem and Objective of Research -- 3 Research Methodology. , 4 Temporal and Spatial Determinants -- 5 Practical Steps in the Search -- 6 Analytical Study of Heritage Villages -- 6.1 Majmaah Heritage Village -- 6.2 Hirma Heritage Village -- 7 Results -- 7.1 Results of Thermal Performance Analysis for Both Villages -- 7.2 The Results of the Comparison Between the Thermal Performance of the Two Villages -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- Innovative Strategies and Measures for Achieving Sustainability -- 11 Megaprojects, Ecology and the Environment: Dimensions of Sustainability in Global Cities -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Focus on Sustainability -- 3 Environmental Sustainability in Tokyo, London, Paris, and New York City -- 3.1 Tokyo Bay -- 3.1.1 Urban Heat Island Effect -- 3.1.2 Liquefaction of Reclaimed Land -- 3.2 London: 2012 Olympics -- 3.2.1 Cooperation with the Rio Tinto Mine -- 3.2.2 Loss of Biodiversity -- 3.2.3 Mismanagement of Nuclear Waste -- 3.2.4 Loss of Allotment and Greenspace -- 3.3 Paris: La Défense -- 3.3.1 Disturbance of Skyline -- 3.3.2 Criticisms Against the Grande Arche -- 3.3.3 Unequal Distribution of Natural Light -- 3.4 New York City: New World Trade Center -- 3.4.1 Green Concrete -- 3.4.2 Doubts on LEED Certification -- 3.4.3 Hotter Environment -- 4 Governance for Sustainable Megaprojects -- 5 Sustainable Infrastructure Delivery -- 6 Sustainable Development Zones -- 7 Sustainable Planning and Design -- 8 Sustainable Management -- 9 Institutional Sustainability -- 10 Socio-economic Sustainability -- 11 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Elements Related to Sustainability of Urban Form: Study of an Indian City, Thane (Maharashtra, India) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objectives -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Literature Review -- 4.1 Urban Form Sustainability-Global Scenario -- 4.2 Urban Form Sustainability-Indian Scenario -- 4.3 Different Types of Urban Forms. , 5 Factors That Make Indian Cities Unsustainable -- 6 Study Area -- 7 Measuring Urban Form of Thane -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- 13 The Potential of Benghazi Lakes and Wetlands in Achieving Sustainable Master Plan -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Methodology and Aims -- 1.2 Wetlands and Lakes of Benghazi -- 1.2.1 City of Lakes and Wetlands Between Past and Present -- 1.2.2 Benghazi Main Wetlands and Lakes Types -- 1.2.3 Case Studies of Benghazi Lakes and Wetlands -- Sabkha Sabri -- West Entrance Lake (Lake Juliana) -- Northern Lakes -- Lagoon 23rd July -- Ain Zayana Lagoon -- 1.2.4 Summary of Results -- 1.3 Wetlands' Significance to Benghazi City -- 1.4 The Importance of Wetlands and Coastal Lakes -- 1.5 Wetlands and Lakes Problems and Possible Fragmentations -- 1.6 Previous Calls to Highlight of the Wetlands and Lakes Situation in Benghazi -- 1.7 Why Wetlands and Lakes Are Essential for Sustainable Development? -- 1.8 Sustainable Strategies for Benghazi Wetlands and Lakes Rehabilitation Plan -- 1.9 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Innovative Sustainable Strategies to Mobility and Urban Transport Problems in Benghazi -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Urban Sustainable Transport Strategies -- 2.1 Sustainable Transport Objectives -- 2.2 The Benefits of Sustainable Transport Strategies -- 2.3 Principles of Successful Sustainable Solutions -- 3 Case Study Area, Benghazi City -- 3.1 Why Sustainable Transport Strategies Are Needed in Benghazi Now? -- 3.2 Challenges in the Transport Sector in Benghazi -- 4 Benghazi Proposal Plans and Opportunities for the Future -- 4.1 Why Road-User Charging Scheme is Needed in Benghazi? -- 4.2 Why Public Transport System is Important in Benghazi? -- 4.3 Why Walkable Streets in Benghazi Are Important and How Can We Achieve Them? -- 4.4 Modal Share and Shuttle Service. , 4.5 Transit-Oriented Development Approach-TOD.