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  • 1
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Zanon, Marco; Davis, Basil A S; Marquer, Laurent; Brewer, Simon; Kaplan, Jed O (2018): European forest cover during the past 12 000 years: A palynological reconstruction based on modern analogues and remote sensing. Frontiers in Plant Science, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00253
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: Characterization of land cover change in the past is fundamental for understanding the evolution and present state of the earth system, the amount of carbon and nutrient stocks in terrestrial ecosystems, and the role played by land-atmosphere interactions in influencing climate. The estimation of land cover changes using palynology is a mature field, as thousands of sites in Europe have been investigated over the last century. Nonetheless, a quantitative land cover reconstruction at continental scale has been largely missing. Here we present a series of maps detailing the evolution of European forest cover during last 12000 years. Our reconstructions are based on the Modern Analogue Technique (MAT): a calibration dataset is built by coupling modern pollen samples with the corresponding satellite-based forest cover data. Fossil reconstructions are then performed by assigning to every fossil sample the average forest cover of its closest modern analogues. The occurrence of fossil pollen assemblages with no counterparts in modern vegetation represents a known limit of analogue-based methods. To lessen the influence of no-analogue situations, pollen taxa were converted into Plant Functional Types prior to running the MAT algorithm. We then interpolate site-specific reconstructions for each timeslice using a four-dimensional gridding procedure to create continuous gridded maps at continental scale. The performance of the MAT is compared against methodologically independent forest cover reconstructions produced using the REVEALS method; MAT and REVEALS estimates are most of the time in good agreement at a trend level, yet MAT regularly underestimates the occurrence of densely forested situations, requiring the application of a bias correction procedure The calibrated MAT-based maps draw a coherent picture of the establishment of forests in Europe in the early Holocene with the greatest forest cover fractions reconstructed between ~8500 and 6000 cal. yr. BP. This forest maximum is followed by a general decline in all parts of the continent, likely as a result of anthropogenic deforestation. The continuous spatial and temporal nature of our reconstruction, its continental coverage and gridded format make it suitable for climate, hydrological, and biogeochemical modelling, among other uses.
    Keywords: Europe
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 43.7 MBytes
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/gzip, 4.7 GBytes
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  • 3
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Kaplan, Jed O; Krumhardt, Kristen M; Zimmermann, Niklaus E (2009): The prehistoric and preindustrial deforestation of Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28(27-28), 3016-3034, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.09.028
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: This archive contains the KK09 scenario of Anthropogenic Land Cover Change (ALCC) covering Europe and neighboring countries and the period 1000 BC to AD 1850. The data and underlying methodology are described in Kaplan et al. (Quaternary Science Reviews, 2009). The data are stored in a NetCDF (version 4) file and have the following attributes: - Spatial extent: 25°W-88°E, 14°N-77°N - Spatial reference system (SRS): Unprojected (geographic, WGS84) - Spatial resolution: 5 arc-minutes (1356 rows by 756 columns) - Temporal extent: 2950 BP (calendar years before AD 1950, approximately 1000 BC) to AD 1850 - Temporal resolution: Ten years (decadal resolution; 286 time steps) - Variables: land_use: Total fraction of each 5' grid cell under any land use Three scenarios are presented as in Kaplan et al. (2009): the "low" and "high" scenarios capture a range of uncertainty in past population size and use the standard methodology for translating population into land use, and the "technology" scenario, where the population-land use relationship changes with time.
