Note: Intro -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Historical Perspectives on Arctic Polar Night -- 1.2 Rijpfjorden and the International Polar Year (2007-2008) -- 1.3 The Polar Night and the Novaya Zemlya Effect -- References -- Chapter 2: The Marine Physical Environment During the Polar Night -- 2.1 The Ocean -- 2.1.1 Winter Versus Polar Night in the Physical Environment -- 2.1.2 General Characteristics -- 2.1.3 Coastal Conditions -- 2.2 The Atmosphere -- 2.3 The Ice -- 2.4 Knowledge Gaps -- References -- Chapter 3: Light in the Polar Night -- 3.1 What Is Light Climate? -- 3.1.1 Intensity -- 3.1.2 Spectrum -- 3.1.3 Duration -- 3.2 Polar Night as Defined by Solar Elevation -- 3.3 Atmospheric Light in the Polar Night -- 3.3.1 Intensity -- 3.3.2 Spectrum -- 3.4 Underwater Light in the Polar Night -- 3.4.1 Propagation of Atmospheric Light Through the Water Column -- 3.5 Bioluminescence Contributes to the Underwater Light Field -- 3.5.1 Bioluminescence as a Phenomenon -- 3.5.2 Bioluminescent Taxa During Polar Night -- 3.5.3 Rhythms in Bioluminescence During Polar Night -- 3.5.4 Spatial Distribution of Bioluminescence During Polar Night -- 3.5.5 Bioluminescence and Predator-Prey Interactions during Polar Night -- 3.6 Artificial Light in Polar Night -- 3.7 Future Perspectives and Knowledge Gaps -- References -- Chapter 4: Marine Micro- and Macroalgae in the Polar Night -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Key Abiotic Environmental Variables Related to Micro- and Macroalgae -- 4.3 Microalgae -- 4.3.1 Phytoplankton -- 4.3.2 Microphytobenthos -- 4.3.3 Sea-Ice Algae -- 4.4 Macroalgae -- 4.4.1 Biological Variables Affecting Macroalgae -- 4.4.2 Seasonal Changes in Phaeophytes, Rhodophytes, and Chlorophytes -- 4.4.3 Habitats for Perennial Macroalgae -- 4.5 Ecophysiology of Algae in the Polar Night. , 4.5.1 Microalgae: Different Survival Mechanisms, But Ready Anytime -- 4.5.2 Macroalgae: Season Anticipators -- 4.5.3 Survival in the Polar Night Darkness - L. solidungula Versus S. latissima -- 4.6 Conclusive Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5: Zooplankton in the Polar Night -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Arctic Zooplankton Species Composition in the Polar Night -- 5.3 Overwintering Strategies of Arctic Zooplankton -- 5.3.1 Overwintering Strategy I: Herbivorous Copepods -- 5.3.2 Overwintering Strategy II: Omnivorous Euphausiids and Copepods -- 5.3.3 Overwintering Type III: Omnivores and Carnivores -- 5.4 Seasonal Vertical Migration -- 5.5 Reproduction During the Polar Night -- 5.6 Seasonal Changes in Abundance and Winter Mortality -- 5.7 Zooplankton Metabolic Rates During the Polar Night -- 5.8 Diel Vertical Migration (DVM) -- 5.8.1 Patterns of DVM and Its Role in the Biological Pump -- 5.8.2 Polar Night DVM -- 5.9 Summary and Knowledge Gaps -- References -- Chapter 6: Benthic Communities in the Polar Night -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Trade-Offs Associated with Winter Activity of the Benthos -- 6.3 Community Structure -- 6.4 Growth/Activity -- 6.5 Reproduction and Recruitment -- 6.6 Primary Producers: Kelp -- 6.7 Benthic Processes -- 6.8 Detrital Pools and Advective Supply -- 6.9 Climate Change Perspectives: Benthos in the New Polar Night -- 6.10 Challenges and Future Research Needs -- References -- Chapter 7: Fish Ecology During the Polar Night -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Fishes in the Arctic: The Specialists -- 7.2.1 Polar Cod -- 7.2.2 Arctic Cod -- 7.2.3 Daubed Shanny -- 7.2.4 Greenland Halibut -- 7.2.5 Arctic Charr -- 7.3 Borealization of the Arctic Fish Community During the Polar Night -- 7.3.1 Boreal Species in the Polar Night -- 7.3.2 Redfish -- 7.3.3 Herring -- 7.3.4 Capelin -- 7.3.5 Atlantic Cod -- 7.3.6 Haddock -- 7.3.7 American Plaice. , 7.3.8 Lanternfish -- 7.4 On the Advantages of Spawning During the Polar Night -- 7.5 Foraging in the Dark of Night -- 7.6 Knowledge Gaps and New Technology to Address Them -- References -- Chapter 8: Biological Clocks and Rhythms in Polar Organisms -- 8.1 What Are Biological Clocks? -- 8.1.1 Molecular Underpinnings of Biological Clocks -- 8.1.2 General Characteristics and Ultimate Significance of Clocks -- 8.1.3 Complex Environments Require Complex Clocks -- 8.1.4 Clock Rhythms in Polar Regions -- 8.2 Biological Clocks in the Copepod Calanus finmarchicus -- 8.2.1 Circadian Clocks and Cycles -- 8.2.2 Seasonal Clocks -- 8.3 Biological Clocks in Krill Euphausia superba -- 8.3.1 Circadian Clocks and Cycles -- 8.3.2 Seasonal Clocks -- 8.4 Biological Clocks in Bivalves -- 8.4.1 Measuring Bivalve Shell Gape Cycles -- 8.4.2 Seasonal Clocks -- 8.4.3 Circadian Clocks -- 8.5 Climate Change Effects on Biological Clocks in Polar Regions -- References -- Chapter 9: Sensor-Carrying Platforms -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Characteristics of Sensor-Carrying Platforms -- 9.3 Payload Sensors -- 9.3.1 Underwater Optics -- 9.3.2 Acoustics -- 9.3.3 Other Sensors -- 9.4 Underwater Navigation Sensors -- 9.5 Spatial and Temporal Resolution and Coverage -- 9.6 Autonomy Aspects -- 9.6.1 Autonomy Levels -- 9.6.2 Control Architecture -- 9.6.3 Risk Aspects -- 9.7 Case Studies -- 9.7.1 Under-Ice and Polar Night AUV Operations -- 9.7.2 Marine Archeology -- 9.7.3 Adaptive Mapping of Plankton Using AUV -- 9.7.4 Winter Observations in the Barents Sea Using Gliders -- 9.8 Safe and Efficient Operations -- References -- Chapter 10: Operative Habitat Mapping and Monitoring in the Polar Night -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Northguider: Fishing Vessel Grounded During the Polar Night December 2018 -- 10.3 What Do We Now Know About Life in the Polar Night: What Are the Real Threats?. , 10.3.1 Current Management of Svalbard Waters -- 10.3.2 Framework for Filling Knowledge Gaps Concerning Ecosystem Dynamics During the Polar Night -- 10.3.3 Ecosystem-Based Management of Living Resources During the Polar Night: What Are Reliable Indicators of the Ecological State of the Marine Environment? -- 10.3.4 Organisms at the Sea Surface -- 10.3.5 Organisms in the Water Column -- 10.3.6 Organisms on the Seafloor -- 10.4 New Technologies for Habitat Mapping and Monitoring -- 10.4.1 Acoustics -- 10.4.2 Optics -- 10.4.3 Case Example: Supervised Classification of Underwater Hyperspectral Imagery from Kvadehuken, Kongsfjorden, Svalbard -- 10.4.4 Human Activity, Habitat Function, Future Challenges, and Knowledge Gaps -- References -- Chapter 11: Life and Light at the Dead of Night -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Overview of Posters -- Index.

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