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Defining Urban Forestry and Arboriculture in Malaysia -- References -- Part I Review -- 2 The Status and Future of Urban Forestry in Sabah, Malaysia -- Introduction -- Urban Forests in Sabah -- Urban Tree Diversity in Sabah -- Research Trends, Challenges and Future of Urban Forestry in Sabah -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Tree Preservation Order of Act 172: A Malaysian Legislation Towards Sustainable Urban Forests -- Introduction -- Tree Preservation Order (TPO) -- Town and Country Act (Act 172)-Amendment 1995 (Act A933) -- Tree Preservation Order of Act 172-TPO (Act 172) -- Prohibition of Tree Felling in Development Areas -- TPO Rules and TPO Making Procedures -- Status of TPO (Act 172) Implementation -- The Way Forward -- Make the Best of a Bad Situation -- New Study by PLANMalaysia -- Effective TPO (Act 172) Implementation Framework -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Urban Soil Environment in Malaysia -- What Are Urban Soils? -- Urban Soil Description -- Disturbed Soil Profile -- Lack of nutrients -- Ex-Situ Soil Materials -- Modified Soil Properties -- Soil Sealing -- Fertilisers and Soil Amendments -- Factors Affecting Nutrient Uptake -- Soil Chemical Properties -- Soil Moisture -- Organic Matter -- Redox Potential -- Microbial Activity -- Soil Texture -- Growth and Morphological Status of Tree -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Trees Diseases and Disorders in Urban Forests of Peninsular Malaysia -- Introduction -- Disease Inspection and Identification of Plant Health Problems -- Diseases with Significant Impacts in Urban Forests -- Root Rot Disease -- Stem Diseases -- Basal Stem Rot of Foxtail Palm, Wodyetia bifurcata Irvine -- Fusarium Wilt Disease of Angsana -- Chrysoporthe Stem Canker of Eucalyptus -- Conclusion and Recommendations. , References -- 6 Potential Carbon Storage and Sequestration by Urban Trees in Malaysia -- Introduction -- Data and Methodology -- Study Area -- Data -- Method -- Results -- Carbon Storage According to Species -- Carbon Sequestration -- Discussion -- Trees Mitigate CO2 Emissions -- Suitability of Current Park/Roadside Trees in Johor Bahru and Pasir Gudang -- Limitations of Current Work and Recommendations for Future Studies -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 Insect Pests of Tropical Malaysian Urban Trees -- Introduction -- Wood-Damaging Pests -- Leaf-Feeding Pests -- Sap-Sucking Pests -- Pest Management Strategies -- Cultural Control -- Mechanical Control -- Biological Control -- Chemical Control -- Case Studies on the Management of Coptotermes Termites on Trees in Peninsular Malaysia -- References -- 8 Common and Potential Insect Pests of Urban Palm Trees in Malaysia -- Introduction -- Cuban Royal Palm, Roystonea Regia (Arecoideae) -- Foxtail Palm, Wodyetia Bifurcata (Coryphoideae) -- Palas Palm, Licuala Grandis (Coryphoideae) -- Chinese Fan Palm, Saribus (Livistona) Chinensis (Coryphoideae) -- MacArthur Palm, Ptychosperma Macarthurii (Arecoideae) -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 Tree Vandalism in Malaysia: Criteria for Urban Forest Monitoring -- Introduction -- Defining the Term "Tree Vandalism" -- Addressing Tree Vandalism Activities -- The Tree Vandalism Criteria -- Conclusion -- References -- 10 Urban Forestry for Human Health and Well-being in the Tropics -- Benefits of Urban Forest -- Health Benefits of Urban Forests -- Issues and Challenges -- Psychological and Physiological Health of Urban Forest in Malaysia -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 Tree Climbing: From Recreational to Tree Workers in Malaysia -- Introduction -- What is Tree Climbing? -- Tree Climbing Championship -- Tree Climbing for Recreational -- Tree Climbing for Tree Worker. , Tree Climbing Techniques -- Tree Climbing Step by Step -- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Tree Climbing -- Conclusion -- Part II Case Studies -- 12 Soil and Water Bioengineering Technique for Urban Forestry and Mitigation of Natural Hazards -- Introduction -- Role of Vegetation -- Mechanical -- Hydrological -- Hydraulic -- Trees -- Rooting Architecture of Selected Urban Trees for