Note: Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- Amino acids -- Introduction -- Naturally occuring amino acids -- Chemical synthesis and resolution of amino acids -- Physical and stereochemical studies of amino acids -- Chemical studies of amino acids -- Analytical methods -- Peptide synthesis -- Introduction -- Methods -- Appendix: A list of syntheses in 2003-2004 -- Analogue and conformational studies on peptides, hormones and other biologically active peptides -- Introduction -- Peptide backbone modifications and peptide mimetics -- Cyclic peptides -- Biologically active peptides -- Enzyme inhibitors -- Phage library leads -- Protein-protein interaction inhibitors: SH2 and SH3 domain ligands -- Cyclic, modified and conjugated peptides -- Introduction -- Cyclic peptides -- Modified and conjugated peptides -- Miscellaneous structures -- Metal complexes of amino acids and peptides -- Introduction -- Amino acid complexes -- Peptide complexes.

Note: Amino Acids and Peptides -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Amino Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Textbooks and Reviews -- 3 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- Methodology of Isolation of Amino Acids from Natural Sources -- Occurrence of Known Amino Acids -- New Natural Amino Acids -- New Amino Acids from Hydrolysates -- 4 Chemical Synthesis and Resolution of Amino Acids -- General Methods of Synthesis of α-Amino Acids -- Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Amino Acids -- Synthesis of Protein Amino Acids and Other Naturally Occurring α-Amino Acids -- α-Alkyl Analogues of Protein Amino Acids -- Synthesis of C-Alkyl and Substituted C-Alkyl α-Amino Acids -- Prebiotic Synthesis Models for Amino Acids -- α-Alkoxy α-Amino Acids and Related α-Heteroatom Substituted α-Amino Acids -- α-(Halogenoalkyl) α-Amino Acids -- Synthesis of Aliphatic α-Amino Acids Carrying Side-chain Hydroxy Groups -- Synthesis of Aliphatic α-Amino Acids Carrying Unsaturated Side-chains -- Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Side-chains -- Synthesis of N-Substituted α-Amino Acids -- Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Phosphorus-containing Side-chains -- Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Boron-containing Side-chains -- Synthesis of Labelled α-Amino Acids -- Synthesis of β- and Higher Homologous Amino Acids -- Laboratory Resolution of DL-Amino Acids -- Models for Prebiotic Enantioselection Relating to α-Amino Acids -- 5 Physico-chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- X-Ray Crystal Structures -- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry -- Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism -- Mass Spectrometry -- Other Spectroscopic and Related Studies -- Physico-chemical Studies -- Molecular Orbital Calculations -- 6 Chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- Racemization -- General Reactions of Amino Acids -- Specific Reactions of Amino Acids. , Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Amino Acids -- 7 Analytical Methods -- General -- Gas-Liquid Chromatography -- Ion-exchange and Related Forms of Chromatography -- Thin-layer Chromatography -- High Performance Liquid Chromatography -- Other Analytical Methods -- Assay of Specific Amino Acids -- References -- Chapter 2 Peptide Synthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- Amino-group Protection -- Carboxyl-group Protection -- Side-chain Protection -- General Deprotection -- Peptide Bond Formation -- Disulphide Bond Formation -- Solid-phase Peptide Synthesis -- Enzyme-mediated synthesis and Semi-synthesis -- Miscellaneous Reactions Related to Peptide Synthesis -- 3 Selected Examples of Peptide Synthesis -- 4 Appendix. A List of Synthesis Reported in 1991 -- Natural Peptides, Proteins, and Partial Sequences -- Sequential Oligo- and Poly-peptides -- Enzyme Substrates and Inhibitors -- Conformation of Synthetic peptides -- Glycopeptides -- Phosphopeptides -- Immunogenic Peptides -- Miscellaneous Peptides -- 5 Purification Methods -- References -- Chapter 3 Analogue and Conformational Studies on Peptide Hormones and other Biologically Active Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Peptide-backbone Modifications -- ψ[CSNH]-Analogues -- ψ[NHCO]-Retro-Inverso Ana1ogues -- ψ[CH2NH]-Amino Methylene Analogues -- ψ[CH=CH]- and ψ [CF=CH]-Ethylenic Isosteres -- Phosphono-Peptides -- ψ[CH20]-Methyleneoxy Analogues -- Miscellaneous Modifications -- C'-Terminal Modifications -- α, α-Dialkylated Glycine Analogues -- 3 Conformationally Restricted Cyclic and Bridged Analogues -- Rings and Bridges formed via Amide Bonds -- Bridges formed by Disulfide Bonds -- Miscellaneous Bridges and β-Turn Mimetics -- 4 Dehydroamino Acid Analogues -- 5 Enzyme Inhibitors -- Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors -- Renin Inhibitors -- HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors. , Inhibitors of Other Proteases -- 6 Side-chain Interactions Studied by Residue Substitution or Deletion and Similar Modifications -- Peptides with 'Opioid Characteristics' -- Cholecystokinin Analogues -- Angiotensin and Analogues -- Oxytocin and Vasopressin Analogues -- Luteinising Hormone-releasing Hormone (LHRH) Analogues -- Substance P and Analogues -- Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH) Analogues -- Somatostatin Analogues -- Bradykinin Analogues -- Glucagon/Gastrin-releasing Peptides -- Miscellaneous Examples -- 7 Conformational Information derived from Physical Methods -- References -- Chapter 4 Cyclic, Modified, and Conjugated Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cyclic Peptides -- General Considerations -- Naturally Occurring Dioxopiperazines (Cyclic Dipeptides) -- Other Dioxopiperazines -- Cyclotripeptides and Cyclotetrapeptides -- Cyclopentapeptides -- Cyclohexapeptides -- Cyclohepta and Cyclo-octapeptides -- Cyclononapeptides -- Cyclodecapeptides -- Higher Cyclic Peptides -- Peptides containing Thiazole Type Rings -- Cyclodepsipeptides -- Cyclic peptides containing Other Non-protein Ring Components -- 3 Modified Linear Peptides -- Phosphonopeptides -- 4 Conjugate Peptides -- Glycopeptide Antibiotics -- Other Glycopeptides -- Oligonucleotide Peptide Conjugates -- Lipopeptides and Related Conjugates -- 5 Miscellaneous Examples -- Refrences -- Chapter 5 β-Lactam Antibiotic Chemistry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 New Natural Products -- 3 Biosynthesis -- 4 Penicillins and Cephalosporins -- 5 Clavulanic Acid and Oxapenams -- 6 Penems -- 7 Carbapenems, Carbacephems, and Related Systems -- 8 Azetidinones -- Reactions in which One Bond is Formed -- 1-2 Bond-forming Reactions -- 3-4 Bond-forming Reactions -- 1-4 Bond-forming Reactions -- 2-3 Bond-forming Reactions -- Reactions in which Two Bonds are Formed -- [3+1] - Additions -- 1-2 and 2-3 Bond Formation. , [2+2] - Additions -- 1-2 and 3-4 Bond Formation -- 1-4 and 2-3 Bond Formation -- Chemistry and Azetidinones -- Further Uses of Azetidinones -- 9 Major Structural Variants -- 10 Mechanistic Studies, Mode of Action, and Degradation -- Appendix: β-Lactam Antibiotics Prepared for Structure-activity Relationships and Miscellaneous β-Lactams -- References.

