Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- 1 Speleology in Turkey -- Abstract -- 1.1 Precursors -- 1.2 Collaboration with European Associations -- 1.3 Turkish Caving -- References -- 2 Cave Archaeology in Turkey -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Examples of Cave Excavations -- 2.2.1 Beldibi Rock Shelter -- 2.2.2 Belbaşı Rock Shelter -- 2.2.3 Çarkini Cave -- 2.2.4 Direkli Cave -- 2.2.5 Dülük Cave -- 2.2.6 Gurma Cave -- 2.2.7 İkiağızlı Cave -- 2.2.8 İncili Cave -- 2.2.9 İnönü Caves -- 2.2.10 Kanal Cave -- 2.2.11 Kapalıin Cave -- 2.2.12 Keçiler Cave -- 2.2.13 Kızılin Cave -- 2.2.14 Kurbanağa Cave -- 2.2.15 Merdivenli Cave -- 2.2.16 Tekeköy Caves -- 2.2.17 Tıkalı Cave -- 2.2.18 Wadi el-Hammam Cave -- 2.2.19 Yağlak Cave -- 2.2.20 Yassıkaya Cave -- References -- 3 Natural Sciences in the Caves of Turkey -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Research with Perspectives of Cave Geomorphology, Geology, and Hydrology -- 3.3 The Research with Perspective of Speleothem Geochemistry -- 3.4 The Research with Perspective of Cave Microbiology -- 3.5 The Research with Perspective of Cave Fauna -- References -- 4 45 Interesting Caves of Turkey -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Interesting Caves of Turkey -- 4.2.1 Altınbeşik Cave -- 4.2.2 Ayvaini Cave -- 4.2.3 Balatini Cave -- 4.2.4 Bayındır Cave -- 4.2.5 Birkleyn Caves -- 4.2.6 Bulak Mencilis Cave -- 4.2.7 Cennet-Cehennem Caves -- 4.2.8 Cumayanı Cave -- 4.2.9 Çem Sinkhole -- 4.2.10 Çukurpınar Sinkhole -- 4.2.11 Damlataş Cave -- 4.2.12 Dim Cave -- 4.2.13 Dodurgalar Cave -- 4.2.14 Döngel Cave -- 4.2.15 Dupnisa Cave -- 4.2.16 Gökgöl Cave -- 4.2.17 İkigöz Cave -- 4.2.18 Ilgarini Cave -- 4.2.19 İnsuyu Cave -- 4.2.20 Kadıini Cave -- 4.2.21 Karain Cave -- 4.2.22 Keş Sinkhole -- 4.2.23 Kırkgözler Cave -- 4.2.24 Kızılelma Cave -- 4.2.25 Kızılin Cave -- 4.2.26 Kocain Cave. , 4.2.27 Körükini and Suluin Caves -- 4.2.28 Kuzgun Cave -- 4.2.29 Morca Sinkhole -- 4.2.30 Oylat Cave -- 4.2.31 Öküzini Cave -- 4.2.32 Peynirlikönü Sinkhole -- 4.2.33 Pınargözü Cave -- 4.2.34 Sarpunalınca Cave -- 4.2.35 Sıtmasuyu Cave -- 4.2.36 Sofular Cave -- 4.2.37 Suluin Cave -- 4.2.38 Susuz Cave -- 4.2.39 Tilkiler Cave -- 4.2.40 Tınaztepe Caves and Sinkhole -- 4.2.41 Üçağızlı Cave -- 4.2.42 Yarımburgaz Cave -- 4.2.43 Yaylacık-İnilti Pazarı Cave System -- 4.2.44 Yazören Cave -- 4.2.45 Zindan Cave -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Thesis Abstract -- Contents -- 1 Presentation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 The Large Underground Volumes -- 1.1.2 Objective of Studying the Underground Large Volumes -- 1.1.3 New Data Since the 1984 Thesis Work -- 1.2 Definition of Large Underground Karst Volumes -- 1.3 Method for Studying the Large Chambers -- 1.3.1 Introduction -- 1.3.2 Means and Techniques -- 1.3.3 Equipment -- 1.3.3.1 Measurement of the Floor -- 1.3.3.2 Measurement of the Ceiling -- 1.3.4 Method -- 1.3.4.1 Survey of the Floor -- 1.3.4.2 Survey of the Ceiling -- 1.3.5 Graphic Restitution -- References -- 2 Monographs -- 2.1 Aven Armand (Hures-La-Parade, Lozere, France) -- 2.1.1 Description -- 2.1.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.1.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.2 Baume Sainte Anne Shaft (Sainte Anne, Doubs, France) -- 2.2.1 Description -- 2.2.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.2.