Keywords:
Disasters.
;
Environmental disasters.
;
Electronic books.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (494 pages)
ISBN:
9780123964717
Series Statement:
Hazards and Disasters Ser.
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=4097057
DDC:
363.7
Language:
English
Note:
Front Cover -- Biological and Environmental Hazards, Risks, and Disasters -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Title and Description of the Cover Image -- ALGAL BLOOM IN LAKE ERIE, USA -- Contents -- Contributors -- Editorial Foreword -- GENERAL HAZARDS, RISKS, AND DISASTERS -- BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HAZARDS, RISKS, AND DISASTERS -- REFERENCES -- Acknowledgments -- List of Reviewers -- 1 - Introduction to Biological and Environmental Hazards, Risks, and Disasters -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Algal Blooms -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 HISTORIC EXAMPLES OF HAB INCIDENTS -- 2.3 HAB INCIDENTS IN RECENT DECADES -- 2.4 ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF HABS -- 2.5 HOW DO BLOOMS FORM? -- 2.6 VULNERABILITY -- 2.7 MITIGATION -- 2.8 PREPAREDNESS -- 2.9 RESPONSE -- 2.10 (4F) RECOVERY -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Large-Scale Grasshopper Infestations on North American Rangeland and Crops -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 TAXONOMY -- 3.3 BASIC BIOLOGY -- 3.4 ECOLOGY -- 3.5 GRASSHOPPER-OUTBREAK DAMAGE -- 3.6 LONG-TERM DAMAGE -- 3.7 PAST GRASSHOPPER-OUTBREAK MANAGEMENT -- 3.8 EARLY PESTICIDE CONTROL EFFORTS -- 3.9 RECENT OUTBREAKS -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Locusts: An Introduction -- REFERENCES -- 4.1 - The Australian Plague Locust-Risk and Response -- 4.1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.1.2 ECOLOGY OF THE AUSTRALIAN PLAGUE LOCUST -- 4.1.3 POPULATION OUTBREAKS -- 4.1.4 HISTORY OF LOCUST OUTBREAKS AND CONTROL IN AUSTRALIA -- 4.1.5 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACTS -- 4.1.6 THE AUSTRALIAN PLAGUE LOCUST COMMISSION AND CURRENT APPROACHES TO LOCUST MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA -- 4.1.7 THE RISKS AND HAZARDS OF LOCUST CONTROL IN AUSTRALIA -- 4.1.7.1 Failure to Control -- 4.1.7.2 Unnecessary Intervention -- 4.1.7.3 Off-target Risks and Hazards -- 4.1.7.4 Injury -- 4.1.8 FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS -- 4.1.9 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4.2 - Desert Locust -- 4.2.1 MONITORING AND FORECASTING -- 4.2.2 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES -- 4.2.3 EARLY WARNING.
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4.2.4 CHALLENGES -- 4.2.5 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 4.3 - Other Locusts -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Decline of Bees and Other Pollinators -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 LAND-USE CHANGES -- 5.3 WEATHER -- 5.4 PEST AND DISEASES -- 5.5 CLIMATE CHANGE -- 5.6 PESTICIDES -- 5.7 OTHER CAUSES -- 5.8 WHAT CAN BE DONE? -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Bark Beetle-Induced Forest Mortality in the North American Rocky Mountains -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.1.1 The Nature and Extent of Mortality by Insects and Disease -- 6.2 EFFECTS OF BARK BEETLE IMPACTS -- 6.2.1 Nitrogen -- 6.2.2 Carbon -- 6.2.3 Water -- 6.2.4 Vegetation Response -- 6.2.5 Economic Costs and Losses -- 6.3 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Novel Approaches for Reversible Field Releases of Candidate Weed Biological Control Agents: Putting the Genie B ... -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 BRAZILIAN PEPPERTREE CASE STUDY -- 7.2.1 Biological Approach -- 7.2.2 Autocidal Approach -- 7.2.2.1 Radiation Induced -- 7.2.2.2 Transgenic -- 7.3 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 - Animal Hazards-Their Nature and Distribution -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 ANIMAL ATTACKS -- 8.3 ANIMAL ACCIDENTS -- 8.4 DISEASES CONTRACTED FROM ANIMALS -- 8.4.1 Contracted from Animal Bites and Stings -- 8.4.2 Contracted from Consumption of Infected Animal Products -- 8.4.3 Contracted from the Handling of Animals or Animal Products -- 8.4.4 Contracted from Contact with, and Inhalation of Animal Waste -- 8.4.5 Summary -- 8.5 PROPERTY DAMAGE AND LOSSES CAUSED BY ANIMALS -- 8.5.1 Infrastructure Damage and Loss -- 8.5.2 Crop and Livestock Damage and Loss -- 8.6 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 9 - Loss of Biodiversity: Concerns and Threats -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 HOW MANY SPECIES? -- 9.3 EXTINCTION RATES -- 9.4 REASONS FOR CONCERN -- REFERENCES -- 10 - Chronic Environmental Diseases: Burdens, Causes, and Response -- 10.1 WHAT IS A CHRONIC ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASE?.
