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  • 1
    Keywords: Baltic Sea. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (736 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780470283127
    DDC: 551.46/1334
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- STATE AND EVOLUTION OF THE BALTIC SEA, 1952-2005 -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- Contributors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General Oceanography of the Baltic Sea -- 2.1 Specific Natural Conditions and Their Consequences -- 2.2 Estuarine Circulation -- 2.2.1 Long-Term Exchange -- 2.2.2 Short-Term Barotropic Exchange -- 2.2.3 Stratification and Mixing in the Channels -- 2.2.4 Quantifying the Stochastic Salt Exchange Associated with the Barotropic Water Exchange -- 2.3 Wind-Driven Currents -- 2.3.1 Ekman Current and Transport -- 2.3.2 Upwelling and Coastal Jets -- 2.4 Surface Waves, Tides, Seiches, Surges -- 2.4.1 Surface Gravity Waves -- 2.4.2 Seiches and Wind Stau -- 2.4.3 Tides -- 2.5 Kelvin Waves, Topographic Waves, and Eddies -- 2.5.1 Kelvin Waves -- 2.5.2 Coastal Trapped Waves and Continental Shelf Waves -- 2.5.3 Eddies -- 2.6 Internal Waves, Turbulence, Diapycnal Mixing -- 2.6.1 Introduction -- 2.6.2 Vertical Mixing in the Interior -- References -- 3. The History of Long-Term Observations in Warnemünde -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Shipborne Measurements at Fixed Stations -- 3.2.1 Basic Oceanographic Instrumentation for Shipborne Measurements -- 3.2.2 Oceanographic Observations in the 1950s and 1960s -- 3.2.3 International Cooperation 1969-2005 -- 3.2.4 Activities in the Frame of BMP, 1979-2005 -- 3.3 Buoy Stations and Measuring Platforms -- 3.3.1 The First Buoy Stations -- 3.3.2 MARNET Stations -- 3.3.3 Current Meter Stations in the Central Baltic Sea -- 3.4 Parameters Measured -- 3.5 Data Quality -- References -- 4. Weather of the Baltic Sea -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Extreme Weather Conditions -- 4.2.1 Hurricanes, Gales -- 4.2.2 Storm Surges -- 4.2.2.1 Features of the Northwest Situation -- 4.2.2.2 Features of the Northeast Situation -- 4.3 Special Weather Situations -- 4.3.1 Baltic Cyclones -- 4.3.2 Land and Sea Breeze. , 4.3.3 Warnemünder Wind -- 4.3.4 General Vb- and Omega-Weather Types -- 4.3.4.1 The Vb-Weather Type -- 4.3.4.2 The Omega-Weather Type -- 4.4 Greenhouse Effect -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 5. Baltic Climate Change -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Seasonal Cycles -- 5.3 Climatic Trends -- 5.4 Climatic Variability -- 5.4.1 Year-to-Year Fluctuations -- 5.4.2 Decadal Scale Changes -- 5.4.3 Possible Trigger Mechanisms -- 5.5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 6. Current Observations in the Western Baltic Sea -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Great Belt and Fehmarnbelt -- 6.2.1 Great Belt -- 6.2.2 Fehmarnbelt -- 6.3 Arkona Sea West and Drogden Sill -- 6.3.1 Darss Sill -- 6.3.2 Drogden Sill -- 6.3.3 From Kriegers Flak to Hiddensee -- 6.4 Around Rügen -- 6.4.1 West Off Hiddensee -- 6.4.2 Wittow -- 6.4.3 Kap Arkona -- 6.4.4 Tromper Wiek -- 6.4.5 From Landtief A to Jan Heweliusz -- 6.4.6 Oderbank -- 6.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7. Sea State, Tides -- 7.1 Sea State -- 7.1.1 History of Observation and Research -- 7.1.2 Observation and Measurement -- 7.1.3 Sea State Characteristics and Wave Generating Factors -- 7.1.3.1 Wind Sea Characteristics -- 7.1.3.2 Wave Height Frequency Distribution -- 7.1.3.3 Wave Spectra -- 7.1.3.4 Wave Generating and Wave Modifying Factors (Wind, Fetch, Wind Duration, Water Depth) -- 7.1.3.5 Special Phenomena (Air-Sea Temperature, Currents, Crossing Seas) -- 7.1.4 Calculation and Forecast of the Sea State -- 7.1.4.1 Empirical Wave Parameter Calculation -- 7.1.4.2 Empirical Wave Spectra -- 7.1.4.3 Numerical Models -- 7.1.5 Wave Climatology -- 7.1.5.1 Open Sea Wave Climate -- 7.1.5.2 Wave Climate of the Coastal Zone -- 7.1.6 Extreme Wave Conditions -- 7.2 Tides -- 7.2.1 History of Tidal Research in the Baltic Sea -- 7.2.2 Theory of Tides in the Baltic Sea and a Proper Model Concept. , 7.2.3 Modeling of Co-Oscillating and Direct Tides -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 8. Ice -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Baltic Sea and Winter Time Maritime Transportation -- 8.3 Frequency of Ice Occurrence in the Baltic Sea as Well as Mean and Extreme Ice Parameters from Representative Stations in the Period 1956-2005 -- 8.4 Ice Conditions in the Baltic Sea and Adjacent Waters in 1956-2005 -- 8.4.1 Transition