Keywords:
Animal populations -- Food.
;
Food supply.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
This book summarizes current findings in starvation biology, from ecological causes of food limitation to the physiological and evolutionary consequences of prolonged fasting. The text is organized in broad taxonomic categories and by experimental approach.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (430 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9783642290565
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=973564
DDC:
613.2
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Comparative Physiology of Fasting, Starvation,a nd Food Limitation -- Preface: The Comparative Physiology of F astingand Starvation -- Contents -- 1 An Introduction to Fasting, Starvation, and Food Limitation -- 1.1…Introduction -- 1.2…Ancient History of Fasting and Starvation -- 1.3…Fasting and Starvation in the ''Wild'' -- 1.4…Viewing Starvation in the Mirror -- 1.5…Conceptual Perspective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 A History of Modern Research into Fasting, Starvation, and Inanition -- 2.1…Introduction -- 2.2…Early Studies -- 2.3…Therapeutic Fasting in Humans -- 2.4…Integrating Data from Wild and Laboratory Models -- 2.5…Refeeding after Prolonged Fasting -- 2.6…New Challenges -- References -- 3 Starvation in Rotifers: Physiology in an Ecological Context -- 3.1…Rotifers and Their Ecological Context -- 3.2…Life History Responses to Starvation -- 3.3…Life History Responses to Low Food -- 3.4…Physiological Responses to Starvation -- 3.5…Optimal Allocation Theory -- 3.6…Future Research -- References -- 4 Drosophila as a Model for Starvation: Evolution, Physiology, and Genetics -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.2…Starvation Resistance in Natural Populations -- 4.3…Physiological Mechanisms of Starvation Resistance -- 4.4…Starvation and Life History Traits -- 4.5…Metabolic Responses to Starvation Stress -- 4.6…Genomics of Starvation Resistance -- 4.7…Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Metabolic Transitions During Feast and Famine in Spiders -- 5.1…Introduction -- 5.2…Starvation Tolerance -- 5.3…The Respiratory and Metabolic Response to Fasting -- 5.4…Changes in Body Mass and Body Composition -- 5.5…Summary of Starvation -- 5.6…Responses to Feeding -- 5.7…The Digestive System and Digestive Enzymes of Spiders -- 5.8…Nutrient Selection -- 5.9…The Respiratory and Metabolic Response to Digestion -- 5.10…Conclusion -- Acknowledgments.
,
References -- 6 Adaptation of the Physiological, Endocrine, and Digestive System Functions to Prolonged Food Deprivation in Fish -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…Phases During Starvation -- 6.2.1 Phase I: Hormonal and Physiological Changes -- 6.2.2 Phase II -- 6.2.3 Transition to Phase III -- 6.3…Effect of Temperature During Starvation -- 6.3.1 Effect on Hormone Levels -- 6.3.2 Effect on Body Composition -- 6.4…Digestive System During Fasting -- 6.5…Implication of the Critical Fat Level in Aquaculture -- 6.6…Further Notes and Discussion -- 6.7…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Starvation in Subterranean Species Versus Surface-Dwelling Species: Crustaceans, Fish, and Salamanders -- 7.1…Introduction -- 7.2…Sources of Energy and Food Limitations in Subterranean Biotopes -- 7.2.1 Limited Food Supply in Most Habitats -- 7.2.2 Energy-Rich Caves: The Exception -- 7.3…How to Find Food in Energy-Limited Subterranean Habitats? -- 7.4…Responses to Long-Term Starvation -- 7.4.1 Reduced Activity and Ventilatory Rates, ''Sit-and-Wait'' Strategy -- 7.4.2 Low Metabolism and Reduced Metabolism -- 7.4.3 Metabolic Adaptations -- 7.5…Responses to Renutrition -- 7.6…Conclusion: A Proposed Adaptive Strategy for Life in Food-Limited Subterranean Habitats -- References -- 8 Physiological Responses to Starvation in Snakes: Low Energy Specialists -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…Individual Responses -- 8.2.1 Mass Loss -- 8.2.2 Energetics -- 8.2.3 Changes in Size -- 8.2.4 Carbohydrate Dynamics -- 8.2.5 Lipid Dynamics -- 8.2.6 Protein Dynamics -- 8.3…Insular Snake Populations: Boom and Bust -- 8.3.1 Snakes in the Pacific -- 8.3.2 Snakes in the Gulf of Mexico -- 8.3.3 Water Stress and Starvation -- 8.3.4 Starvation and Reproduction -- 8.4…Timber Rattlesnakes in a Degraded Ozark Forest -- 8.4.1 Body condition -- 8.4.2 Body Mass -- 8.5…Synthesis -- Acknowledgments.