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.3 Bédeilhac Cave (Bédeilhac, Ariège, France) -- 2.3.1 Description -- 2.3.2 Geology -- 2.4 Bournillon (Chatelus, Isère, France) -- 2.4.1 Description -- 2.4.2 Geology -- 2.4.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.5 Castelette (Nans-Les-Pins, Var, France) -- 2.5.1 Description -- 2.5.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.5.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.6 Cennet and Cehennem Chasms (Narlikuyu, Silifke, Turkey) -- 2.6.1 Description -- 2.6.1.1 Cennet Düdeni (Paradise Chasm) -- 2.6.1.2 Cehennem Düdeni (Hell Chasm) -- 2.6.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.6.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.7 Mont Blanc Hall-Champclos Fountain (Les Vans, Ardèche, France) -- 2.7.1 Description -- 2.7.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.7.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.8 Coufin Cave (Choranche, Isère, France) -- 2.8.1 Description -- 2.8.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.8.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.9 Fouillac Shaft (Saint-Jean-de-Bruèges, Hérault, France) -- 2.9.1 Description -- 2.9.2 Geology and Hydrogeology. , 2.9.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.10 Kocain (Huge Cave) (Ahırtaş, Antalya, Turkey) -- 2.10.1 Description -- 2.10.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.10.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.11 Mas D'Azil Cave (Mas D'Azil, Ariège, France) -- 2.11.1 Description -- 2.11.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.11.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.12 Moras Cave (Rencurel, Isère, France) -- 2.12.1 Description -- 2.12.2 Geology -- 2.12.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.13 Mort Ru Cave (Saint-Mème, Isère, France) -- 2.13.1 Description -- 2.13.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.13.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.14 Aven Noir (Nant, Aveyron, France) -- 2.14.1 Description -- 2.14.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.14.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.15 Aven d'Orgnac-De Joly Hall (Orgnac, Ardèche, France) -- 2.15.1 Description -- 2.15.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.15.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.16 Padirac Shaft (Padirac, Lot, France) -- 2.16.1 Description -- 2.16.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.16.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.17 La Verna Chamber (Pierre Saint-Martin Cave Network) (Saint Engrace, Pyrénées Atlantiques, France) -- 2.17.1 Description -- 2.17.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.17.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.18 Barrenc Du Pla de Périllos (Pla de Périllos Shaft) (Périllos, Pyrénées-Orientales, France) -- 2.18.1 Description -- 2.18.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.18.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.19 Poudrey Shaft (Etalans, Doubs, France) -- 2.19.1 Description -- 2.19.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.19.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.20 Pradières (Bédeilhac, Ariège, France) -- 2.20.1 Description -- 2.20.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.20.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.21 Ravières Shaft (Orchamp-Vennes, Doubs, France) -- 2.21.1 Description -- 2.21.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.21.