Area between the North Sea and Baltic Sea -- 8.4.1.1 Skagerrak and Kattegat -- 8.4.1.2 Belts and Sound -- 8.4.2 Western Baltic -- 8.4.3 Southern Baltic -- 8.4.4 Northern Baltic -- 8.4.5 Gulf of Riga -- 8.4.6 Gulf of Finland -- 8.4.7 Gulf of Bothnia -- 8.4.7.1 Sea of Åland -- 8.4.7.2 Archipelago Sea -- 8.4.7.3 Sea of Bothnia -- 8.4.7.4 Bay of Bothnia and the Quark -- 8.5 Classification of Ice Winters -- 8.5.1 Maximum Extent of Ice Coverage in the Baltic Sea 1720-2005 -- 8.5.1.1 Material -- 8.5.1.2 Classification of Ice Coverage -- 8.5.1.3 Analysis of Time Series -- 8.5.1.4 Ice Seasons 1956-2005 -- 8.5.2 Ice Winter Severity Indicator-Swedish Coast -- 8.5.3 Ice Winter Severity Indicator for the Southern Baltic Sea -- 8.5.4 Accumulated Areal Ice Volume for the Western Baltic Sea -- 8.5.5 Changes of Sea Ice Conditions in the Western Baltic from 1300 to Present -- References -- 9. Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperature for the Period 1990-2005 -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methodology -- 9.3 Seasonal, Regional, and Interannual Variations of SST in the Baltic Sea -- 9.4 Trends in the Development of SST -- 9.5 Relation to Climate Indices -- 9.6 Regional Particularities in SST Patterns -- 9.6.1 Upwelling and Other Dynamical Features in the Baltic Sea -- 9.6.2 Oder River Discharge and Oder Flood -- 9.6.3 Coastal Wind-Driven Processes along the German Baltic Sea Coast -- 9.7 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References. , 10. The Inflow of Highly Saline Water into the Baltic Sea -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Causes of MBIs and Their Basic Impact on the Baltic Sea -- 10.3 The Statistical Analysis of Major Baltic Inflows -- 10.4 The Analysis of Selected Events -- 10.4.1 MBIs in the 1950s and 1960s -- 10.4.2 The 1970s -- 10.4.3 The Very Strong MBI in January 1993 -- 10.4.4 The Warm Water MBI in Autumn 1997 -- 10.4.5 The Specific MBI in January 2003 -- 10.5 The Analysis of Baroclinic Summer Inflows -- 10.6 The Effects of MBIs and Baroclinic Summer Inflows in the Central Baltic Deepwater -- 10.6.1 The Effects on the Hydrographic Parameters Temperature, Salinity, and Oxygen Concentration -- 10.6.2 The Effects on Inorganic Nutrients -- References -- 11. BALTIC: Monthly Time Series 1900-2005 -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Data Material -- 11.3 Quality Control and Uncertainties -- 11.3.1 IOW Data -- 11.3.2 SMHI Data -- 11.3.3 NERI Data -- 11.3.4 IMGW Data -- 11.3.5 Additional Data -- 11.4 Monthly Time Series 1900-2005 -- References -- 12. Nutrient Concentrations, Trends and Their Relation to Eutrophication -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Nutrient Inputs -- 12.3 Annual Inorganic Nutrient Cycles and Long Term Nutrient Trends in the Surface Layer -- 12.4 Inorganic Nutrient Reservoirs in the Deep Basins -- 12.5 Organic Nutrients -- 12.6 Conclusions -- References -- 13. Trace Metals in Baltic Seawater -- 13.1 The State of Knowledge until 1993 -- 13.2 Trace Metal Trends in the Western and Central Baltic Sea Between Saltwater Inflow Events in 1993 and 2003 -- 13.3 The Influence of Major Saltwater Inflow Events and Stagnant Anoxic Deepwater Conditions on Trace Metal Trends in the Gotland Deep -- 13.3.1 Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn Trends "Above and Below Halocline" -- 13.3.2 Quantification of Trace Metal Fluxes across the Redox Interface Caused by Vertical Turbulent Mixing. , 13.3.3 The Relation between External and Internal Fluxes -- 13.4 Seasonal Particulate Trace Metal Fluxes across the Halocline in the Water Column of the Eastern Gotland Basin -- 13.4.1 Composition of Particles -- 13.4.2 Mass Fluxes of Main Components and Trace Metals -- 13.5 Flux and Budget Estimations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the Surface Water of the Central Baltic Sea -- 13.6 Outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 14. Sedimentary Records of Environmental Changes and Anthropogenic Impacts during the Past Decades -- 14.1 Changing Coastlines of the Baltic Sea -- 14.1.1 Introduction -- 14.1.2 The Geological/Tectonic Setting of the Baltic Area -- 14.1.3 Relative Sea-Level Change -- 14.1.4 Palaeogeography-Coastline Change -- 14.1.5 Summary -- Acknowledgment -- 14.2 Recent Sedimentation in the Eastern Gotland Basin: Spatial Patterns, Rates, and Drivers -- 14.2.1 Introduction -- 14.