Note: Front Cover -- Nitrogen in the Marine Environment -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Dedication Page -- Foreword -- A Timely Book for Interesting Times -- Preface to Second Edition -- Acknowledgements -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: The Marine Nitrogen Cycle: Overview and Challenges -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Overview of Forms, Pools, and Reactions -- 3. Distributions and Processes -- 4. Budgets -- 5. Nitrogen Challenges -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2: Gaseous Nitrogen Compounds (NO, N2O, N2, NH3) in the Ocean -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nitric Oxide -- 3. Nitrous Oxide -- 4. Dinitrogen -- 5. Ammonia -- 6. Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- Note Added to Proof -- References -- Chapter 3: Chemical Composition of Marine Dissolved Organic Nitrogen -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Definitions of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen -- 3. Bulk Chemical Composition of High Molecular Weight Dissolved Organic Nitrogen -- 4. Molecular Level Analyses -- 5. Sources and Sinks Based on Chemical Information -- 6. Summary and Future Direction -- References -- Chapter 4: Nitrogen Fixation in the Marine Environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Benthic Nitrogen Fixation -- 3. Pelagic Nitrogen Fixation -- 4. What Limits Nitrogen Fixation -- 5. Biogeochemical Significance of Marine Nitrogen Fixation -- 6. Summary and Future Directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5: Nitrification in Marine Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nitrifying Microorganisms -- 3. Role of Nitrification in the Marine Nitrogen Cycle -- 4. Environmental Variables Affecting Nitrification Rates and Distributions -- 5. Nitrification and Methane Oxidation -- 6. Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 6: Denitrification including Anammox -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Pathways and Controls of Nitrogen Oxide Reduction and Denitrification -- 3. Sites of Marine Denitrification. , 4. Isotopic Consequences of Denitrification -- Denitrification and the Marine Combined Nitrogen Budget -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7: Nitrogen Uptake and Assimilation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Re-Evaluation of Nitrogen Limitation and New Production in the Sea -- 3. Bioavailability of Nitrogen Compounds -- 4. Pathways of Nitrogen Uptake and Assimilation -- 5. Regulation of Nitrogen Uptake and Assimilation -- 5. What Does the Future Hold? -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8: Nitrogen Regeneration -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of Regenerated Nitrogen -- 3. Sources of Regenerated Nitrogen -- 4. Methods to Measure Nitrogen Regeneration -- 5. Rates of Nitrogen Regeneration in the Water Column -- 6. Recommendations for Future Research -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 9: Land-Based Nitrogen Sources and Their Delivery to Coastal Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Spatial Patterns in Amount and Form of River Nitrogen Export -- 3. Sources of Nitrogen and Factors Controlling Nitrogen Export -- 4. Temporal Patterns in River Export of Nitrogen -- 5. Effects on Nitrogen Export of Long-Term Human Modification of Discharge -- 6. Groundwater -- 7. Atmospheric Deposition Directly to Coastal Waters -- 8. Summary and Future Directions -- Appendix -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10: Phototransformations of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Photochemical Production of Inorganic Nitrogen -- 3. Photochemical Transformations of Organic Compounds and Effects on Bioavailability -- 4. Recommendation for Future Research -- References -- Chapter 11: Nitrogen and Marine Eutrophication -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Evidence for the Role of Nitrogen in Marine Eutrophication -- 3. Nutrient, Physical and Climatic Controls of Marine Eutrophication. , 4. Is Nitrogen Nitrogen? Roles of Different Nitrogen Sources in Marine Eutrophication -- 5. The Role of Nitrogen in Relation to other Nutrients -- 6. Human Activities in the Coastal Zone and Eutrophication -- 7. The Future and Nitrogen Management -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 12: Nitrogen Uptake in the Southern Ocean -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Environmental Factors Regulating Nitrogen Uptake -- 3. Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13: Nitrogen in the Atlantic Ocean -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Distribution of Nitrogen in the Atlantic -- 3. Sources of Nitrogen to the Euphotic Zone -- 4. Denitrification -- 5. The Atlantic as a Source of Nitrogen to the Atmosphere -- 6. Is the Atlantic a Source of Nitrogen to the Global Ocean? -- 7. Key Unresolved Issues -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 14: The Indian Ocean -- 1. Introduction and Background -- 2. General Distribution of Water Column Properties -- 3. Nitrogen Cycle Processes -- 4. Natural Isotope Abundance -- 5. Nitrogen Budgets -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 15: Nitrogen in Inland Seas -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Model Inland Sea-The Baltic Sea -- 3. Comparisons with Other Enclosed Seas -- 4. Conclusions and Future Research Prospects and Needs -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 16: The Nitrogen Cycle in the North Pacific Trades Biome: An Evolving Paradigm -- 1. Prologue -- 2. Distributions of Major Nitrogen Pools and Selected Nitrogen Fluxes -- 3. Selected Trades Biome Ecosystem Processes -- 4. Epilogue -- References -- Chapter 17: Coastal Upwelling -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Inputs and Concentrations of Dissolved Nitrogen -- 3. Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen Uptake in Upwelling Areas -- 4. Phytoplankton Functional Groups and Nitrogen Assimilation -- 5. Physiological Adaptation of Nitrogen Assimilation. , 6. Factors Affecting Nitrogen Assimilation in Coastal Upwelling Areas -- 7. Modeling Nitrogen Productivity in Upwelling Systems -- 8. Molecular Approach to Studying Nitrogen Assimilation -- 9. Conclusions and Directions -- References -- Chapter 18: Estuaries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Distribution of Dissolved Nitrogen in Estuarine Waters -- 3. Nitrogen Budgets of Estuarine Systems -- 4. Sediment-water Solute Fluxes -- 5. Nitrogen and Primary Production -- 6. Nitrogen and Secondary Production -- 7. Summary and Future Directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 19: Nitrogen Cycling in Coastal Sediments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Sediment Nitrogen Cycle: Overview -- 3. Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing Sediment Nitrogen Transformations -- 4. Biotic Factors Influencing Sediment Nitrogen Transformations -- 5. Methodologies Used for Measurements of Nitrogen Cycle Process Rates -- 6. Future Research -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 20: Macroalgal-Dominated Ecosystems -- 1. Introduction and Objectives -- 2. Diversity and Productivity of Marine Macroalgae -- 3. Macroalgal-Dominated Communities: Nitrogen Supply Controls Community Characteristics -- 4. Nitrogen Limitation of Marine Macroalgae: Evidence and Approaches -- 5. The Role of Marine Macroalgae in Nitrogen Retention, Cycling, Turnover, and Loss -- 6. Macroalgae as Indicators of Sources and Magnitude of Nitrogen Supply -- 7. Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 21: Nitrogen Cycling in Coral Reef Environments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nitrogen Cycle Processes -- 3. Nitrogen Perturbations to Reefs -- 4. Elevated Nutrients on Coral Reefs Experiment (ENCORE) -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 22: Nitrogen Dynamics of Coastal Salt Marshes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 3. Nitrogen Cycling Processes in Salt Marshes. , 4. Eutrophication and Management -- 5. Role of Salt Marshes in Global Nitrogen Balance -- 6. Summary and Future Research Directions -- References -- Chapter 23: Seagrass Habitats -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nitrogen Inputs to Seagrass Ecosystems -- 3. Nitrogen Controls on Production, Morphology, and Dynamics of Seagrasses -- 4. Nitrogen Incorporation in Seagrass Biomass -- 5. Fate of Assimilated Nitrogen -- 6. Seagrass Influences on Bacterially Mediated Nitrogen Cycling -- 7. Are Seagrass Meadows Sources or Sinks of Nitrogen? -- 8. Summary and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 24: Aspects of Marine Cyanobacterial Nitrogen Physiology and Connection to the Nitrogen Cycle -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General Aspects of Cyanobacterial Nitrogen Metabolism -- 3. Regulation of Nitrogen Metabolism -- 4. Assessment of in situ Nitrogen-Status -- 5. Genomics -- 6. Cyanobacteria and the Nitrogen-Cycle -- 7. Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 25: Viruses, Bacteria, and the Microbial Loop -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Bacterial Diversity and Physiology -- 3. Distribution of Bacterial Secondary Production in the Marine Environment -- 4. Viral Infection and Mortality -- 5. Marine Sediments Compared to the Water Column -- 6. Future Directions of Microbial Loop Research -- 7. Conclusion: A New Microbial View-the Gene Loop -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 26: Nitrogen Consumption and Metabolism in Marine Zooplankton -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Consumption of Nitrogen -- 3. Metabolism -- 4. Conclusions and Future Directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 27: Nitrogen-Fixing and Nitrifying Symbioses in the Marine Environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Diatom-Diazotrophic Associations -- 3. Sponge-Nitrifier Associations -- 4. Other Relevant Symbioses -- 5. Future Outlook and Perspectives -- References. , Chapter 28: Analytical Methods for the Study of Nitrogen.