Note: AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Amino Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Textbooks and Reviews -- 3 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 3.1 Isolation of Amino Acids from Natural Sources -- 3.2 Occurrence of Known Amino Acids -- 3.3 New Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 3.4 New Amino Acids from Hydrolysates -- 4 Chemical Synthesis and Resolution of Amino Acids -- 4.1 General Methods for the Synthesis of α-Amino Acids -- 4.2 Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Amino Acids -- 4.3 Synthesis of Protein Amino Acids and Other Naturally Occurring α-Amino Acids -- 4.4 Synthesis of α-Amino Analogues of Protein Amino Acids and Other Natural α-Amino Acids -- 4.5 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Alkyl Side-chains, and Cyclic Analogues -- 4.6 Models for Prebiotic Synthesis of Amino Acids -- 4.7 Synthesis of α-Alkoxy α-Amino Acids, and Analogous α-Hetero-atom Substituted α-Amino Acids -- 4.8 Synthesis of α-(ω-Halogenoalkyl)-α-Amino Acids -- 4.9 Synthesis of α-(ω-Hydroxyalkyl)-α-Amino Acids -- 4.10 Synthesis of N-Substituted α-Amino Acids -- 4.11 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Unsaturated Aliphatic Side-chains -- 4.12 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids with Aromatic or Heteroaromatic Side-chains -- 4.13 Synthesis of α-(N-Hydroxyamino) Acids -- 4.14 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Aminoalkyl Groups, and Related Nitrogen Functional Groups, in Side-chains -- 4.15 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Sulfur-, Selenium- or Tellurium-containing Side-chains -- 4.16 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Phosphorus Functional Groups in Side-chains -- 4.17 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Boron Functional Groups in Side-chains -- 4.18 Synthesis of Isotopically Labelled α-Amino Acids -- 4.19 Synthesis of β-Amino Acids and Higher Homologous Amino Acids -- 4.20 Resolution of DL-Amino Acids -- 5 Physico-chemical Studies of Amino Acids. , 5.1 X-Ray Crystal Analysis of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives -- 5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry -- 5.3 Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism -- 5.4 Mass Spectrometry -- 5.5 Other Spectroscopic Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.6 Physico-chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.7 Molecular Orbital Calculations for Amino Acids -- 6 Chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 6.1 Racemization -- 6.2 General Reactions of Amino Acids -- 6.2.1 Reactions at the Amino Group -- 6.2.2 Reactions at the Carboxy Group -- 6.2.3 Reactions Involving Both Amino and Carboxy Groups -- 6.2.4 Reactions at the α-Carbon Atom of α-Amino Acids -- 6.2.5 Reactions Specific to β- and Higher Homologous Amino Acids -- 6.3 Specific Reactions of Amino Acids -- 6.4 Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Amino Acids -- 7 Analytical Methods -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Gas-Liquid Chromatography -- 7.3 Ion-exchange Chromatography -- 7.4 Thin-layer Chromatography -- 7.5 High-performance Liquid Chromatography -- 7.6 Fluorimetric Analysis -- 7.7 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis and Other Analytical Methods -- 7.8 Assays for Specific Amino Acids -- References -- Chapter 2 Peptide Synthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Amino-group Protection -- 2.2 Carboxyl-group Protection -- 2.3 Side-chain Protection -- 2.4 Disulfide Bond Formation -- 2.5 Peptide Bond Formation -- 2.6 Peptide Synthesis on Macromolecular Support and Methods of Combinatorial Synthesis -- 2.7 Enzyme-mediated Synthesis and Semisynthesis -- 2.8 Miscellaneous Reactions Related to Peptide Synthesis -- 3 Appendix: A List of Syntheses Reported Mainly in 1996 -- 3.1 Natural Peptides, Proteins and Partial Sequences -- 3.2 Sequential Oligo- and Poly-peptides -- 3.3 Enzyme Substrates and Inhibitors -- 3.4 Conformation of Synthetic Peptides -- 3.5 Glycopeptides -- 3.6 Phosphopeptides and Related Compounds. , 3.7 Immunogenic Peptides -- 3.8 Nucleopeptides, PNAs -- 3.9 Miscellaneous Peptides -- 3.10 Purification Methods -- References -- Chapter 3 Analogue and Conformational Studies on Peptides, Hormones and Other Biologically Active Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Peptide Backbone Modifications and Di-, Tri-Peptide Mimetics -- 2.1 ψ[CH2NH]-Aminomethylene, ψ[CH(CN)NH]- Cyanomethyleneamino and ψ[CH2O]-Ether Analogues -- 2.2 ψ[CH=CH]-Isosteres and Related Analogues -- 2.3 ψ[COCH2]-Ketomethylene, α-Hydroxy Ketomethylene and Ketovinyl Isosteres -- 2.4 Retro and Retro-inverso Pseudo Peptides -- 2.5 Azapeptides -- 2.6 Rigid Di-, Tri-peptide and Turn Mimetics -- 3 Cyclic Peptides -- 3.1 Conformational Studies -- 3.2 Naturally Occurring Cyclic Peptides -- 4 Biologically Active Peptides -- 4.1 Peptides Involved in Alzheimer's Disease -- 4.2 Antimicrobial Peptides -- 4.3 ACTH/CRF Peptides -- 4.4 Angiotensin II Analogues and Non-peptide Angiotensin II Receptor Ligands -- 4.5 Bombesin/Neuromedin Analogues -- 4.6 Bradykinin Analogues -- 4.7 Cholecystokinin Analogues -- 4.8 Endothelin Analogues -- 4.9 Growth Hormone-releasing Peptide and Non-peptide Analogues -- 4.10 Integrin Related Peptide and Non-peptide Analogues -- 4.11 LHRH Analogues -- 4.12 Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Analogues -- 4.13 Opioid (Enkephalin, β-Casomorphin, Morphiceptin, Deltorphin and Dynorphin) Peptides -- 4.14 Somatostatin Analogues -- 4.15 Tachykinin (Substance P and Neurokinins) Analogues -- 4.16 Thrombin Receptor Peptides -- 4.17 Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone Analogues -- 4.18 Vasopressin and Oxytocin Analogues -- 5 Enzyme Inhibitors -- 5.1 Converting Enzymes [Angiotensin (ACE), Neutral Endopeptidase (NEP), Endothelin and Interleukin-1 β (ICE) Inhibitors -- 5.1.1 Angiotensin Converting Enzyme and Neutral Endopeptidase Inhibitors -- 5.1.2 Endothelin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors. , 5.1.3 Interleukin-1 β Converting Enzyme Inhibitors -- 5.2 Ras Protein Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors -- 5.3 HIV Protease Inhibitors -- 5.4 Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors -- 5.5 Inhibitors of Renin (Aspartyl Protease) -- 5.6 Inhibitors of Thrombin (Serine Protease) -- 5.7 Miscellaneous (Calpain, Cathepsin B, Cathepsin D, Elastase, Protein-tyrosine Kinase, Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase and Virus Ribonucleotide Reductase) Inhibitors -- 6 Advances in Formulation/Delivery Technology -- References -- Chapter 4 Cyclic, Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cyclic