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Sedimentation Rates -- 14.2.3 Element Accumulation Rates -- 14.2.4 Vertical Versus Horizontal Fluxes of Biogenic Elements -- 14.2.5 Summary -- 14.3 Reconstruction of Pollution History in Sediment Cores from Different Baltic Sea Basins -- 14.3.1 Introduction and Background -- 14.3.2 Field Work and Laboratory Methods -- 14.3.3 Sediment Properties and Age Models -- 14.3.4 Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants in the Sediment Cores -- 14.3.5 Inventories of Pollutants -- 14.3.6 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- 14.4 Repeated Geochemical Mapping of the Arkona Basin after 17 Years (1988 and 2005) -- 14.4.1 Introduction -- 14.4.2 Methodology -- 14.4.3 Results -- 14.4.4 General Sedimentology, Hydro- and Sediment Dynamics -- 14.4.5 Redox-Dependent Processes -- 14.4.6 Fe-Mn Microconcretions -- 14.4.7 Pollution (Heavy Metals) -- 14.4.8 Conclusions and Outlook -- 14.4.9 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15. Phytoplankton. , 15.1 History of Phytoplankton Research and Methodology in the Baltic Sea.
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  • 2
  • 3
    In: 91
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Language: English , German
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  • 4
    Keywords: Climatic changes ; Marine meteorology ; Baltic Sea ; Ostsee ; Klimaänderung ; Geschichte 1952-2005
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: XXI, 703 S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. , 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) , 26 cm
    ISBN: 9780471979685
    DDC: 551.46/1334
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Note: Literaturangaben
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  • 5
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht ; Ostsee ; Schadstoffbelastung ; Geschichte 2005
    In: 2007
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: 129 S , graph. Darst., Kt
    Series Statement: Die Schwermetallsituation in der Ostsee 2007
    Language: German
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Self-organizing systems. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (535 pages)
    Edition: 2nd ed.
    ISBN: 9783527636815
    DDC: 003.7
    Language: English
    Note: Physics of Self-Organization and Evolution -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction to the Field of Self-Organization -- 1.1 Basic Concepts -- 1.2 History of Evolution as a Short Story -- 1.3 Structure, Self-organization, and Complexity -- 1.4 Entropy, Equilibrium, and Nonequilibrium -- 1.5 Dynamics, Stability, and Instability -- 1.6 Self-Organization of Information and Values -- 2 Fundamental Laws of Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics -- 2.1 The Thermodynamic Way of Describing Nature - Basic Variables -- 2.2 Three Fundamental Laws and the Gibbs Relation of Thermodynamics -- 2.3 Thermodynamic Potentials, Inequalities, and Variational Principles -- 2.4 Irreversible Processes and Self-Organization -- 2.5 Irreversible Radiation Transport -- 2.6 Irreversible Processes and Fluctuations -- 2.7 Toward a Thermodynamics of Small Systems Far from Equilibrium -- 3 Evolution of Earth and the Terrestrial Climate -- 3.1 The Photon Mill -- 3.2 Black-Body Radiation Model of Earth -- 3.3 Local Seasonal Response -- 3.4 Atmospheric Cooling Rate -- 3.5 Black-Body Model with Atmosphere -- 3.6 Humidity and Latent Heat -- 3.7 Greenhouse Effect -- 3.8 Spatial Structure of the Planet -- 3.9 Early Evolution of Earth -- 4 Nonlinear Dynamics, Instabilities, and Fluctuations -- 4.1 State Space, Dynamic Systems, and Graphs -- 4.2 Deterministic Dynamic Systems -- 4.3 Stochastic Models for Continuous Variables and Predictability -- 4.4 Graphs - Mathematical Models of Structures and Networks -- 4.5 Stochastic Models for Discrete Variables -- 4.6 Stochastic Processes on Networks -- 5 Self-Reproduction, Multistability, and Information Transfer as Basic Mechanisms of Evolution -- 5.1 The Role of Self-Reproduction and Multistability -- 5.2 Deterministic Models of Self-Reproduction and Bistability -- 5.3 Stochastic Theory of Birth-and-Death Processes. , 5.4 Stochastic Analysis of the Survival of the New -- 5.5 Survival of the New in Bistable Systems -- 5.6 Multistability, Information Storage, and Information Transfer -- 6 Competition and Selection Processes -- 6.1 Discussion of Basic Terms -- 6.2 Extremum Principles -- 6.3 Dynamical Models with Simple Competition -- 6.4 Stochastic of Simple Competition Processes -- 6.5 Competition in Species Networks -- 6.6 Selection and Coexistence -- 6.7 Hyperselection -- 6.8 Selection in Ecological Systems -- 6.9 Selection with Sexual Replication -- 6.10 Selection between Microreactors -- 6.11 Selection in Social Systems -- 7 Models of Evolution Processes -- 7.1 Sequence-Evolution