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.22 Réveillon Porch (Alvignac, Lot, France) -- 2.22.1 Description. , 2.22.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.22.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.23 Riusec Cave (Portet-D'Aspet, Haute-Garonne, France) -- 2.23.1 Description -- 2.23.1.1 Trombe Hall (Fig. 2.157) -- 2.23.1.2 A Hall (Fig. 2.160) -- 2.23.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.23.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.24 Sabart Cave: Big Chamber and Renouveau Chamber (Sabart, Ariège, France) -- 2.24.1 Description -- 2.24.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.24.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.25 Tindoul de la Vayssière Shaft (Salles-la-Source, Aveyron, France) -- 2.25.1 Description -- 2.25.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.25.3 Genesis and Stability -- 2.26 List of Participants to the Survey Works -- References -- 3 Comparative Analysis and Synthesis -- 3.1 Overview-Summary Table -- 3.2 Classification of Caves -- 3.3 Geographical Location -- 3.3.1 Regional Distribution -- 3.3.2 Relationships with the Surface -- 3.3.2.1 Thickness of Rock Above the Ceiling -- 3.3.2.2 Proximity of the Slope -- 3.3.2.3 Relationships with Surface Morphology -- 3.4 Geological Context (Table 3.3) -- 3.4.1 Regional Context -- 3.4.2 Petrography -- 3.4.3 Stratigraphy-Lithology -- 3.4.4 Discontinuities -- 3.4.4.1 Sedimentary Discontinuities -- 3.4.4.2 Faults and Joints -- 3.4.5 Role of Discontinuities -- 3.4.5.1 Morphology -- 3.4.5.2 Genesis -- 3.4.5.3 Conclusion -- 3.5 Hydrogeology -- 3.5.1 Role of Water -- 3.5.2 Ancient and Current Discharges -- 3.6 Fillings -- 3.6.1 Blockfields -- 3.6.1.1 Origin and Diversity of Blocks -- 3.6.1.2 Size of the Blocks -- 3.6.2 Clayey Fillings -- 3.6.2.1 Current Clay Fillings -- 3.6.2.2 Old Clay Fillings -- 3.6.3 Allochthon Filling -- 3.6.4 Speleothems -- 3.6.4.1 Repartition -- 3.6.4.2 Supporting Role of Speleothems -- 3.6.5 Evolution of Filling -- 3.6.6 Age of Speleothems -- 3.7 Cave Shape -- 3.7.1 Conditions of Observation -- 3.7.2 Various Shapes of Ceiling. , 3.7.2.1 Rounded or Domed Vaults -- 3.7.2.2 Structural Roofs -- 3.7.3 Comparison Between the Observed Forms -- 3.7.3.1 Rounded Arches -- 3.7.3.2 Slab Roofs -- 3.8 Chamber Genesis -- 3.8.1 Digging Factors -- 3.8.2 Different Types of Digging -- 3.8.2.1 Dissolution (and Collapse-Dissolution) (Be) -- 3.8.2.2 Dissolution and Collapse -- 3.8.2.3 Scouring-Racking and Collapse -- 3.8.3 Evolution -- 3.8.4 Current Stability of Large Underground Volumes -- 3.9 Conclusion of the Fieldwork -- References -- 4 Application to the Digging of Artificial Chambers -- 4.1 Classical Artificial Chambers -- 4.1.1 Various Types of Underground Realizations -- 4.1.2 Mode of Realization of Underground Hydroelectric Power Plants (After Plichon et al. 1978) -- 4.1.2.1 Location -- 4.1.2.2 Studies and Recognitions -- 4.1.2.3 Plant Shapes -- 4.1.2.4 Digging Phases -- 4.2 Application of the Thesis to the Creation of Very Large Artificial Chambers -- 4.2.1 General Principles -- 4.2.2 Remarks on the Stability of Fracture Walls -- 4.2.3 Favorable Structures -- 4.3 A Page of Humor -- References -- 5 Study of Sarawak Chamber -- 5.1 Origin of the Project -- 5.2 Short Description of Sarawak Chamber in the Thesis Work -- 5.3 Sarawak 1993 Project -- 5.4 Mulu Caves -- 5.4.1 Location and History of Mulu Caves -- 5.4.2 Geology (After Webb 1981) -- 5.4.2.1 