Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- About the Authors -- List of Contributors -- Part I Geological Background to Human Evolution -- 1. Stratigraphy Explained -- 2. Cyclostratigraphy -- 3. Geochronometry: Measurement of Geologic Time -- 4. Radiocarbon Dating -- 5. Potassium-Argon Dating -- 6. Electron Spin Resonance Dating, Fission-Track Dating, Thermoluminescence Dating, and Uranium-Series Dating -- 7. Paleomagnetism and Human Evolution -- 8. Taphonomy in Human Evolution -- Part II The Earliest Hominids: Biomolecular and Morphological Evidence -- 9. African Apes as Time Machines -- 10. Molecular Anthropology and the Molecular Clock -- 11. Human and Ape Molecular Clocks and Constraints on Paleontological Hypotheses -- 12. Ardipithecus ramidus, a Root Species for Australopithecus -- 13. First Hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya) -- 14. Late Miocene Hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia -- 15. A New Hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa -- Part III Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Relatives -- 16. The Australopithecines in Review -- 17. The New Hominid Species Australopithecus anamensis -- 18. New Hominin Genus from Eastern Africa Shows Diverse Middle Pliocene Lineages -- 19. Tempo and Mode in Human Evolution -- 20. Inferring Hominoid and Early Hominid Phylogeny Using Craniodental Characters: The Role of Fossil Taxa -- 21. Evolution of Human Walking -- 22. Climbing to the Top: A Personal Memoir of Australopithecus afarensis -- 23. Early Hominid Brain Evolution: A New Look at Old Endocasts -- 24. Diet and the Evolution of the Earliest Human Ancestors -- 25. Early Hominid Evolution and Ecological Change through the African Plio-Pleistocene -- Part IV Origin of the Genus Homo and Early Evolution in Africa -- 26. The History of the Genus Homo. , 27. Late Pliocene Homo and Oldowan Tools from the Hadar Formation (Kada Hadar Member), Ethiopia -- 28. Late Pliocene Homo and Hominid Land Use from Western Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania -- 29. Australopithecus garhi: A New Species of Early Hominid from Ethiopia -- 30. Environment and Behavior of 2.5-Million-Year-Old Bouri Hominids -- 31. The World's Oldest Stone Artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia: Their Implications for Understanding Stone Technology and Patterns of Human Evolution between 2.6 -1.5 Million Years Ago -- 32. Perspectives on the Nariokotome Discovery -- 33. Remains of Homo erectus from Bouri, Middle Awash, Ethiopia -- Part V Evolution and Dispersal of Homo erectus -- 34. The African Emergence and Early Asian Dispersals of the Genus Homo -- 35. Dmanisi and Dispersal -- 36. A New Skull of Early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia -- 37. Venta Micena, Barranco León-5 and Fuentenueva-3: Three Archaeological Sites in the Early Pleistocene Deposits of Orce, South-East Spain -- 38. New Evidence on the Earliest Human Presence at High Northern Latitudes in Northeast Asia -- 39. Mid-Pleistocene Acheulean-Like Stone Technology of the Bose Basin, South China -- 40. Evidence for the Use of Fire at Zhoukoudian, China -- 41. Homo erectus and the Emergence of Sunda in the Tethys Realm: Contributions of Potassium-Based Chronology in the Sangiran Dome, Central Java -- 42. Homo erectus Calvarium from the Pleistocene of Java -- 43. Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia -- 44. A New Small-Bodied Hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia -- 45. Grandmothering and the Evolution of Homo erectus -- Part VI Middle Pleistocene Hominids in Africa, Europe, and Asia -- 46. Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene: The Role of Homo heidelbergensis. , 47. The Atapuerca Sites and Their Contributions to the Knowledge of Human Evolution in Europe -- 48. A Cranium for the Earliest Europeans: Phylogenetic Position of the Hominid from Ceprano, Italy -- 49. The KNM-ER 3884 Hominid and the Emergence of Modern Anatomy in Africa -- 50. Dali, a Skull of Archaic Homo sapiens from China -- 51. Body Mass and Encephalization in Pleistocene Homo -- 52. Lower Palaeolithic Hunting Weapons from Schöningen, Germany-The Oldest Spears in the World -- Part VII The Neandertals -- 53. Climatic Changes, Paleogeography, and the Evolution of the Neandertals -- 54. The Accretion Model of Neandertal Evolution -- 55. Neandertal DNA Sequences and the Origin of Modern Humans -- 56. Cold Adaptation, Heterochrony, and Neandertals -- 57. Neandertal Cranial Ontogeny and Its Implications for Late Hominid Diversity -- 58. Neandertal Cannibalism at Moula-Guercy, Ardèche, France -- Part VIII Origin of Modern Humans -- 59. Modern Human Origins: Progress and Prospects -- 60. A Reconsideration of the Omo-Kibish Remains and the erectus-sapiens Transition -- 61. Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia -- 62. Multiple Dispersals and Modern Human Origins -- 63. Models, Predictions, and the Fossil Record of Modern Human Origins -- 64. Fully Modern Humans -- 65. The Big Deal about Blades: Laminar Technologies and Human Evolution -- 66. A Middle Stone Age Worked Bone Industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire -- 67. Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa -- Part IX Evolution of Homo sapiens -- 68. Multiregional, Not Multiple Origins -- 69. Modern Human Ancestry at the Peripheries: A Test of the Replacement Theory -- 70. Origins of Modern Humans Still Look Recent -- 71. Out of Africa Again and Again -- 72. Genetics and the Making of Homo sapiens. , 73. Human Colonization of the Americas: Timing, Technology and Process -- 74. Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective -- 75. On Stony Ground: Lithic Technology, Human Evolution and the Emergence of Culture -- Glossary.

Note: Intro -- The Paleobiology of Australopithecus -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Introduction: Issues in the Life and Times of Australopithecus -- Abstract -- References -- Part I Geological and Paleontological Context -- 2 Age Ranges of Australopithecus Species, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Tanzania -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Pliocene Formations of the Omo-Turkana Basin (the Omo Group) -- Shungura Formation -- Usno Formation -- Koobi Fora Formation -- Kanapoi Formation and Nachukui Formation -- Pliocene Formations in EthiopiaEthiopia Outside the Omo-Turkana Basin -- Sagantole Formation -- Hadar Formation -- Bouri Formation -- Laetolil Beds -- Temporal Distribution of Australopithecus Species -- Australopithecus anamensis -- Australopithecus afarensis -- Australopithecus bahrelghazali -- Australopithecus garhi -- Kenyanthropus platyops -- Australopithecus/Homo gen. et sp. indet -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 A Multi-Disciplinary Perspective on the Age of AustralopithecusAustralopithecus in Southern AfricaAfrica -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Sites -- Sterkfontein -- Makapansgat -- Gladysvale -- Taung -- Malapa -- Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Reconstructing the Habitats of Australopithecus: Paleoenvironments, Site Taphonomy, and Faunas -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Questions About Australopithecus Paleoecology -- What We Know: The Basics -- Documented Depositional Contexts for Australopithecus -- Scales and Types of Evidence for Australopithecus EcologyEcology -- Paleoenvironments, Taphonomic Biases and Research Strategies -- Two Examples of Site-Based Studies of Australopithecus Habitats -- Kanapoi -- Hadar A.L. 333: Environmental Context of the ''First Family'' Locality -- Using Faunas to Infer Hominin Habitats. , Paleoecological Evidence and Current Interpretations of Australopithecus Sites -- Sites with Hominins of Uncertain Taxonomic Assignment -- A. bahrelghazali -- A. anamensis -- A. afarensis -- Australopithecus or Paranthropus aethiopicus -- A. africanus -- A. sediba -- Kenyanthropus platyops -- A. garhi -- Discussion: Australopithecus Paleoecology -- Habitats -- Diet and Food Procurement -- Conclusion and Future Research -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II Sites and Species -- 5 Australopithecus in Ethiopia -- Abstract -- The Genus Australopithecus -- Questions About the Genus -- The Three Species -- Australopithecus anamensis -- Questions About A. anamensisAustralopithecusA. anamensis -- Australopithecus afarensis -- Questions About A. afarensisAustralopithecusA. afarensis -- Australopithecus garhi -- Questions About A. garhiAustralopithecusA. garhi -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 The Alpha Taxonomy of Australopithecus