Soil Stabilization and Erosion Control -- Heavy Metal Tolerant Plants -- Conclusion -- References -- 13 Effects of Tree Shading in Modifying Tropical Microclimate and Urban Heat Island Effect -- Introduction -- Tree Canopy and Shade -- Evaluation of Trees and Heat Filtration -- Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 14 Influence of Roadside Trees and Road Orientation on Outdoor Thermal Environment: Case Study in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia -- Introduction -- Materials and Method -- Measurement Sites and Periods -- Microclimate Measurements -- Measurement of Tree Canopy Coverage and Tree Height -- Results and Discussion -- Variation in Outdoor Microclimate Parameters -- Outdoor Air Temperature and Globe Temperature -- Effect of Roadside Tree Configuration -- Effect of Road Orientation -- Effect of Tree Canopy Coverage -- Conclusion -- References -- 15 Effect of Ficus pumila, Ficus pumila 'Variegata' and Vernonia elliptica on Sound Absorption Performance of Green Wall Fences -- Introduction -- Literature Review -- Methodology -- Sound Absorption Test -- Acoustic Absorption of Plant Types and Thickness Specimens -- Bare Wall Fences Specimens -- Green Wall Fence Specimens -- Results of Measurement -- Types of Plants -- Effect of Thickness of Plants -- Wall Fence Specimens Without Plants -- Sound Absorption by Green Wall Fences -- Discussion -- Mechanism of Acoustic Absorption of Leaves -- Optimisation of Green Wall Fences for Traffic Noise Attenuation. , Comparison with Glass Wool and Rock Wool -- Conclusion -- References -- 16 Effects of Paclobutrazol and Potassium Nitrate in Improving the Flowering Performance of Xanthostemon chrysanthus (F. Muell.) Benth -- What Induces Flowering? -- Flowering Response to Paclobutrazol -- Study on Flowering of Urban Trees in Malaysia -- Xanthostemon chrysanthus (F. Muell.) Benth -- Study Procedures -- Study Findings -- Conclusion -- References -- 17 Assessing Small Urban Parks as Habitats for Butterflies in Malaysia -- Introduction -- Method -- Study Sites -- Data Collection -- Butterfly Surveys and Species Identification -- Influencing Variables -- Data Analysis -- Results -- Park Characteristics -- Vegetation Structures and Butterfly Species Across the Parks -- Human Factors -- The Impacts of Explanatory Variables on Butterflies Species Richness and Abundance -- Discussion -- The Influence of Park Area and Local Landscape Characteristics -- The Influence of Vegetation Diversity and Structure -- Human Factors and Implications for Park Management -- Conclusion -- References -- 18 Malaysian Roadside Tree Species Selection Model in Urban Areas -- Introduction -- Roadside Tree Management in Urban Settings -- Tree Species Selection Model -- Important Factors Influencing Roadside Tree Species Selection -- Method -- Results -- Discussion -- Developing Malaysian Urban Roadside Tree Species Selection Model -- Conclusion -- References -- 19 Can Urban Forests Help to Manage Academic Stress Among Undergraduate University Students? -- Academic Stress in Malaysia -- Forest Therapy in Malaysia -- Students' Perception of Forest Therapy and Their Stress Levels -- Effects of Forest Therapy on Academic Stress Levels -- Conclusion -- References -- 20 Urban Green Space, Green Exercise and Health Outcomes: Evidence from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia -- Introduction. , Case Study 1: Urban Parks, Uses and Health Outcomes -- Frequency of Parks' Visit and Purposes -- Park Visit, and Health and Well-being Outcomes -- Case Study 2: Urban Community Forest and Peoples' Well-being -- Purposes of Visit to KDCFR -- Conclusion -- References -- 21 Urban Forest Ecosystem and Its Services to Human Wellbeing in Klang Valley, Malaysia -- Forest Ecosystem and Its Services in the Urban Context -- Remnant Forests in the Klang Valley Region -- Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve -- Kota Damansara Community Forest -- Bukit Gasing Forest -- Bukit Kiara Forest Park -- Local Perception Towards Remnant Forest Ecosystem Services -- Conclusion -- References -- Index.