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/x-netcdf, 1.1 GBytes
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/x-netcdf, 11.9 MBytes
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  • 5
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Kaplan, Jed O; Pfeiffer, Mirjam; Kolen, Jan C A; Davis, Basil A S (2016): Large Scale Anthropogenic Reduction of Forest Cover in Last Glacial Maximum Europe. PLoS ONE, 11(11), e0166726, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166726
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: Reconstructions of the vegetation of Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are an enigma. Pollen-based analyses have suggested that Europe was largely covered by steppe and tundra, and forests persisted only in small refugia. Climate-vegetation model simulations on the other hand have consistently suggested that broad areas of Europe would have been suitable for forest, even in the depths of the last glaciation. Here we reconcile models with data by demonstrating that the highly mobile groups of hunter-gatherers that inhabited Europe at the LGM could have substantially reduced forest cover through the ignition of wildfires. Similar to hunter-gatherers of the more recent past, Upper Paleolithic humans were masters of the use of fire, and preferred inhabiting semi-open landscapes to facilitate foraging, hunting and travel. Incorporating human agency into a dynamic vegetation-fire model and simulating forest cover shows that even small increases in wildfire frequency over natural background levels resulted in large changes in the forested area of Europe, in part because trees were already stressed by low atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the cold, dry, and highly variable climate. Our results suggest that the impact of humans on the glacial landscape of Europe may be one of the earliest large-scale anthropogenic modifications of the earth system.
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 5.3 MBytes
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2023-01-30
    Description: This dataset contains global lightning stroke density calculated from georeferenced stroke count data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). The real-time raw stroke count data were reprocessed by WWLLN to remove artifacts and improve geolocation, which resulted in the "AE" georeferenced and timestamped stroke count data. These data were then gridded at 0.5 degree and hourly resolution, converted into density, and corrected for detection efficiency using the WWLLN global gridded detection efficiency maps. The corrected hourly grids were then aggregated into monthly totals and into a multi-year monthly mean climatology. The data cover the period 2010-2018 and will be updated in the coming years. The data are stored in a NetCDF (version 4) files and have the following attributes: - Spatial extent: Entire Earth - Spatial reference system (SRS): Unprojected (geographic, WGS84) - Spatial resolution: 30 arc-minutes (720 rows by 360 columns) - Temporal extent: 2010-2018 - Temporal resolution: One month (108 time steps for the monthly data; 12 for the climatology) - Variable: lightning: frequency of lightning flashes per unit area - Units: strokes per km2
    Keywords: atmospheric energy; fire ignitions; global climate; NOx sources; WWLLN
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 35.3 MBytes
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  • 7
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Marquer, Laurent; Gaillard, Marie-José; Sugita, Shinya; Poska, Anneli; Trondman, Anna-Kari; Mazier, Florence; Nielsen, Anne Birgitte; Fyfe, Ralph M; Jönsson, Anna Maria; Smith, Benjamin; Kaplan, Jed O; Alenius, Teja; Birks, H John B; Bjune, Anne Elisabeth; Christiansen, Jörg; Dodson, John; Edwards, Kevin J; Giesecke, Thomas; Herzschuh, Ulrike; Kangur, Mihkel; Koff, Tiiu; Latalowa, Malgorzata; Lechterbeck, Jutta; Olofsson, Jörgen; Seppä, Heikki (2017): Quantifying the effects of land use and climate on Holocene vegetation in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 171, 20-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.07.001
    Publication Date: 2023-11-18
    Description: This dataset corresponds to the pollen-based REVEALS estimates of 25 plant taxa for Europe and associated standard errors, published in Marquer et al. (2017). This is part of the results from the Swedish project LandClim I (Gaillard et al., 2010; Trondman et al., 2015; Marquer et al., 2014, 2017). The study area includes a large part of northern and Central Europe, i.e. Ireland, Great Britain and a latitudinal transect from the Alps in the south to northernmost Norway. These REVEALS estimates are based on 151 pollen records (small/large, lakes/bogs/mires) that were selected from the European Pollen Database (Fyfe et al., 2009; Giesecke et al., 2014), the Alpine Palynological Data-Base (University of Bern, Switzerland), or were provided directly by individual data contributors. The selected pollen records are grouped into 36 1° x 1° grid-cells. Twenty-five consecutive time windows over the last 11,700 years BP are used: 0-100, 100-350, 350-700 BP for the three first time windows, and 500 calendar years each from 700 to 11,700 BP. For details about the REVEALS model, see Sugita (2007). In the excel file, the folder "Metadata" contains the explanation of abbreviations in the data folders and information about the pollen records used for the REVEALS reconstructions. All REVEALS estimates and their SEs are given in proportions of the grid cell (the total of all REVEALS estimates sum up to 1). The codes of the 25 consecutive time windows are given in the folder "Code time windows". The results of the 36 grid cells are in the folder "REVEALS 36GCs" and the related standard errors in the folder "SE_REVEALS 36GCs". Note that in the folder "Metadata", the GPS coordinates correspond to the upper left (NW) corners of each grid cell.