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10.2 THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF CHRONIC ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES -- 10.2.1 Cardiovascular Diseases -- 10.2.2 Cancer -- 10.2.3 Diabetes -- 10.2.4 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease -- 10.2.5 Mental Illness -- 10.2.6 HIV -- 10.2.7 Health Inequalities and Vulnerable Populations -- 10.3 CAUSES OF CHRONIC ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES -- 10.3.1 Environment and Disadvantage -- 10.3.2 Environment and Behavior -- 10.3.3 Environment and Stress -- 10.3.4 Environment and Access to Care -- 10.3.5 Environment and Contaminants -- 10.4 PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSE -- 10.4.1 Public Health Models to Guide Chronic Environmental Disease Response -- 10.4.2 Key Targets for Prevention and Control of Chronic Environmental Disease -- 10.5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11 - Land Degradation and Environmental Change -- 11.a INTRODUCTION -- 11.b INDICATORS OF LAND DEGRADATION -- 11.c THE GLOBAL SIGNIFICANCE -- 11.d DRIVERS -- 11.e CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11.1 - Desertification -- 11.1.1 HISTORICAL ROOTS, EVOLVING DEFINITIONS, AND CRITIQUES OF DESERTIFICATION -- 11.1.2 DRYLANDS AND THEIR VARIABILITY -- 11.1.3 PHYSICAL, CLIMATIC, AND ANTHROPOGENIC DRIVERS OF DESERTIFICATION AND THEIR IMPACTS -- 11.1.3.1 Integrating Driving, Underlying Driving Forces, and Proximate Causes -- 11.1.3.2 Case Studies of the Compounded Effects of the Drivers of Desertification: Iran and the Aral Sea Basin -- 11.1.4 APPROACHES TO IDENTIFYING DESERTIFICATION -- 11.1.5 DISCUSSION -- 11.1.6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11.2 - Grassland Degradation -- 11.2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2.2 BENEFITS AND ECOLOGICAL SERVICES -- 11.2.2.1 Soil and Water Resources -- 11.2.2.2 Biological Diversity and Habitat -- 11.2.2.3 Forage -- 11.2.2.4 Recreation -- 11.2.3 GRASSLAND DEGRADATION -- 11.2.3.1 Conversion and Fragmentation -- 11.2.3.2 Energy Development -- 11.2.3.3 Exotic Species -- 11.2.3.4 Fire Dynamics -- 11.2.3.5 Grazing.