Peptides -- 2.1 General Considerations -- 2.2 Dioxopiperazines (Cyclic Dipeptides) -- 2.3 Cyclotripeptides -- 2.4 Cyclotetrapeptides -- 2.5 Cyclopentapeptides -- 2.6 Cyclohexapeptides -- 2.7 Cycloheptapeptides -- 2.8 Cyclooctapeptides -- 2.9 Cyclononapeptides and Cyclodecapeptides -- 2.10 Hugher Cyclic Peptides -- 2.11 Peptides Containing Thiazole/Oxazole Rings -- 2.12 Cyclodepsipeptides -- 3 Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 3.1 Phosphopeptides -- 3.2 Glycopeptide Antibiotics -- 3.3 Glycopeptides -- 3.4 Lipopeptides -- 3.5 Miscellaneous Conjugates -- 4 Miscellaneous Structures -- References -- Chapter 5 Metal Complexes of Amino Acids and Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Amino Acid Complexes -- 2.1 Synthesis and Structural Studies -- 2.2 Solution Studies -- 2.3 Kinetic Studies -- 3 Peptide Complexes -- 3.1 Synthesis and Structures of Peptide Complexes -- 3.2 Reactivity - Metal-ion-assisted Transformations of Peptide Molecules -- 3.3 Solution Equilibria - Stability Constants of Metal-ion-Peptide Complexes -- References -- Chapter 6 Current Trends in Protein Research -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Protein Folding -- 2.1 New Methods -- 2.2 Chaperones and Protein Folding -- 3 Techniques - Mass Spectrometry -- 4 Extremophilic Proteins -- 4.1 Antifreeze Proteins. , 4.2 Thermophilic Proteins -- 4.2.1 Elongation Factor Ts (EF-TS) from Thermus thermophilus -- 4.2.2 DNA Polymerase/DNA Complex Thermus aquaticus -- 4.2.3 Ribosomal Protein L1 (Thermus thermophilus) -- 4.2.4 Ribosomal Protein L14 (Bacillus stearothermophilus) -- 4.2.5 Ribosomal Protein S8 (Bacillus stearothermophilus) -- 4.2.6 D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Thermus aquaticus) -- 4.2.7 Methanothermus fervidus Histone Protein -- 4.2.8 [3Fe-4S] Ferredoxin from Sulpholobus -- 5 Proteins of Medical Interest -- 5.1 Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator -- 5.2 Bcl-XL -- 5.3 ADP Ribosyl Cyclase -- 5.4 Cadherins -- 5.5 Cartilage Oligomeric Protein -- 5.6 Cyclin-dependent Kinase 2/CksHs1 Complex -- 5.7 Cyclin-dependent Kinase/Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor Complex -- 5.8 Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase p85α Subunit, Breakpoint Cluster Region Homology Domain -- 5.9 Mammalian Phosphoinositide-specific Phospholipase Cδ -- 5.10 Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (Human)/p21 WAF1/C1P1, C-Terminal Fragment Complex -- 5.11 DIG (Disc-large Protein), PDZ Domain -- 5.12 Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 Tyrosine Kinase (FGFRIK) -- 5.13 α-Hemolysin -- 5.14 HIV Capsid Protein, N-Terminal Core Domain -- 5.15 HIV Matrix Protein -- 5.16 Nef: Regulatory Factor -- 5.17 Human Adenovirus - 2 Endoproteinase/Cofactor Complex -- 5.18 Human Cytomegalovirus Protease -- 5.19 NS3 Protein, Protease Domain, Hepatitis C Virus -- 5.20 Vaccinia H1-related Phosphatase -- 5.21 Vaccinia Virus VP39 -- 5.22 Nuclear Transport Factor -- 5.23 Human p120GAP, GTPase-activating Domain -- 5.24 p53 Tumour Suppressor, Core Domain (Human) S3BP2 Protein, C-terminal Domain (E. coli Complex) -- 5.25 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2,6-Biphosphate -- 5.26 Inosine 5'-Monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) -- 5.27 Inosine-Uridine Nucleoside N-Ribohydrolase -- 5.28 Human Kinesin Motor Domain. , 5.29 Yes Kinase Associated Protein, WW Domain (Human)/Peptide Complex.

Note: Amino acids, peptides and proteins -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Amino Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Textbooks and Reviews -- 3 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 3.1 Occurrence of Known Amino Acids -- 3.2 New Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 3.3 New Amino Acids from Hydrolysates -- 4 Chemical Synthesis and Resolution of Amino Acids -- 4.1 General Methods for the Synthesis of α-Amino Acids, Including Enantioselective Synthesis -- 4.1.1 Amination of Alkanoic Acid Derivatives by Amines and Amine-related Reagents -- 4.1.2 Carboxylation of Alkylamines and Imines, and Related Methods -- 4.1.3 Use of Chiral Synthons in Amino Acid Synthesis -- 4.1.4 Use of Rearrangements Generating a Carbon-Nitrogen Bond -- 4.1.5 Other Rearrangements -- 4.1.6 Amidocarbonylation and Related Multicomponent Processes -- 4.1.7 From Glycine Derivatives and from Imines of Glyoxylic Acid Derivatives -- 4.1.8 From Dehydro-amino Acid Derivatives -- 4.2 Synthesis of Protein Amino Acids and Other Naturally Occurring α-Amino Acids -- 4.3 Synthesis of α-Alkyl α-Amino Acids -- 4.4 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Alkyl Side-chains, and Cyclic Analogues -- 4.4.1 α-Cyclopropylglycines and Higher Homologues -- 4.4.2 1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic Acids -- 4.4.3 Higher Aminocycloalkanecarboxylic Acids and Saturated Heterocyclic Analogues -- 4.4.4 Aziridinecarboxylic Acids and Azetidinecarboxylic Acids -- 4.4.5 Pyrrolidine- and Piperidine-carboxylic Acids and Analogues -- 4.5 Models for Prebiotic Synthesis of Amino Aicds -- 4.6 Synthesis of α-(ω-Halogenoal ky1)-α-Amino Acids -- 4.7 Synthesis of α-(ω-Hydroxyalky1)-α-Amino Acids -- 4.8 Synthesis of N-substituted of α-Amino Acids -- 4.9 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Unsaturated Aliphatic Side-chains -- 4.10 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids with Aromatic or Heteroaromatic Groupings in Side-chains. , 4.11 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Amino Groups, and Related Nitrogen Functional Groups, in Aliphatic Side-chains -- 4.12 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Silicon Functional Groups in Aliphatic Side-chains -- 4.13 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Phosphorus Functional Groups in Aliphatic Side-chains -- 4.14 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Sulfur-, Selenium- or Tellurium-containting Aliphatic Side-chains -- 4.15 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids and Higher Homologous Amino Acids -- 4.16 Resolution of DL-Amino Acids -- 4.16.1 Diastereoisomeric Derivatization and Diastereoisomeric Salt Formation -- 4.16.2 Enzyme-catalysed Enantioselective Reactions of Amino Acid Derivatives -- 4.16.3 Chromatographic Resolution, and Applications of Other Physical Methods for Resolution of DL-Amino Acid Derivatives -- 4.16.4 Host-Guest Resolution -- 4.16.5 Prebiotic Resoltion of DL-Amino Acids -- 5 Physico-chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.1 X-Ray Crystal Analysis of Amino Acids and their Derivatives -- 5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry -- 5.3 Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism -- 5.4 Mass Spectrometry -- 5.5 Other Spectroscopic Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.6 Physico-chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.6.1 Measurements for Amino Acid Solutions -- 5.6.2 Measurements and Studies for Solid Amino Acids -- 5.6.3 Amino Acid Adsorption and Transport Phenomena -- 5.6.4 Host-Guest Studies with Amino Acids -- 5.6.5 Miscellaneous Physical and Conformational Studies -- 5.7 Molecular Orbital Calculations for Amino Acids -- 6 Chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 6.1 Racemization -- 6.2 General Reactions of Amino Acids -- 6.2.1 Thermal Stability of Amino Acids -- 6.2.2 Reactions at the Amino Group -- 6.2.3 Reactions at the Carboxy Group -- 6.2.4 Reactions at both Amino and Carboxy Groups. , 6.2.5 Reactions at the α-Carbon Atom of α-Amino Acids and Higher Homologues -- 6.3 Specific Reactions of Amino Acids -- 6.4 Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Amino Acids -- 7 Analytical Methods -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Gas-Liquid Chromatography -- 7.3 Ion-exchange Chromatography -- 7.4 Thin-layer Chromatography -- 7.5 High-performance Liquid Chromatography -- 7.6 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE), and Related Analytical Methods -- 7.7 Other Analytical Methods -- 7.8 Assays for Specific Amino Acids -- References -- Chapter 2 Peptide Synthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Amino-group Protection -- 2.2 Carboxyl-group Protection -- 2.3 Side-chain Protection -- 2.4 Disulfide Bond Formation -- 2.5 Peptide Bond Formation -- 2.6 Peptide Synthesis on Macromolecular Supports and Methods of Combinatorial Synthesis -- 2.7 Enzyme-mediated Synthesis and Semisynthesis -- 2.8 Miscellaneous Reactions Related to Peptide Synthesis -- 3 Appendix: A List of Syntheses Reported Mainly in 1998 -- 3.1 Natural Peptides, Proteins and Partial Sequences -- 3.2 Sequential Oligio- and Poly-peptides -- 3.3 Enzyme Substrates and Inhibitors -- 3.4 Conformations of Synthetic Peptides -- 3.5 Glycopeptides -- 3.6 Phosphopeptides and Related Compounds -- 3.7 Immunogenic Peptides -- 3.8 Nucleopeptides, PNAs -- 3.9 Miscellaneous Peptides -- 3.10 Purification Methods -- References -- Chapter 3 Analogue and Conformational Studies on Peptides, Hormones and Other Biologically Active Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Peptide Backbone Modifications and Di-, Tri-peptides Mimetics -- 2.1 Aza, Iminoaza and Reduced Aza Peptides -- 2.2 ψ[CH2NH]-Aminomethylene, Hydroxyethylene, Dihydroxyethylene and Hydroxylethylamine Analogues -- 2.3 ψ[CO-N(alkyl)] Analogues -- 2.4 ψ[CH3C=CH], ψ[CF3C=CH], ψ[CON=S(Ph)=O], ψ[CH=CH-S02NH] and ([CSNH] -- 2.5 Rigid Di-, Tri-peptide and Turn Mimetics. , 3 Cyclic Peptides -- 4 Biologically Active Peptides -- 4.1 Peptides Involved in Alzheimer's Disease -- 4.2 Antimicrobial Peptides -- 4.2.1 Antibacterial Peptides -- 4.2.2 Antifungal Peptides -- 4.3 ACTH/CRF Peptides -- 4.4 Angiotensin II Analogues and Non-peptide Angiotensin II Receptor Ligands -- 4.5 Bombesin/Neuromedin Analogues -- 4.6 Bradykinin Analogues -- 4.7 Cholecystokinin Analogues -- 4.8 Complement-related Peptide/Non-peptide Analogues -- 4.9 Endothelin Analogues -- 4.10 Growth Hormone-releasing Peptide and Non-peptide Analogues -- 4.11 Integrin-related Peptide and Non-peptide Analogues -- 4.11.1 IIb/IIIa Antagonists -- 4.11.2 αvβ3 Antagonists -- 4.11.3 α4βl and α5β1 Antagonists -- 4.1 1.4 Mac-l/ICAM-1 Antagonists -- 4.12 LHRH Analogues -- 4.13 α-MSH Analogues -- 4.14 MHC Class I and II Analogues -- 4.15 Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Analogues -- 4.16 Opoid (Enkephalin, β-Casomophin, Morphiceptin, Deltorphin and Dynorphin) Peptides -- 4.17 Somatostatin Analogues -- 4.18 Tachykinin (Substance P and Neurokinins) Analogues -- 4.19 Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone Analogues -- 4.20 Vasopressin and Oxytocin Analogues -- 4.21 Miscellaneous (Bovine Brain Peptides, Galanin, Glucagon and Immunomodulating Peptides) -- 5 Enzyme Inhibitors -- 5.1 Aminopeptidase Inhibitors -- 5.2 Calpain Inhibitors -- 5.3 Caspase Inhibitors -- 5.4 Cathepsin Inhibitors -- 5.5 Cytomegalovirus and Rhinovirus 3C Protease Inhibitors -- 5.6 Converting Enzyme [Angiotensin (ACE), Neutral Endopeptidase (NEP), Endothelin and Interleukin-103β2 (ICE)] Inhibitors -- 5.6.1 Angiotensin Converting Enzyme and Neutral Endopeptidase Inhibitors -- 5.6.2 Endothelin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors -- 5.7 Elastase Inhibitors -- 5.8 Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors -- 5.9 HIV Protease Inhibitors -- 5.10 Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors -- 5.11 Phosphatase Inhibitors (Ser/Thr or Tyr) -- 5.12 Renin Inhibitors. , 5.13 Thrombin Inhibitors (Serine Protease) -- 5.14 Miscellaneous [Dipeptidyl-peptidase, Protein Tyrosine Kinase, Serine Proteases Like Trypsin and Tryptase] Inhibitors -- 6 Phage Library Leads -- 6.1 Erythropoietin and Thrombopoietin Mimetics -- 6.2 Receptor Ligands -- 6.3 Enzyme Substrates and Inhibitors -- 6.4 Antibody Related Phage Peptides -- 7 Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors -- 7.1 SH2 and SH3 Domain Ligands -- 8 Advances in Formulation/Delivery Technology -- References -- Chapter 4 Cyclic, Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cyclic Peptides -- 2.1 General Considerations -- 2.2 Dioxopiperazines (Cyclic Dipeptides) -- 2.3 Cyclotripeptides -- 2.4 Cyclotetrapeptides -- 2.5 Cyclopentapeptides -- 2.6 Cyclohexapetides -- 2.7 Cycloheptapeptides -- 2.8 Cyclooctapeptides -- 2.9 Cyclononapeptides and Cyclodecapeptides -- 2.10 Higher Cyclic Peptides -- 2.11 Peptides Containing Thiazole/Oxazole Rings -- 2.12 Cyclodepsipepetides -- 3 Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 3.1 Phosphopeptides -- 3.2 Glycopeptide Antibiotics -- 3.3 Glycopeptides -- 3.3.1 O-Linked Glycopeptides -- 3.3.2 N-Glycopeptides 31 -- 3.3.3 C-Glycosides and other Neoglycoconjugates -- 3.4 Lipopeptides -- 4 Miscellaneous Structures -- References -- Chapter 5 Metal Complexes of Amino Acids and Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Amino Acid Complexes -- 2.1 Synthesis and Structural Studies -- 2.2 Solution Studies -- 2.3 Kinetics and Mechanism -- 3 Peptide Complexes -- 3.1Synthesis and Structural Studies on Peptide Complexes -- 3.2 Kinetics and Reactivity - Metal-ion-assisted Transformations of Peptide Molecules -- 3.3 Solution Equilibria - Stability Constants of Metal-ion-Peptide Complexes -- References -- Chapter 6 Current Tends in Protein Research -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Protein Conformation and Disease -- 3 Protein Chaperonines -- 3.1 Small Heat Shock Protein. , 3.2 Protein Disulfide Oxidoreductase.

