Publication Date:
2017-10-12
Description:
In this paper we present an in-depth analysis and synthesis of published and newly acquired data on the chemical and isotopic composition of forearc fluids, fluid fluxes, and the associated thermal regimes in well-studied, representative erosional and accretionary subduction zone (SZ) forearcs. Evidence of large-scale fluid flow, primarily focused along faults, is manifested by widespread seafloor venting, associated biological communities, extensive authigenic carbonate formation, chemical and isotopic anomalies in pore-fluid depth-profiles, and thermal anomalies. The nature of fluid venting seems to differ at the two types of SZs. At both, fluid and gas venting sites are primarily associated with faults. The décollement and coarser-grained stratigraphic horizons are the main fluid conduits at accretionary SZs, whereas at non-accreting and erosive margins, the fluids from compaction and dehydration reactions are to a great extent partitioned between the décollement and focused conduits through the prism, respectively. The measured fluid output fluxes at seeps are high, ∼15–40 times the amount that can be produced through local steady-state compaction, suggesting that in addition, other fluid sources or non-steady-state fluid flow must be involved. Recirculation of seawater must be an important component of the overall forearc output fluid flux in SZs. The most significant chemical and isotopic characteristics of the expelled fluids relative to seawater are: Cl dilution; sulfate, Ca, and Mg depletions; and enrichments in Li, B, Si, Sr, alkalinity, and hydrocarbon concentrations, often distinctive δ18O, δD, δ7Li, δ11B, and δ37Cl values, and variable Sr isotope ratios. These characteristics provide key insights on the source of the fluid and the temperature at the source. Based on the fluid chemistry, the most often reported source temperatures reported are 120–150 °C. We estimate a residence time of the global ocean in SZs of ∼100 Myr, about five times faster than the previous estimate of ∼500 Myr by Moore and Vrolijk, similar to the residence time of ∼90 Myr for fluids in the global ridge crest estimated by Elderfield and Schultz, and ∼3 times longer than the 20–36 Myr estimate by German and von Damm and Mottl. Based on this extrapolated fluid reflux to the global ocean, subduction zones are an important source and sink for several elements and isotopic ratios, in particular an important sink for seawater sulfate, Ca and Mg, and an important source of Li and B.
Type:
Article
,
PeerReviewed
Format:
text
DOI:
10.1016/B978-0-444-62617-2.00022-0
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