Regional Context -- 5.4.2.2 Melinau Limestone -- 5.4.2.3 Structure -- 5.4.3 Geomorphology -- 5.5 Sarawak Chamber -- 5.5.1 History and Survey -- 5.5.2 Description -- 5.5.3 Structure of Sarawak Chamber -- 5.5.4 Chamber Genesis -- 5.6 Deer Cave -- 5.6.1 Description -- 5.6.2 Structure -- 5.6.3 Genesis -- 5.7 Conclusion on Mulu Caves -- References -- 6 The Future of Underground Plants -- 6.1 Current Examples of Large Underground Volumes -- 6.1.1 Underground Plants -- 6.1.2 Underground Cavern Hall for Public Use -- 6.1.3 Underground Quarry. , 6.2 General Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- 1 Presentation of the Cassis Springs -- 1.1 Location -- 1.1.1 Le Bestouan -- 1.1.2 Port Miou -- 1.2 Description of the Caves -- 1.2.1 Le Bestouan (from Douchet 2012) -- 1.2.2 Port Miou -- References -- 2 Natural Context -- 2.1 Topography and Landscape -- 2.2 Geology -- 2.2.1 Generalities -- 2.2.2 Geological History -- 2.2.3 Lithology -- 2.2.4 Tectonics and Geomorphology -- 2.2.5 Present Structure -- 2.3 Climate -- 2.4 Socioeconomic Context -- References -- 3 Evolution of Explorations and Studies -- 3.1 Generalities -- 3.2 First Descriptions -- 3.3 First Speleological Explorations -- 3.4 The SRPM Project -- 3.4.1 History of the SRPM Research Work -- 3.4.2 First Phase of Acquisition and Exploration: 1968-1972 -- 3.4.3 Implementation of the 1st Underwater Dam and 2nd Phase of Hydrometric Data Acquisition 1972-1975 -- 3.4.4 Second Dam: Creation of a Spillway and Complete Closure of the Cave by a Dam 1975-1977 -- 3.4.5 Load Tests and 3rd Acquisition Phase in 1977-1978 -- 3.5 End of the Hydrogeological Studies -- References -- 4 Resumption of Research in 2000 -- 4.1 New Hydrogeological Studies -- 4.2 A Marine Origin for the Salt Contamination -- 4.3 A Huge Aquifer to Explain the Discharge of Cassis Springs -- References -- 5 Advances During the XXth Century -- 5.1 Exploration of Port Miou -- 5.2 Local Bathymetry -- 5.3 Messinian Evaporites -- 5.4 Messinian Salinity Crisis -- 5.5 Consequences on the Mediterranean Rivers and Aquifers -- 5.6 Application to Karst Aquifers and Cave Systems -- 6 A Messinian Model for Port Miou -- 6.1 Gilli's Model -- 6.2 Cavalera Thesis in 2004-2007 -- 6.2.1 Objectives -- 6.2.2 Hydrodynamics and Physico-Chemistry of Littoral Submarine Sources -- 6.2.3 Research on the Watershed -- 6.2.4 Research on Geochemical Tracers of the Seawater Inflow -- 6.2.5 Titanium Concentrations. , 6.3 Tassy's Thesis in 2009-2012 -- 6.4 Different Models of Saline Contamination -- 6.4.1 Brackish Karst Springs -- 6.4.2 Contamination by the Cave Entrance -- 6.4.3 Aspiration by the Bestouan -- 6.4.4 Presence of a Gallery at −80 m -- 6.4.5 Deep Diffuse Contamination -- 6.4.6 Suction of Seawater by a Very Deep Paleodrain -- 6.5 A Definitive Proof in 2016 -- 6.5.1 Xavier Meniscus Report -- References -- 7 Evolution of Explorations from the 1990s -- 7.1 Port Miou (from Acquaviva 2012) -- 7.1.1 Second Campaign of Explorations -- 7.1.2 Third Campaign of Explorations -- 7.1.3 Last and Current Campaign of Explorations -- 7.1.4 The Use of Closed-Circuit Rebreathers -- 7.2 Le Bestouan -- 7.3 Synthesis of the Explorations -- 7.4 Other Caves -- References -- 8 Survey of Deep Flooded Caves -- 8.1 Generalities -- 8.2 Port Miou -- 8.2.1 Geophysic Location -- 8.2.2 Traditional Survey -- 8.2.3 Automatic Surveying -- 8.3 Le Bestouan -- References -- 9 Watershed Definition -- 9.1 Watershed Definition -- 9.2 Structure -- 9.3 Hydrological Balance -- 9.4 Dye Tests -- References -- 10 Developments and Conclusions -- 10.1 Current Research and Future Developments -- 10.1.1 Research -- 10.1.2 Site Valuation Projects -- 10.1.3 Geopolitics of Water and Water Lobbies -- 10.2 General Conclusion -- References -- Appendix_1.