africanus -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Status of Australopithecus africanus -- Australopithecus africanus: A Taxonomic History -- Sexual Dimorphism and Species Identification -- Does the Australopithecus africanus HypodigmHypodigm Subsume Two or More Species? -- Cranial Variation in the Sterkfontein Type Site Assemblage -- STET and Cranial Variation in the Sterkfontein Type Site Assemblage -- Dental Variation in the Australopithecus africanus HypodigmHypodigm -- Taxonomic Absurdity at Sterkfontein and Makapansgat -- Other Sterkfontein Australopith Fossils: Silberberg GrottoSterkfonteinSilberberg Grotto and Jacovec Cavern -- Stw 573 from the Silberberg GrottoSterkfonteinSilberberg Grotto -- Stw 578 from Jacovec Cavern -- The Postcranial Remains from Sterkfontein -- Australopithecus or Homo? -- Member 4, Member 5, and TaxonomyTaxonomy at Sterkfontein -- Sts 17 -- Sts 19 -- Stw 53 -- Stw 151. , Towards a Resolution: Some New Approaches -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Australopithecus from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Member 4 -- Member 4 Postcranial Fossils -- Member 2 -- Jacovec Cavern -- Dating -- Paleoenvironment -- Taphonomy -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Variation in Mandibular Postcanine Dental Morphology and Hominin Species Representation in Member 4, Sterkfontein, South Africa -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Taxonomic Homogeneity of the Sterkfontein Member 4MakaMakapansgat LimeworksMember 4 Hominin Assemblage -- Cusp Proportions and TaxonomyTaxonomy -- Materials and Methods -- Dental Variables -- Statistical Evaluation of Variation -- Results -- Mandibular Third Premolar -- Mandibular Fourth Premolar -- Mandibular First Molar -- Mandibular Second Molar -- Mandibular Third Molar -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Australopithecus sediba from Malapa, South Africa -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Geology and Dating of the Site -- The Fossil Hominin Sample from Malapa -- Australopithecus sediba -- The Status of Stw 53 -- The Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Status of Australopithecus sediba -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III Biogeography -- 10 Comparative Evolutionary Models and the ''Australopith Radiations'' -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Australopiths -- Anagenesis and CladogenesisCladogenesis -- Is There an Australopith Radiation? -- Missing Australopiths and Adaptive Asymmetry -- A Dispersal Model -- Emerging Problems: Scale -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Whence Australopithecus africanus? Comparing the Skulls of South African and East African Australopithecus -- Abstract -- Introduction -- How Much Change? -- Picking Apart the Eastern African ''Lineage'' -- The Fate of A. africanus. , What Can Be Known? -- There and Back Again: Models of Early Hominin Biogeography Pertaining to A. africanus -- Summary -- Addendum -- References -- 12 The Biogeographic Implications of Early Hominin Phylogeny -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Dispersals -- Major Evolutionary Events -- Discussion -- Biogeographic Implications of Alternative Phylogenies -- Adaptive Scenarios Explaining Biogeographic Patterns -- Future Directions -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IV Paleobiology -- 13 Sexual Size Dimorphism in Australopithecus: Current Understanding and New Directions -- Abstract -- Sexual Selection and SexualDimorphismsexual Dimorphism -- Natural Selection and SexualDimorphismsexual Dimorphism -- Evaluating the Relative Effects of SexualDimorphismsexual and Natural Selection on SexualDimorphismsexual Dimorphism in Living PrimatesPrimates -- Sexual Dimorphism in Extinct Taxa -- Studies of SexualDimorphismsexual Dimorphism/Relative Size Variation in Australopithecus -- Improving Measures of Relative Size Variation in Australopithecus -- New Techniques for Improving HypodigmHypodigm Representation -- Template Methods -- Resampled Geometric MeanGeometric mean Methods -- Improving Understanding of the Relationship Between Mass Dimorphism and Skeletal Dimorphism -- Applying New Methods to Other Species -- Dimorphism in ArdipithecusArdipithecus ramidus -- Ardi or Artie? Sex Assessment in ARA-VP-6/500ARA (Aramis, Middle