Note: Cover -- Prelims -- Preface -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- 1 Amino Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Textbooks and Reviews -- 3 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 3.1 Isolation of Amino Acids from Natural Sources -- 3.2 Occurrence of Known Amino Acids -- 3.3 New Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 3.4 New Amino Acids from Hydrolysates -- 4 Chemical Synthesis and Resolution of Amino Acids -- 4.1 General Methods for the Synthesis of a-Amino Acids -- 4.2 Asymmetric Synthesis of a-Amino Acids -- 4.3 Synthesis of Protein Amino Acids and Other Naturally Occurring a-AminoAcids -- 4.4 Synthesis of a-Alkyl Analogues of Protein Amino Acids -- 4.5 Synthesis of a-Amino Acids Carrying Alkyl Side-chains, and CyclicAnalogues -- 4.6 Models for Prebiotic Synthesis of Amino Acids -- 4.7 Synthesis of a-Alkoxy-a-Amioo Acids and Analogous a-Heteroatomsubstituteda-Amino Acids -- 4.8 Synthesis of a-Halogenoalkyl a-Amino Acids -- 4.9 Synthesis of a-(a-Hydroxyalkyl) a-Amino Acids -- 4.10 Synthesis of a-Amino Acids with Unsaturated Aliphatic Side-chains -- 4.11 Synthesis of a-Amino Acids with Aromatic or Heteroaromatic Groupings inSide-chains -- 4.12 Synthesis of a-Aminoalkyl a-Amino Acids -- 4.13 Synthesis of a-Amino Acids Carrying Sulfur- or Seleniurn-containingSidechains -- 4.14 Synthesis of a-Phosphonoalkyl a-Amino Acids and a-Amino AcidsCarrying Other Phosphorus Functional Groups in Sidechains -- 4.15 Synthesis of Isotopically Labelled a-Amino Acids -- 4.16 Synthesis of p-Amino Acids and Higher Homologous Amino Acids -- 4.17 Resolution of DL-a-Amino Acids, and Assignments of AbsoluteConfiguration to Enantiomers of a-Amino Acids -- 5 Physico-chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.1 X-Ray Crystal Structure Analysis of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives -- 5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 5.3 Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism. , 5.4 Mass Spectrometry -- 5.5 Other Spectrometric Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.6 Other Physico-chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.7 Molecular Orbital Calculations for a-Amino Acids -- 6 Chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 6.1 Racemization -- 6.2 General Reactions of Amino Acids -- 6.3 Specific Reactions of Amino Acids. -- 6.4 Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Amino Acids -- 7 Analytical Methods -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Gas-Liquid Chromatography -- 7.3 Thin-layer Chromatography -- 7.4 High Performance Liquid Chromatography -- 7.5 Fluorimetric Analysis -- 7.6 Other Analytical Methods -- 7.7 Assays for Specific Amino Acids -- References -- 2 Peptide Synthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Amino-group Protection -- 2.2 Carboxyl-group Protection -- 2.3 Side-chain Protection -- 2.4 General Deprotection -- 2.5 Peptide Bond Formation -- 2.6 Disulfide Bond Formation -- 2.7 Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis -- 2.8 Enzyme-mediated Synthesis and Semisynthesis -- 3 Selected Examples of Peptide Syntheses -- 4 Appendix: A List of Syntheses Reported in 1993 -- 4.1 Natural Peptides, Proteins and Partial Sequences -- 4.2 Sequential Oligo- and Poly-peptides -- 4.3 Enzyme Substrates and Inhibitors -- 4.4 Conformation of Synthetic Peptides -- 4.5 Glycopeptides -- 4.6 Phosphopeptides and Related Compounds -- 4.7 Immunogenic Peptides -- 4.8 Miscellaneous Peptides -- 5 Purification Methods -- References -- 3 Analogue and Conformational Studies on Peptide Hormones and Other Biologically Active Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Peptidebackbone Modifications -- 2.1 [CSNHj-Thioamide Analogues -- 2.2 [NHCO]-Retro-inverso Analogues -- 2.3 [CH2NHj-Amino Methylene Analogues -- 2.4 [CH = m- and [CH2CH2]- Ethylenic and Carba Analogues -- 2.5 Phosphono-peptides -- 2.6 [SO2NH] Analogues -- 2.7 Miscellaneous Modifications -- 2.8 a,a-Dialkylated Glycine Analogues. , 3 Conformationally Restricted Cyclic and Bridged Analogues -- 3.1 Rings and Bridges formed via Amide Bonds -- 3.2 Bridges formed by Disulfide Bonds -- 3.3 Miscellaneous Bridges and PTurn Mimetics -- 4 Dehydroamino Acid Analogues -- 5 Enzyme Inhibitors -- 5.1 Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors -- 5.2 Statine and Hydroxyethylene-type Dipeptide Isosteres -- 5.3 Renin Inhibitors -- 5.4 HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors -- 5.5 Inhibitors of Other Proteases -- 6 Side Chain Interactions Studied by Residue Substitution or Deletion and Similar Modifications -- 6.1 Peptides with 'Opioid Characteristics' -- 6.2 Cholecystokinin Analogues -- 6.3 Angiotensin Analogues -- 6.4 Oxytocin and Vasopressin Analogues -- 6.5 Luteinising Hormone-releasing Hormone (LHRH) Analogues -- 6.6 Tachykinin Analogues -- 6.7 Somatostatin Analogues -- 6.8 Bradykinin Analogues -- 6.9 Miscellaneous Examples -- References -- 4 Cyclic, Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cyclic Peptides -- 2.1 General Considerations -- 2.2 Naturally Occurring Dioxopiperazines (Cyclic Dipeptides) -- 2.3 Other Dioxopiperazines -- 2.4 Cyclotripeptides and Cyclotetrapeptides -- 2.5 Cyclopentapeptides -- 2.6 Cyclohexapeptides -- 2.7 Cycloheptapeptides and Cyclooctapeptides -- 2.8 Cyclodecapeptides -- 2.9 Higher Cyclic Peptides -- 2.10 Peptides Containing Thiazole Type Rings -- 2.11 Cyclodepsipeptides -- 2.12 Cyclic Peptides Containing 'Other' Non-protein Ring Components -- 3 Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 3.1 Phosphopeptides -- 3.2 Glycopeptide Antibiotics -- 3.3 Glycopeptides -- 3.4 Lipopeptides -- 3.5 Oligonucleotide Peptide Conjugate -- References -- 5 Current Trends in Protein Research -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Water and Proteins -- 3 Protein Folds -- 4 New Protein Folds -- 5 Protein Folding and Protein Stability -- 6 New Protein Structures -- 6.1 Elongation Factors. , 6.2 Protein-Nucleic Acid Complexes -- 6.3 Receptor Protein Complex -- 6.4 Visual Protein -- 6.5 Muscle Proteins -- 6.6 Kinases -- 6.7 Proteases -- 6.8 Lipases -- 6.9 b-Lactamases -- 6.10 Other Enzymes -- 6.11 Enzymes Acting on Carbohydrates -- 6.12 Parasitic Enzymes -- 6.13 Immunoglobulins -- 6.14 ChaperonePeptide Complex -- 7 Protein Engineering -- 7.1 Antibody Engineering -- 8 Summary -- References -- 6 b-Lactam Chemistry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 New Natural Products -- 3 Biosynthesis -- 3.1 Penicillin and Cephalosporin Biosynthesis -- 3.2 Clavam Biosynthesis -- 3.3 Carbapenem Biosynthesis -- 3.4 Tabtoxin Biosynthesis -- 4 Penicillins and Cephalosporins -- 5 Clavulanic Acid, Oxapenams and Oxapenems -- 6 Penems -- 7 Carbapenems, Carbapenams, Carbacephems and Related Systems -- 7.1 Carbapenems and Carbapenams -- 7.2 Carbacephems -- 8 Azetidin-2-ones -- 8.1 Reactions in which One Bond is Formed -- 8.2 Reactions in which Two Bonds are Formed -- 8.2.1 [3 + 11] Additions -- 8.2.2 [2 + 2] Additions -- 8.3 Chemistry of Azetidin-2-ones -- 8.4 Further Uses of Azetidin-2-0nes -- 9 Major Structural Variants -- 10 Mechanistic Studies, Mode of Action, Degradation and New Applications -- Appendix -- Penicillins and Cephalosporins -- Penems -- Clavulanic Acid, Oxapenams and Oxapenems -- Carbapenems, Carbapenams, Carbacephems and Related Systems -- Aze tidin-2-ones -- Major Structural Variations -- Mechanistic Studies, Mode of Action, Degradation and New Applications -- References.

Note: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Amino Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Textbooks and Reviews -- 3 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- Isolation of Amino Acids from Natural Sources -- Occurrence of Known Amino Acids -- New Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- New Amino Acids from Hydrolysates -- 4 Chemical Synthesis and Resolution of Amino Acids -- General Methods of Synthesis of α-Amino Acids -- Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Amino Acids -- Synthesis of Protein Amino Acids and Other Naturally Occurring α-Amino Acids -- α-Alkyl Analogues of Protein Amino Acids -- Synthesis of C-Alkyl and Substituted C-Alkyl α-Amino Acids, and Cyclic Analogues -- Models for Prebiotic Synthesis of Amino Acids -- α-Alkoxy α-Amino Acids -- α-(Halogenoalkyl) α-Amino Acids -- α-(Hydroxyalkyl) α-Amino Acids -- α-Amino Acids with Aminoalkyl Side-chains -- α-Amino Acids with Unsaturated Side-chains -- α-Amino Acids with Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Side-chains -- N-Substituted α-Amino Acids -- Sulphur Containing α-Amino Acids -- Phosphorus Containing α-Amino Acids -- Synthesis of Labelled Amino Acids -- Synthesis of β-Amino Acids, and Higher Homologous Amino Acids -- Resolution of DL-α-Amino Acids -- 5 Physico-chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- X-Ray Crystal Structure Analysis of Amino Acids -- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry -- Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism -- Mass Spectrometry of α-Amino Acids and Related Gas Phase Studies -- Other Spectrometric Studies of Amino Acids -- Other Physico-Chemical Studies -- Molecular Orbital Calculations for α-Amino Acids -- 6 Chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- Racemization -- General Reactions of Amino Acids -- Specific Reactions of Amino Acids -- Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Amino Acids -- 7 Analytical Methods -- General -- Gas-Liquid Chromatography -- Thin-layer Chromatography. , Ion-exchange Chromatography -- High Performance Liquid Chromatography -- Other Analytical Methods -- Determination of Specific Amino Acids -- References -- Chapter 2 Peptide Synthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- α-Amino-group Protection -- Carboxyl-group Protection -- Side-chain Protection -- General Deprotection -- Peptide Bond Formation -- Disulfide Bond Formation -- Solid-phase Peptide Synthesis -- Enzyme-mediated Synthesis and Semi-synthesis -- Miscellaneous Reactions Related to Peptide Synthesis -- 3 Selected Examples of Peptide Syntheses -- 4 Appendix. A List of Syntheses Reported in 1992 -- Natural Peptides, Proteins, and Partial Sequences -- Sequential Oligo- and Poly-peptides -- Enzyme Substrates and Inhibitors -- Conformation of Synthetic Peptides -- Glycopeptides -- Phosphopeptides and Related Compounds -- Immunogenic Peptides -- Miscellaneous Peptides -- 5 Purification Methods -- References -- Chapter 3 Analogue and Conformational Studies on Peptide Hormones and Other Biologically Active Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Peptide-backbone Modifications -- ψ[CSNH]-Thioamide Analogues -- ψ[NHCO]-Retro-Inverso Analogues -- ψ[CH2NH]-Amino Methylene Analogues -- ψ[CH = CH]- and ψ [CH2 = CH2]-Ethylenic and Carba Analogues -- ψ[COCH2] and ψ [CH(OH)CH2]-Keto-methylene and Hydroxymethylene Analogues -- Phosphono-Peptides -- ψ[SO2NH] Analogues -- C-Terminal Modifications -- Miscellaneous Modifications -- α,α-Dialkylated Glycine Analogues -- 3 Conformationally Restricted Cyclic and Bridged Analogues -- Rings and Bridges formed via Amide Bonds -- Bridges formed by Disulphide Bonds -- Miscellaneous Bridges and β-Turn Mimetics -- 4 Dehydroamino Acid Analogues -- 5 Enzyme Inhibitors -- Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors -- Renin Inhibitors -- HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors -- Inhibitors of Other Proteases. , 6 Side-chain Interactions Studied by Residue Substitution or Deletion and Similar Modifications -- Peptides with 'Opioid Characteristics' -- Cholecystokinin Analogues -- Angiotensin and Analogues -- Oxytocin and Vasopressin Analogues -- Luteinising Hormone-releasing Hormone (LHRH) Analogues -- Tachykinin Analogues -- Somatostatin Analogues -- Bradykinin Analogues -- Miscellaneous Examples -- 7 Conformational Information