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Author -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- 1 Presentation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 2 Geography -- 2.1 Description -- 2.2 Hydrography -- 2.3 Climate (from Rossi 1980) -- 2.4 Population -- 2.5 Access -- References -- 3 Fauna and Flora of the Ankarana -- 3.1 Surface Fauna -- 3.1.1 Dangerous Animals -- 3.1.2 Reptiles -- 3.1.3 Mammals -- 3.1.4 Birds -- 3.2 Underground Fauna -- 3.2.1 Underground Invertebrates -- 3.2.2 Underground Vertebrates -- 3.2.3 Flora -- References -- 4 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 4.1 Generalities on Madagascar and the Antsiranana Region -- 4.1.1 Geological Formations -- 4.1.2 Geological History (from Battistini 1996) -- 4.1.3 Structure -- 4.1.4 Volcanism -- 4.2 Geology of the Ankarana Plateau -- 4.2.1 Studies -- 4.2.2 Stratigraphy -- 4.2.3 Structure -- 4.2.4 Volcanism of the Ankarana -- 4.3 Hydrogeology of the Ankarana Plateau -- 4.3.1 Underground Network and Hydrogeology -- 4.4 Karst Landforms -- 4.4.1 Particularity of the Ankarana Plateau -- 4.4.2 The Role of Volcanism in Surface Modelling -- 4.4.3 Hypothesis on the Genesis of Couloirs and Closed Depressions -- 4.4.4 Speleogenesis -- References -- 5 Speleology in the Ankarana -- 5.1 Generalities -- 5.2 Jean Radofilao -- 5.3 Details of the Explorations -- 5.4 Map of the Main Caves of the Ankarana Plateau -- References -- 6 Caves of the Northern Ankarana -- 6.1 Western Part of the Northern Ankarana -- 6.1.1 Analamisondrotra -- 6.1.2 Matsaborimanga -- 6.1.3 Andetobe -- 6.1.4 Antsatrabonko -- 6.1.5 Gaby Shaft -- 6.1.6 Andrafiabe -- 6.1.7 Anjohi Milaintety -- 6.1.8 Small Caves of the Western Area -- 6.2 Southern Part of the Northern Ankarana -- 6.2.1 Befoka -- 6.2.2 Ambatomanjahana and the Styx -- 6.2.3 Ambarabanja -- 6.3 Eastern and Central Part of the Northern Ankarana -- 6.3.1 Besaboba Swallow Hole No. 1. , 6.3.2 Besaboba Swallow Hole No. 2 -- 6.3.3 Motor Cave -- 6.3.4 Amposatelo 2 and Fanihy -- References -- 7 Caves of the Mananjeba Buttes -- 7.1 Ampandriampanihy -- 7.2 Ambatoharanana -- 7.3 Other Small Caves -- 8 Caves of the Southern Buttes -- 8.1 Andalameloka Butte -- 8.1.1 Andalameloka -- 8.2 Anjombavola Butte -- 8.3 Andranomilika Butte -- 8.3.1 Main Cave System -- 8.3.2 Mandresy -- 8.3.3 Andavakandrehy -- 8.3.4 Cliff Cave (Grotte de la Falaise) and Ambatomasina -- 8.3.5 Andranomidity -- 8.3.6 Dentelle Cave (Lace Cave) -- 8.3.7 Underground Historical Remains -- 8.3.8 Speleometry -- References -- 9 Other Caves Near the Ankarana Plateau -- 9.1 Antsarahaso Maze -- 10 The People of the Ankarana -- 10.1 The Antankarana Kingdom -- 10.2 The Sapphire Mines of the Ankarana -- 10.2.1 The Sapphire Rush -- 10.2.2 Origin of the Sapphires -- 10.2.3 Environmental Damage -- References -- 11 Tourism in the Ankarana -- 11.1 Ankarana Special Reserve -- 11.1.1 History and Administration -- 11.1.2 Limits and Settlements -- 11.1.3 Infrastructure -- Appendix A: Georeferenced List of the Ankarana Caves -- Appendix B: The Antankarana Royalty -- Appendix C: The Legend of Tsimatahodrafy and the Tsangatsaina (from Tsintidry 1987) -- Appendix D: Treaty of 5 March 1841 -- Appendix E: Tourism Infrastructure in 2018.