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11.2.4 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11.3 - Land Degradation in Rangeland Ecosystems -- 11.3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.3.2 DEFINITION AND EXTENT OF RANGELAND DEGRADATION -- 11.3.3 CAUSES OF RANGELAND DEGRADATION -- 11.3.3.1 Land and Livestock Management -- 11.3.3.2 Climate -- 11.3.4 INDICATORS OF RANGELAND DEGRADATION -- 11.3.4.1 Purpose of Indicators -- 11.3.4.2 International Indicator Programs -- 11.3.4.2.1 Australia -- 11.3.4.2.2 United States-Sustainable Rangeland Roundtable -- 11.3.4.2.3 Biophysical Criteria -- 11.3.4.2.4 Socioeconomic Criteria -- 11.3.4.3 Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health -- 11.3.5 MONITORING RANGELAND DEGRADATION -- 11.3.5.1 Ground Monitoring -- 11.3.5.1.1 Soil Attributes -- 11.3.5.1.2 Biotic Attributes -- 11.3.5.1.3 Water and Hydrological Attributes -- 11.3.5.2 Remote Sensing Assessments -- 11.3.5.2.1 Land Cover and Change -- 11.3.5.2.2 Aboveground Biomass Estimation -- 11.3.5.2.3 Degradation Assessments -- 11.3.6 RESTORATION AND THE DEGRADATION SPIRAL -- 11.3.7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 12 - Deforestation -- 12.a DEFINITIONS -- 12.b RATES AND EXTENT OF DEFORESTATION -- 12.c EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION -- 12.1 - Deforestation in Southeast Asia -- 12.1.1 LONG-TERM CHANGES IN LAND USE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA -- 12.1.2 IMPACTS OF LOGGING ON THE ENVIRONMENT -- 12.1.3 IMPACTS OF FOREST FRAGMENTATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT -- 12.1.4 IMPACTS OF HABITAT CONVERSION ON THE ENVIRONMENT -- 12.1.5 CONSERVATION OPTIONS -- 12.1.6 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 12.2 - Deforestation in Nepal: Causes, Consequences, and Responses -- 12.2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2.2 NEPAL -- 12.2.3 FOREST TYPES IN NEPAL -- 12.2.4 FOREST STATUS AND RATE OF DEFORESTATION IN NEPAL -- 12.2.5 CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION IN NEPAL -- 12.2.5.1 Population Growth -- 12.2.5.2 Fuelwood as a Major Source of Energy -- 12.2.5.3 Livestock and Grazing.
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12.2.5.4 Migration and Settlement in Tarai -- 12.2.5.5 Illegal Timber Harvesting and Trade -- 12.2.5.6 Developmental Activities -- 12.2.5.7 Tourism and Trekking -- 12.2.5.8 Forest Policy -- 12.2.5.9 Land Tenure Systems -- 12.2.5.10 Political and Nonpolitical Use and Misuse of Forest -- 12.2.5.11 Cultural Use of Wood -- 12.2.5.12 Impact of Earthquake -- 12.2.6 CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION IN NEPAL -- 12.2.6.1 Impacts on Forest Structure and Ecosystem Services -- 12.2.6.2 Increase in Distance to Forest Access -- 12.2.6.3 Export of Forest Products -- 12.2.7 RESPONSES TO DEFORESTATION -- 12.2.7.1 Forest Policy and Governance -- 12.2.7.1.1 Forest Category in Nepal -- 12.2.7.1.2 Community Forestry -- 12.2.7.1.3 Protection Forests -- 12.2.7.1.4 Leasehold Forestry -- 12.2.7.1.5 Collaborative Forest -- 12.2.7.1.6 REDD+ Program -- 12.2.7.1.7 Afforestation and Reforestation Programs -- 12.2.7.1.8 Agroforestry -- 12.2.7.1.9 Protected Areas System -- 12.2.7.1.10 Extension and Outreach in Forestry Sector -- 12.2.7.1.11 Public Awareness Programs -- 12.2.8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 12.3 - Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon -- 12.3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.3.2 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES AND METHODS -- 12.3.3 THE CONTEXT OF CHICO MENDES' MURDER -- 12.3.4 AMAZONIAN DEFORESTATION ON THE INTERNATIONAL AGENDA -- 12.3.5 DEFORESTATION DRIVERS AND MECHANISMS -- 12.3.6 AMAZONIAN (DEFORESTATION) SCALES AND TRENDS -- 12.3.6.1 Perpetrators and Victims -- 12.3.6.2 Discussion: Deforestation on the Agenda -- REFERENCES -- 13 - Ecological Impacts of Climate Change -- 13.1 INTRODUCTION -- 13.2 OBSERVED EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE -- 13.2.1 Broad Assessments -- 13.2.2 Marine Ecosystems -- 13.2.2.1 Sea Turtles -- 13.2.2.2 Corals -- 13.2.2.3 Shorebirds -- 13.2.2.4 Sea Ice and Related Organisms -- 13.2.3 Terrestrial -- 13.2.3.1 Tropical Forest.
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13.2.3.2 Mediterranean-Type Shrublands.
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