Awash, Ethiopia)ARA-VP-6/500 -- Canine Size, Canine Dimorphism, and Body SizeBody size Dimorphism: Implications for Understanding Evolutionary Pressures on Large-Bodied Hominoids in the Early Pliocene -- The Biological Significance of SexualDimorphismsexual Dimorphism in Australopithecus -- References. , 14 Molar Microwear, Diet and Adaptation in a Purported Hominin Species Lineage from the Pliocene of East Africa -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15 Some Ruminations on Australopith Diets -- Abstract -- Introduction -- A Stroll Through Some Previous Research -- Australopithecus -- Paranthropus -- Why the Australopith Masticatory Complex? -- Earlier Hominins -- Wild Surmises and Closing Thoughts -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16 Postural and Locomotor Adaptations of Australopithecus Species -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Evidence for Bipedality -- Arboreality and AdaptationAdaptation -- Variation Among Australopithecus Species -- Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 17 Shoulder Morphology in Early Hominin Evolution -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Pectoral Girdle/Shoulder Morphology -- Clavicle -- Scapula -- Humerus -- Overview of Early Hominin Shoulder Morphology -- Discussion -- References -- 18 Age and Sex Differences in the Locomotor Skeleton of Australopithecus -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Role of OntogenyOntogeny in Producing Skeletal Morphology -- Cranial and Dental Evidence for Growth Pace in Australopithecus -- Postcranial OntogenyOntogeny and Phenotypic PlasticityPhenotypic plasticity in Australopithecus -- Genetically Mediated Australopithecus Morphology and Evolution of Developmental Programs -- Conclusion -- Addendum -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Cover -- CONTENTS -- Tables & -- Illustrations -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Adaptation, Evolution, and Systematics -- Adaptation -- Evolution -- Taxonomy and Systematics -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2. The Primate Body -- Size -- Cranial Anatomy -- The Brain and Senses -- The Trunk and Limbs -- Soft Tissues -- Growth and Development -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3. Primate Lives -- Primate Habitats -- Land Use -- Activity Patterns -- A Primate Day -- Primate Diets -- Locomotion -- Social Life -- Individuals, Groups, and Communities -- Why Primates Live in Groups -- Primate Life Histories -- Primate Communities -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4. Prosimians -- Strepsirhines -- Malagasy Strepsirhines -- Subfossil Malagasy Prosimians -- Adaptive Radiation of Malagasy Primates -- Galagos and Lorises -- Adaptive Radiation of Galagos and Lorises -- Phyletic Relationships of Strepsirhines -- Tarsiers -- Phyletic Relationships of Tarsiers -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5. New World Anthropoids -- Anatomy of Higher Primates -- Platyrrhines -- Adaptive Radiation of Platyrrhines -- Phyletic Relationships of Platyrrhines -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6. Old World Monkeys -- Catarrhine Anatomy -- Cercopithecoids -- Adaptive Radiation of Old World Monkeys -- Phyletic Relationships of Old World Monkeys -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7. Apes and Humans -- Hominoids -- Adaptive Radiation of Hominoids -- Phyletic Relationships of Hominoids -- Bibliography -- Chapter 8. Primate Communities -- Primate Biogeography -- Ecology and Biogeography -- Comparing Primate Communities -- Bibliography -- Chapter 9. Primate Adaptations -- Effects of Size -- Adaptations to Diet -- Locomotor Adaptations -- Anatomical Correlates of Social Organization -- Adaptation and Phylogeny -- Bibliography -- Chapter 10. The Fossil Record -- Geological Time -- Fossils and Fossilization -- Paleoenvironments. , Reconstructing Behavior -- Paleobiogeography -- Bibliography -- Chapter 11. Primate Origins -- Archontans„Primates and Other Mammals -- Plesiadapiforms -- Adaptive Radiation of Plesiadapiforms -- Plesiadapiforms and Primates -- The Phylogenetic Origins of Primates among the Archonta -- The Adaptive Origin of Primates -- Bibliography -- Chapter 12. Fossil Prosimians -- The First Modern Primates -- The Origin of Prosimians -- Adapoids -- Are