Note: Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- List of Figures -- A& -- #8212 -- CONCEPTS IN HYDROGEOLOGY -- A1. Definition and History of Hydrogeology -- A2. Groundwater's Place in the Earth Sciences -- A3. Applications of Hydrogeology -- A4. Water Cycles -- A5. The Infiltration of Water Below Ground and the Concept of an Aquifer -- A6. Porous Aquifers and Groundwater Circulation -- A7. Fractured Aquifers -- A8. Karst Aquifers -- A9. Island and Coastal Aquifers -- A10. Thermomineral Water and Geothermal Energy -- A11. Water Quality -- B& -- #8212 -- TOOLS AND METHODS OF HYDROGEOLOGY -- B1. Preliminary Documentation -- B2. The Study of the Geometry of Aquifers -- B3. Characterizing Aquifers -- B4. Hydrogeologic Syntheses and Budgets -- B5. Diviners and Divining -- C& -- #8212 -- WATER RESOURCES -- C1. Water Needs and Their Evolution -- C2. The Exploitation of Aquifers -- C3. Protection of Aquifers -- C4. Management of Aquifers -- C5. Examples of the Search for Drinking Water -- D& -- #8212 -- HYDROGEOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING -- D1. Water and Construction -- D2. Mass Wasting -- D3. Underground Construction -- D4. Dams and Reservoirs -- D5. Underground Storage -- E& -- #8212 -- CONCLUSIONS -- Annexure -- Problems.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Karst of Turkey -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Tectonic of Turkey -- 1.3 Tertiary Units -- 1.3.1 Karst in the Taurus Area -- References -- 2 Turkey's Karst and Water Resources -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Gypsum Karst -- 2.2.1 General Overview in Gypsum Karst -- 2.2.2 Gypsum Karst in Turkey -- 2.3 Karst Water Resources -- 2.3.1 Taurus Karst Region -- 2.3.2 Central Anatolia Karst Region -- 2.3.3 South Anatolia Karst Region -- 2.3.4 North Anatolia and Thrace Karst Region -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Karst of Antalya Travertine, Southwest of Turkey -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Geographical Setting -- 3.3 Geological Setting -- 3.3.1 Stratigraphy -- 3.3.1.1 Autochthonous Units -- Mesozoic -- Cenozoic -- 3.3.1.2 Allochthonous Units -- Çataltepe Unit -- Alakirçay (Ispartaçay) Unit -- Tahtalidag Unit -- 3.3.2 Structural Geology -- 3.3.3 Paleogeography -- 3.4 Karst Geomorphology -- 3.4.1 Travertine -- 3.4.2 Karst Features -- 3.4.3 Poljes and Dolines -- 3.4.4 Submarine Discharge -- 3.5 Hydrogeological Characterization -- 3.5.1 General Hydrogeology -- 3.5.2 Kirkgözler Springs -- 3.5.3 Düdenbaşi Spring -- References -- 4 Konya-Karapinar Sinkholes (Obruks) of Turkey -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Geology -- 4.2.1 Konya-Karapinar Plain -- 4.2.2 Geology of Obruk Plain -- 4.2.3 Structural Geology -- 4.3 Hydrogeological Units -- 4.4 Obruk's Development -- 4.4.1 Origin of Obruks -- 4.4.2 Morphometry of Obruks -- 4.4.3 Recen Obruks -- 4.4.4 Old Obruks -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Origin and Catchment Area of the Köprüçay Karst Springs -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Geological Units and Hydrogeological Functions -- 5.2.1 Autochthonous Units -- 5.2.1.1 Paleozoic -- 5.2.1.2 Mesozoic -- 5.2.1.3 Cenozoic. , 5.2.1.4 Geological Units and Hydrological Functions -- 5.2.2 Allochthonous Units -- 5.3 Bulasan and Beşkonak Flow Records -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Tectonic Influences on Groundwater