    Keywords: AWI_Envi; Europe; Holocene; Past land cover; Polar Terrestrial Environmental Systems @ AWI; Pollen; REVEALS
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet, 392.2 kBytes
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  • 8
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Kaplan, Jed O; Krumhardt, Kristen M; Ellis, Erle C; Ruddiman, William F; Lemmen, Carsten; Klein Goldewijk, Kees (2011): Holocene carbon emissions as a result of anthropogenic land cover change. The Holocene, 21(5), 775-791, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683610386983
    Publication Date: 2024-02-16
    Description: This archive contains the KK10 scenario of Anthropogenic Land Cover Change (ALCC) covering the preindustrial Holocene from 8000 BP to AD 1850. The data are described in Kaplan et al. (The Holocene, 2011). Underlying methodology behind the scenario is also described in Kaplan et al. (Quaternary Science Reviews, 2009). The data are stored in a NetCDF (version 4) file and have the following attributes: - Spatial extent: Entire Earth - Spatial reference system (SRS): Unprojected (geographic, WGS84) - Spatial resolution: 5 arc-minutes (4320 rows by 2180 columns) - Temporal extent: 8000 BP (calendar years before AD 1950) to AD 1850 - Temporal resolution: One year (7901 time steps) - Variables: land_use: Total fraction of each 5' grid cell under any land use
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/x-netcdf, 17.3 GBytes
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2020-06-30
    Description: Continental-scale estimates of vegetation cover, including land-surface properties and biogeographic trends, reflect the response of plant species to climate change over the past millennia. These estimates can help assess the effectiveness of simulations of climate change using forward and inverse modelling approaches. With the advent of transient and contiguous time-slice palaeoclimate simulations, vegetation datasets with similar temporal qualities are desirable. We collated fossil pollen records for the period 21,000–0 cal yr BP (kyr cal BP; calibrated ages) for Europe and Asia north of 40°N, using extant databases and new data; we filtered records for adequate dating and sorted the nomenclature to conform to a consistent yet extensive taxon list. From this database we extracted pollen spectra representing 1000-year time-slices from 21 kyr cal BP to present and used the biomization approach to define the most likely vegetation biome represented. Biomes were mapped for the 22 time slices, and key plant functional types (PFTs, the constituents of the biomes) were tracked though time. An error matrix and index of topographic complexity clearly showed that the accuracy of pollen-based biome assignments (when compared with modern vegetation) was negatively correlated with topographic complexity, but modern vegetation was nevertheless effectively mapped by the pollen, despite moderate levels of misclassification for most biomes. The pattern at 21 ka is of herb-dominated biomes across the whole region. From the onset of deglaciation (17–18 kyr cal BP), some sites in Europe record forest biomes, particularly the south, and the proportion of forest biomes gradually increases with time through 14 kyr cal BP. During the same period, forest biomes and steppe or tundra biomes are intermixed across the central Asian mountains, and forest biomes occur in coastal Pacific areas. These forest biome occurrences, plus a record of dated plant macrofossils, indicate that some tree populations existed in southern and Eastern Europe and central and far-eastern Eurasia. PFT composition of the herbaceous biomes emphasises the significant contribution of diverse forbs to treeless vegetation, a feature often obscured in pollen records. An increase in moisture ca. 14 kyr cal BP is suggested by a shift to woody biomes and an increase in sites recording initialization and development of lakes and peat deposits, particularly in the European portion of the region. Deforestation of Western Europe, presumably related to agricultural expansion, is clearly visible in the most recent two millennia.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2020-01-10
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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