Adapoids Strepsirhines? -- Fossil Lorises and Galagos -- Omomyoids -- Omomyoids, Tarsiers, and Haplorhines -- Adaptive Radiations of Eocene Prosimians -- Phyletic Relationships of Adapids and Omomyids -- Bibliography -- Chapter 13. Early Anthropoids -- Eocene Anthropoids from Asia -- Eocene and Oligocene Anthropoids from Africa and Arabia -- Other North African and Arabian Early Anthropoids -- Early Anthropoid Adaptations -- Phyletic Relationships of Early Anthropoids -- Prosimian Origins of Anthropoids -- Solving Anthropoid Origins -- Bibliography -- Chapter 14. Fossil Platyrrhines -- The Platyrrhine Fossil Record -- The Earliest Platyrrhines -- The Patagonian Platyrrhines -- A More Modern Community -- Pleistocene Platyrrhines -- Caribbean Primates -- Summary of Fossil Platyrrhines -- Platyrrhine Origins -- Bibliography -- Chapter 15. Fossil Apes -- Latest Oligocene to Middle Miocene Apes from Africa -- Adaptive Radiation of Proconsulids -- Phyletic Relationships of Proconsulids and Other African Miocene Apes -- Eurasian Fossil Apes -- The Evolution of Living Hominoids -- Bibliography -- Chapter 16. Fossil Old World Monkeys -- Victoriapithecids: The Earliest Old World Monkeys -- Fossil Cercopithecids -- Summary of Fossil Cercopithecoids -- Bibliography -- Chapter 17. Hominids, the Bipedal Primates -- Australopithecines -- Australopithecine Adaptations and Hominid Origins -- Phyletic Relationships of Early Hominids. , Early Homo -- Late Homo -- Human Phylogeny -- Humans as an Adaptive Radiation -- Bibliography -- Chapter 18. Patterns in Primate Evolution -- Primate Adaptive Radiations -- Patterns in Primate Phylogeny -- Primate Evolution at the Species Level -- Mosaic Evolution -- Primate Extinctions -- Bibliography -- Glossary -- Classification of Order Primates -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- The Platyrrhine Fossil Record -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- References -- Chapter 1. Chronology of Cenozoic primate localities in South America -- Introduction -- Construction of a geological time-scale -- Revised chronology of Cenozoic primate localities in South America -- Paleobiogeographic implications: when and where did platyrrhines originate? -- Thoughts on ancient platyrrhine environments -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2. Evolving climates and mammal faunas in Cenozoic South America -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Results and discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3. New fossil platyrrhines from the Pinturas Formation, southern Argentina -- Introduction -- The Pinturas Formation -- The vertebrate fauna -- Systematic paleontology -- Comparisons with other Argentine fossil primates -- Relationships of the Pinturas primates to extant platyrrhines -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4. Sedimentary paleoenvironments of fossil platyrrhine localities, Miocene Pinturas Formation, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina -- Introduction -- Stratigraphy -- Sedimentology and paleoclimate -- Accumulation of vertebrate fossils -- Correlation of Pinturas platyrrhine localities -- Reconstruction of the Pinturas section and restoration of the Pinturas holostrome -- Age and correlation of Pinturas Formation -- Resumen -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5. Models for the origin of the anthropoid postcranium -- Introduction -- Prosimian and anthropoid postcranial morphology -- Categorization of features -- Discussion -- Further testing -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6. Locomotor adaptations of fossil platyrrhines -- Introduction -- Methods and materials. , Postcranial remains of extinct platyrrhines-description and analysis -- Discussion -- Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7. The phyletic relationships of extant and fossil Pitheciinae (Platyrrhini, Anthropoidea -- Introduction -- Possible fossil pitheciines -- Concluding comments -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8. The fossil record of callitrichine primates -- Introduction -- Methods -- Analysis of fossil taxa -- Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 9. Platyrrhine evolution in the West Indies -- Introduction -- Overview by island and site -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References.