Flow Systems in Karst of the Southwest Taurus Mountains, Turkey -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Tectogenetic Control of Karstification -- 6.3 The Effect of the Quaternary Ice Age Term on Taurus Karst Processes -- 6.4 The Major Controls on the Karst Hydrogeology -- 6.5 Antalya Travertine Plateau -- 6.6 Hydrothermal Pamukkale Travertine -- References -- 7 Karst Areas of Turkey -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Karst Limestone -- 7.2.1 The Taurus Mountains -- 7.2.2 Thrace and the Black Sea Mountains -- 7.2.3 The Western Anatolia -- 7.2.4 The Central Anatolia -- 7.2.5 The Eastern Anatolia -- 7.2.6 The South Eastern Anatolia -- 7.3 Gypsum Karst -- 7.4 Spectacular Karst Features of Turkey -- 7.4.1 Large Poljes -- 7.4.2 Obruks -- 7.4.3 Tufa and Travertine Deposits -- 7.5 Karst Hydrogeology -- 7.6 Eustatism and Active Tectonic -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Karst Springs of Turkey: Hydrogeology of the Kirkgözler Karst Springs, Antalya -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Geologic Setting -- 8.3 Hydrogeology -- 8.3.1 Aquifers -- 8.3.2 Karst Springs -- 8.3.2.1 Kirkgözler Springs -- 8.3.2.2 Düdenbaşi Spring -- 8.4 Hydrochemistry -- 8.5 Natural and Artificial Tracing -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- 9 The Karst Springs of Antalya, Turkey -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Oluköprü Springs -- 9.3 Spring Discharge Rates -- 9.4 Recharge Areas of the Springs -- 9.5 Allochthonous Units -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Karst Hydrogeology of Pamukkale Thermal Springs, Denizli, Turkey -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Hydrogeological Properties -- 10.3 Hydrogeochemical Aspects -- 10.4 Pollution and Protection Studies -- 10.5 Conclusion. , References -- 11 Beyazsu and Karasu Karst Springs Mardin-Nusaybin Area (SE Turkey) -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Geology of the Deep Aquifer Systems -- 11.3 Hydrogeological Setting -- 11.4 Water Quality -- 11.5 Deep Aquifer System -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Karst Hydrogeology of Muğla-Gökova Karst Springs -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The Springs of Gökova -- 12.2.1 Azmak Spring Group -- 12.2.2 The Akbük Bay Springs -- 12.3 Hydrogeological Characteristics of the Rocks -- 12.3.1 The Hydrogeological Characteristics of Autochthonous Units -- 12.3.2 The Hydrogeological Characteristics of the Allochthonous Units -- References -- 13 Karst Springs and Waterfalls-Zamanti River, Eastern Turkey -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Geology -- 13.3 Hydrology -- 13.4 Hydrogeology -- 13.5 Recession Curve Analysis of the Large Karstic Springs -- 13.6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Niğde-Pozanti Şekerpinari Springs, South of Turkey -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Geological Structure -- 14.3 Hydrology -- 14.4 Water Chemistry -- References -- 15 Karstic Hot Water Aquifers in Turkey -- Abstract -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 General Properties of the Karstic Hot Water Aquifers -- 15.3 Important Karstic Hot Water Aquifers and Their Classification According to Age -- 15.3.1 Cenozoic Limestone Formations -- 15.3.2 Mesozoic Crystalline Limestone Formations -- 15.3.3 Paleozoic Marble Formations -- 15.4 Exploitation Problems in Karstic Hot Water Aquifers -- 15.5 Results and Suggestions -- References.