Derived from Physical Methods -- References -- Chapter 4 Cyclic, Modified, and Conjugated Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cyclic Peptides -- General Considerations -- Naturally Occurring Dioxopiperazines (Cyclic Dipeptides) -- Other Dioxopiperazines -- Cyclotripeptides and Cyclotetrapeptides -- Cyclopentapeptides -- Cyclohexapeptides -- Cycloheptapeptides and Cyclo-octapeptides -- Cyclononapeptides -- Cyclodecapeptides -- Higher Cyclic Peptides -- Peptides containing Thiazole Type Rings -- Cyclodepsipeptides -- Cyclic peptides containing Other Non-protein Ring Components -- 3 Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- Phosphopeptides -- Glycopeptide Antibiotics -- Other Glycopeptides -- Lipopep tides -- 4 Miscellaneous Examples -- References -- Chapter 5 Current Trends in Protein Research -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Protein Sequencing -- Mass Measurements of Proteins -- 3 Protein Sequence and Structure -- Structural Motifs -- Loop Regions in Proteins -- Protein Modules -- 4 Protein Folding -- 5 Protein Stability -- 6 Proteins that Bind Nucleic Acid -- Transcription Factors -- DNA Repair Enzymes -- Restriction Enzymes -- DNA Polymerases -- Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases -- 7 Other Proteins of Special Interest -- Antibodies -- Lipases -- Cholinesterases -- Other X-Ray Protein Structures -- 8 Metal Containing Proteins -- Zinc Proteins -- Calcium Proteins -- Tungsten Proteins -- Iron Proteins -- Copper Proteins -- 9 Catalytic Mechanism. , Substrate Specificity -- 10 Protein-Protein Interactions -- References -- Chapter 6 Metal Complexes of Amino Acids and Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Amino Acid Complexes -- Crystal and Molecular Structures -- Synthesis -- Solution Studies: Structures and Reactions -- Formation Constants -- Catalysis -- 3 Peptide Complexes -- Synthesis, Crystal Structures -- Reactivity -- Solution Chemistry -- Miscellaneous -- References.

Note: Amino acids, peptides and proteins -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Amino Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Textbooks and Reviews -- 3 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 3.1 Occurrence of Known Amino Acids -- 3.2 New Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 3.3 New Amino Acids from Hydrolysates -- 4 Chemical Synthesis and Resolution of Amino Acids -- 4.1 General Methods for the Synthesis of α-Amino Acids, Including Enantioselective Synthesis -- 4.1.1 Amination of Alkanoic Acid Derivatives by Amines and Amine-related Reagents -- 4.1.2 Carboxylation of Alkylamines and Imines, and Related Methods -- 4.1.3 Use of Chiral Synthons in Amino Acid Synthesis -- 4.1.4 Use of Rearrangements Generating a Carbon-Nitrogen Bond -- 4.1.5 Other Rearrangements -- 4.1.6 Amidocarbonylation and Related Multicomponent Processes -- 4.1.7 From Glycine Derivatives and Imines of Glyoxylic Acid Derivatives -- 4.1.8 From Dehydro-amino Acid Derivatives -- 4.2 Synthesis of Protein Amino Acids and Other Well-known Naturally Occurring Amino Acids -- 4.3 Synthesis of α-Alkyl α-Amino Acids -- 4.4 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Alkyl Side Chains, and Cyclic Analogues -- 4.5 Models for Prebiotic Synthesis of Amino Acids -- 4.6 Synthesis of α-(ω-Halogeno-alkyl) α-Amino Acids -- 4.7 Synthesis of α-(ω-Hydroxyalkyl) α-Amino Acids -- 4.8 Synthesis of N-Substituted α-Amino Acids -- 4.9 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Unsaturated Aliphatic Side Chains -- 4.10 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids with Aromatic or Heteroaromatic Couplings in the Side Chain -- 4.11 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Amino Groups, and Related Nitrogen Functional Groups, in Aliphatic Side Chains -- 4.12 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Boron Functional Groups in Side Chains -- 4.13 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Silicon Functional Groups in Side Chains. , 4.14 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Phosphorus Functional Groups in Side Chains -- 4.15 Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Carrying Sulfur-, Selenium-, or Tellurium-containing Side Chains -- 4.16 Synthesis of β-Amino Acids and Higher Homologous Amino Acids -- 4.17 Resolution of DL-Amino Acids -- 5 Physico-chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.1 X-Ray Crystal Analysis of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives -- 5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry -- 5.3 Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism -- 5.4 Mass Spectrometry -- 5.5 Other Spectroscopic Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.6 Physico-chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 5.6.1 Measurements for Amino Acid Solutions -- 5.6.2 Measurements for Solid Amino Acids -- 5.6.3 Amino Acid Adsorption and Transport Phenomena -- 5.6.4 Host-Guest Studies with Amino Acids -- 5.6.5 Gas Phase Measurements -- 5.7 Molecular Orbital Calculations for Amino Acids -- 6 Chemical Studies of Amino Acids -- 6.1 Racemization -- 6.2 General Reactions of Amino Acids -- 6.2.1 Thermal Stability of Amino Acids -- 6.2.2 Reactions at the Amino Group -- 6.2.3 Reactions at the Carboxy Group -- 6.2.4 Reactions at Both Amino and Carboxy Groups -- 6.2.5 Reactions at the α-Carbon Atom of α- and β-Amino Acids -- 6.3 Specific Reactions of Amino Acids -- 6.4 Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation on Amino Acids -- 7 Analytical Methods -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Gas-Liquid Chromatography -- 7.3 Ion-exchange Chromatography -- 7.4 Thin-layer Chromatography -- 7.5 High Performance Liquid Chromatography -- 7.6 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE) and Related Analytical Methods -- 7.7 Assays for Specific Amino Acids -- 8 References -- Chapter 2 Peptide Synthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Amino-group