Models -- 7.2 Evolution on Fitness Landscapes -- 7.3 Evolution on Smooth Fisher-Eigen Landscapes -- 7.4 Evolution on Random Fisher-Eigen Landscapes -- 7.5 Evolution on Lotka-Volterra Landscapes -- 7.6 Axiomatic Evolution Models -- 7.7 Boolean Behavior in the Positive Cone -- 7.8 Axiomatic Description of a Boolean Reaction System -- 7.9 Reducible, Linear, and Ideal Boolean Reaction Systems -- 7.10 Minor and Major of a Boolean Reaction System -- 7.11 Selection and Evolution in Boolean Reaction Systems -- 8 Self-Organization of Information and Symbols -- 8.1 Symbolic Information -- 8.2 Structural Information -- 8.3 Extracting Structural Information -- 8.4 Physical Properties of Symbols -- 8.5 Properties of the Ritualization Transition -- 8.6 Genetic Code -- 8.7 Sexual Recombination -- 8.8 Morphogenesis -- 8.9 Neuronal Networks -- 8.10 Spoken Language -- 8.11 Possession -- 8.12 Written Language -- 8.13 Money -- 9 On the Origin of Life -- 9.1 Catalytic Cascades in Underoccupied Networks -- 9.2 Formation of Spatial Compartments -- 9.3 Replicating Chain Molecules -- 9.4 Molecular Information Processing -- 9.5 Darwinian Evolution -- 10 Conclusion and Outlook. , 10.1 Basic Physical Concepts and Results -- 10.2 Quo Vadis Evolutio? -- References -- Index.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH), Sekretariat Bund/Länder-Messprogramm für die Meeresumwelt von Nord- und Ostsee (BMLP)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 S.) , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: Meeresumwelt aktuell Nord- und Ostsee 2009/2
    Language: German
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-02-23
    Description: The differences between one classical and three state-of-the-art formulations of the mass density of humid air were quantified. Here, we present both the calculi for direct determination of the humid-air mass density employing the virial form of the thermodynamic equation of state, and a sufficiently accurate look-up-table for the quick-look determination of the humid-air mass density, which is based on the advanced Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010.
    Description: Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung e.V. (3489)
    Keywords: ddc:551.5 ; Mass density ; Humid air ; Real-gas effects ; TEOS-10
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 8 (1979), S. 53-82 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Conductance ; Debye-Hückel approximations ; mean spherical approximations ; Gurney-Fiedman models ; alkali halides ; ionic association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Starting from hierarchy of diffusion equations for the distribution functions in coordinate space, the general theory of conductance is developed and applied to Gurney-Friedman models for ion-ion interactions. The interaction potentials used consist of a hard core with Pauling radii and a Gurney cosphere with a steplike interaction law converging to the Coulomb law outside the Gurney sphere. For the simplest case of step potentials explicit formulas for the conductivity are given. For higher concentrations an integral equation corresponding to the mean-spherical approximation in equilibrium is proposed. The theory is compared with experimental data for 17 alkali halide electrolytes by fitting the Gurney parameters. It is shown that the variant of the theory which includes the feedback of the relaxation and electrophoretic forces describes also the data for associating 2-2 electrolytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 8 (1979), S. 411-426 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Electrolyte conductance ; Onsager's reciprocal relation ; c logc term ; continuity equation ; boundary conditions ; electrophoretic expansion ; unsymmetrical binary electrolytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The differential equations and the boundary conditions for the nonequilibrium binary distribution function of an unsymmetrical binary electrolyte are derived from the Ebeling-Falkenhagen continuity equation. The connection between the Onsager reciprocal relation and the binary distribution functions is shown. Further, Feistel's result for thec logc contribution to the conductance is extended to unsymmetrical binary electrolytes. The reason for the difference between Feistel's and Chen'sc logc term is explained, and the significance of Onsager's reciprocal relation for the calculation ofc logc and higher-concentration contributions of the conductance is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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