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References -- 9 Cardiovascular Circuits and Digestive Function of Intermittent-Feeding Sauropsids -- 9.1…Introduction -- 9.1.1 Intermittent Feeding? -- 9.2…Responses of the Gastrointestinal Tract Following Functional Demands from Digestion and Fasting -- 9.2.1 Effects of Feeding on Blood Acid--Base Balance -- 9.3…Cardiovascular Anatomy and Feeding -- 9.3.1 Hearts of Reptilian Sauropsids and Digestive Function -- 9.3.1.1 Chelonia, Rhynchocephalia, Squamata -- 9.3.1.2 Crocodylia -- 9.4…Functional Hypotheses on Cardiovascular Circuits and Digestive Function in Reptilian Sauropsids -- 9.4.1 The Text Book Paradigm -- 9.4.2 Cardiovascular Circuits and Digestion -- 9.4.3 Other Possible Functions of the Cardiovascular Circuits not Related to Digestion -- 9.4.4 Separating Blood Streams to Support Growth -- 9.5…Summary and Future Research Avenues -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Thermoregulatory Adaptations to Starvation in Birds -- 10.1…Endothermy and Starvation in Birds: A Challenging Equation -- 10.2…Avian Torpor as a Response to Starvation -- 10.2.1 Deep Torpor -- 10.2.2 Shallow Torpor -- 10.3…Regulation of Shallow Torpor and Hypometabolism by External and Internal Factors -- 10.3.1 Sensing Body Energy Reserves -- 10.3.2 Neurohumoral Signals of Feeding State -- 10.3.3 Modulation of the Hypothermic Response -- 10.4…Insulating against Starvation? -- 10.5…Integration of Feeding, Fasting, and Thermoregulation -- 10.6…Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Fasting in Birds: General Patterns and the Special Case of Endurance Flight -- 11.1…Occurrence of Natural Fasting Periods in Birds -- 11.2…General Features of Fasting in Birds -- 11.3…Fasting During Migratory Flight -- 11.3.1 Types of Fuel and Optimal Fuel Composition -- 11.3.2 Preparation for Fasting During Endurance Flight -- 11.3.2.1 Fuelling and Fuel Types.
,
11.3.2.2 Hormonal Regulation During the Migratory Season -- 11.3.3 Fasting During Endurance Flight -- 11.3.3.1 Adequate Energy Supply During Flight -- 11.3.3.2 Three Phases of Fasting During Flight? -- 11.3.3.3 Regulation of Fuel Catabolism: The Role of Corticosterone -- 11.3.4 Limitations of Fasting During Endurance Flight -- 11.3.5 Recovery after an Endurance Flight Fast -- 11.4…Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Tissue-Specific Mass Changes During Fasting: The Protein Turnover Hypothesis -- 12.1…Introduction -- 12.2…Hypotheses to Explain Differential Mass Loss -- 12.2.1 The Use-Disuse Hypothesis -- 12.2.2 The Functional Allometry Hypothesis -- 12.2.3 The Protein Pool Hypothesis -- 12.2.4 The Energy Conservation Hypothesis -- 12.2.5 The Protein Turnover Rate Hypothesis -- 12.3…Conclusion -- References -- 13 Seasonal Changes in Body Mass and Energy Balance in Wild Small Mammals -- 13.1…Introduction -- 13.2…Seasonal Changes in Body Mass and Thermogenesis -- 13.2.1 Small Mammals in Inner Mongolian Grasslands -- 13.2.2 Small Mammals in Qinghai--Tibetan Plateau -- 13.3…Environmental Factors Trigger Seasonal Adaptations -- 13.3.1 Photoperiod -- 13.3.2 Temperature -- 13.3.3 Food Availability -- 13.4…Fasting -- 13.5…Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 Changes in Form and Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract During Starvation: From Pythons to Rats -- 14.1…Introduction -- 14.2…Morphology of the Midgut in Terrestrial Ectotherms and Endotherms -- 14.3…Effects of Starvation and Refeeding on the Midgut -- 14.3.1 Ectotherms -- 14.3.2 Endotherms -- 14.3.2.1 Birds -- 14.3.2.2 Mammals -- 14.4…Conclusion -- References -- 15 Changes in Fatty Acid Composition During Starvation in Vertebrates: Mechanisms and Questions -- 15.1…Introduction -- 15.1.1 Definitions and Notation.
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15.2…Two Important Processes in Fatty Acid Utilization During Starvation -- 15.2.1 Utilization of Fuel Lipids Versus Structural Lipids During Starvation -- 15.2.2 Baseline Selective Mobilization of Fatty Acids -- 15.3…Changes in Fatty Acid Composition Observed During Starvation -- 15.3.1 Changes in Whole-Animal Fatty Acid Composition -- 15.3.2 Changes in Adipose Fatty Acid Composition -- 15.3.3 Changes in Liver Fatty Acid Composition -- 15.3.4 Changes in Plasma Fatty Acid Composition -- 15.3.5 Changes in Muscle Fatty Acid Composition -- 15.4…Conclusions -- 15.4.1 Is There an Adaptive Fatty Acid Composition Response to Starvation? -- 15.4.2 Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16 Physiological Responses to Fasting in Bats -- 16.1…Introduction -- 16.2…Physiological Responses of Bats to Fasting -- 16.2.1 Frugivorous Bats -- 16.2.2 Hematophagous Bats -- 16.2.3 Insectivorous Bats -- 16.2.3.1 Use of Torpor -- 16.2.3.2 Hibernation and Arousal -- 16.2.3.3 Hormonal Control -- 16.2.3.4 Migration -- 16.3…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 17 Muscle Protein and Strength Retention by Bears During Winter Fasting and Starvation -- 17.1…Introduction -- 17.2…Hyperphagia -- 17.3…Awareness-Transition to Protein Sparing, Phase I -- 17.4…Protein Sparing, Phase II -- 17.4.1 Torpor Cycle -- 17.4.2 Fat Composition and Use -- 17.4.3 Cardiac Tissue Conservation -- 17.4.4 Skeletal Muscle Conservation -- 17.4.4.1 Muscle Fiber Composition -- 17.4.4.2 Protein Content -- 17.4.4.3 Protein Turnover (Synthesis and Breakdown) -- 17.4.4.4 Differential Skeletal Muscle Use and Labile Protein Reserves -- 17.4.4.5 Strength Retention -- 17.4.4.6 Muscle Activity within the Den -- 17.5…Transition from Protein Sparing to Late Phase III and Exhaustion -- 17.6…Conclusions -- References -- 18 Seasonal Starvation in Northern White-Tailed Deer -- 18.1…Introduction.
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18.1.1 Geographical Distribution.
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