Protection -- 2.2 Carboxy-group Protection -- 2.3 Side-chain Protection -- 2.4 Disulfide Bond Formation -- 2.5 Peptide Bond Formation. , 2.6 Peptide Synthesis on Macromolecular Supports and Methods of Combinatorial Synthesis -- 2.7 Enzyme-mediated Synthesis and Semisynthesis -- 2.8 Miscellaneous Reactions Related to Peptide Synthesis -- 3 Appendix: A List of Syntheses in 2000 -- 3.1 Natural Peptides, Proteins and Partial Sequences -- 3.2 Sequential Oligo- and Poly-peptides -- 3.3 Enzyme Substrates and Inhibitors -- 3.4 Conformations of Synthetic Peptides -- 3.5 Glycopeptides -- 3.6 Phosphopeptides and Related Compounds -- 3.7 Immunogenic Peptides -- 3.8 Nucleopeptides, PNAs -- 3.9 Miscellaneous Peptides -- 3.10 Purification Methods -- 4 References -- Chapter 3 Analogue and Conformational Studies on Peptides, Hormones and Other Biologically Active Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Peptide Backbone Modifications and Peptide Mimetics -- 2.1 Aza, Oxazole, Oxadiazole, Triazole and Tetrazole Peptides -- 2.2 Ψ[E-CH=CH], Ψ[CON−N+R1R2], Ψ[dihydroxyethylene], Ψ[hydroxyethylene], Ψ[CHOH-cyclopropyl-CONH], Ψ[CH2O], Ψ[CF=C], Ψ[NHCH(CF3)], Ψ[CH2N(COR)], Ψ[NHCO] and Ψ[SO2NH] -- 2.3 Rigid Amino Acid, Peptide and Turn Mimetics -- 3 Cyclic Peptides -- 4 Biologically Active Peptides -- 4.1 Peptides Involved in Alzheimer's Disease -- 4.2 Antimicrobial Peptides -- 4.2.1 Antibacterial Peptides -- 4.2.2 Antifungal Peptides -- 4.3 ACTH Peptides -- 4.4 Angiotensin II Analogues and Non-peptide Angiotensin II Receptor Ligands -- 4.5 Bombesin/Neuromedin Analogues -- 4.6 Bradykinin Analogues -- 4.7 Cholecystokinin Analogues, Growth Hormone-releasing Peptide and Analogues -- 4.8 Integrin-related Peptide and Non-peptide Analogues -- 4.8.1 IIb/IIIa Antagonists -- 4.8.2 αvβ3 Antagonists -- 4.8.3 α4β1 and α5B1 Antagonists -- 4.9 LHRH and GnRH Analogues -- 4.10 α-MSH Analogues -- 4.11 MHC Class I and II Analogues -- 4.12 Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Analogues. , 4.13 Opioid (Neuropeptide FF, Enkephalin, Nociceptin, Deltorphin and Dynorphin) Peptides -- 4.14 Somatostatin Analogues -- 4.15 Tachykinin (Substance P and Neurokinins) Analogues -- 4.16 Vasopressin and Oxytocin Analogues -- 4.16.1 Oxytocin -- 4.16.2 Vasopressin -- 4.17 Insulin and Chemokines -- 4.17.1 Insulins -- 4.17.2 Chemokines -- 4.18 Miscellaneous -- 5 Enzyme Inhibitors -- 5.1 Aminopeptidase Inhibitors -- 5.2 Calpain Inhibitors -- 5.3 Caspase Inhibitors -- 5.4 Cathepsin Inhibitors -- 5.5 Cytomegalovirus and Rhinovirus 3C Protease Inhibitors -- 5.6 Converting Enzymes and Their Inhibitors -- 5.6.1 ACE and Related Enzymes -- 5.6.2 Endothelin Converting Enzyme -- 5.7 Elastase Inhibitors -- 5.8 Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors -- 5.9 HIV Protease Inhibitors -- 5.10 Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors -- 5.11 Protein Phosphatase Inhibitors -- 5.12 Renin and Other Aspartyl Proteinase Inhibitors -- 5.13 Thrombin and Factor Xa Inhibitors -- 5.14 Proteinase-activated Receptors -- 5.15 Miscellaneous -- 6 Phage Library Leads -- 7 Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors -- 7.1 SH2 and SH3 Domain Ligands -- 8 References -- Chapter 4 Cyclic, Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cyclic Peptides -- 2.1 General Considerations -- 2.2 Cyclic Dipeptides (Dioxopiperazines) -- 2.3 Cyclotripeptides -- 2.4 Cyclotetrapeptides -- 2.5 Cyclopentapeptides -- 2.6 Cyclohexapeptides -- 2.7 Cycloheptapeptides -- 2.8 Cyclooctapeptides/Cyclononapeptides -- 2.9 Cyclodecapeptides and Higher Cyclic Peptides -- 2.10 Peptides Containing Thiazole/Oxazole Rings -- 2.11 Cyclodepsipeptides -- 3 Modified and Conjugated Peptides -- 3.1 Phosphopeptides -- 3.2 Glycopeptide Antibiotics -- 3.3 Glycopeptides -- 3.3.1 O-Glycopeptides -- 3.3.2 N-Glycopeptides -- 3.3.3 C-Linked and Other Linked Glycopeptides -- 3.4 Lipopeptides -- 4 Miscellaneous Structures -- 5 References. , Chapter 5 Metal Complexes of Amino Acids and Peptides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Amino Acid Complexes -- 2.1 Synthesis and Structural Studies -- 2.2 Solution Equilibria -- 2.3 Kinetic Studies -- 2.4 Synthetic, Analytical and Biomedical Applications of Amino Acid Complexes -- 3 Peptide Complexes -- 3.1 Synthesis and Structural Studies on Peptide Complexes -- 3.2 Solution Equilibria - Speciation in Metal Ion-Peptide Systems -- 3.3 Kinetics and Reactivity -- 3.4 Synthetic, Analytical and Biomedical Applications of Peptide Complexes -- 4 References -- Chapter 6 Proteins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structure of This Chapter -- 2.1 Cross-referencing in This Chapter -- 3 Textbooks and Monographs -- 3.1 Literature Searching in Protein Science -- 3.2 Protein Nomenclature -- 4 Structure Determination of Proteins -- 4.1 Proteomics and Genomics -- 4.2 Mass Spectrometry -- 4.3 Three-dimensional Structures of Proteins Determined Using Physical Methods in Combination with Structural Derivatization -- 4.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) -- 4.5 X-Ray Crystallographic Studies -- 5 Folding and Conformational Studies -- 5.1 Background to Protein Folding Studies -- 5.2 Mechanics of Protein Folding -- 5.3 Misfolding and Unfolding of Proteins -- 6 Protein-Metal Complexes -- 6.1 Effects of Metal Complexation on Protein Structure -- 6.2 Membrane Proteins -- 6.3 Prion Proteins -- 6.4 Surface Proteins -- 6.5 Rare Folding Motifs within Proteins -- 6.5.1 π-Helix -- 6.5.2 β-Roll -- 6.5.3 The β-Helix and Stacked Parallel β-Sheets as Constituents of Antifreeze Proteins -- 6.5.4 Knots -- 6.5.5 Other Unusual Folds in Proteins -- 7 Adhesion and Binding Studies -- 7.1 Textbooks and Monographs -- 7.2 New Results from Binding Studies -- 7.2.1 Reversible Dimerization -- 7.3 Protein-Protein Interactions Involving Chaperones -- 7.4 Metallochaperones -- 7.4.1 Case Studies in Chaperones. , 7.5 Proteins Complexed with Non-protein Species.