Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Introduction: Toward Cleaner, Efficient and Sustainable Transports: Context and Recent Research Works -- I.1. Introduction -- I.2. Context -- I.2.1. Consistent and coordinated energy and environmental policies are needed in Europe -- I.2.2. Co-benefits between energy and environment can be achieved -- I.2.3. Energy and environmental policies face a multiplicity of actors -- I.2.4. Transport: a vital sector with increasing energy and environmental concerns -- I.2.5. Research and application works for cleaner, efficient and sustainable transport systems -- I.3. Recent research results of the "transports, energy and environment" triptych: a summary -- I.4. Bibliography -- PART 1: Electromobility and its Implementation -- Introduction to Part 1 -- 1: Toward a Europe-Wide Interoperable Electromobility System -- 1.1. Background -- 1.2. The Green eMotion project partnership and objectives -- 1.3. GeM achievements so far -- 1.3.1. Development of a marketplace as common innovative service platform -- 1.3.2. Improvement in standardization -- 1.3.3. Technical reports and policy recommendations -- 1.3.4. Extensive amount of valuable electromobility data -- 1.3.5. Developments in other areas -- 1.4. Next steps -- 1.4.1. Assessment of impact on EVs' diffusion of support/regulatory measures at local level -- 1.4.2. Assessment of potential market penetration of EVs -- 1.4.3. Demonstration of new forms of EV sharing -- 1.5. Conclusions -- 1.6. Bibliography -- 2: Advanced Services for Electromobility: the Integration of the SmartCEM Project Platform for the Reggio Emilia Pilot Site -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.1.1. Electromobility in Europe -- 2.1.2. The SmartCEM project -- 2.2. Reggio Emilia pilot site -- 2.3. Research hypotheses -- 2.4. Technical architecture and data exchange. , 2.5. Experimental design, data and questionnaires -- 2.5.1. Services to be tested -- 2.5.2. Facilities and key management -- 2.6. Conclusions -- 2.7. Bibliography -- 3: Cognitive Mapping and Multi-criteria Assessment for the Design of an Electric Car Sharing Service -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Decision-aiding methods and causal maps -- 3.3. Assessment of the configuration options -- 3.4. Conclusion -- 3.5. Bibliography -- 4: Eco-driving for Clean Vehicles: Optimizing Energy Use for Trams and e-buses -- 4.1. Background -- 4.2. Advanced training and education for safe eco-driving of clean vehicles: ACTUATE -- 4.3. Evaluation of training programmes for safe eco-driving of clean vehicles -- 4.4. Conclusions -- 4.5. Bibliography -- 5: The Role and Activities of SMEs in EU R& -- D Transport Programmes: the Case of Electric Vehicles -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Innovation in the transport market -- 5.3. Methodology -- 5.4. SME involvement in EU R& -- D programmes -- 5.5. Strategies employed by SMEs to overcome barriers -- 5.6. Summary -- 5.7. Acknowledgments -- 5.8. Bibliography -- PART 2: Vehicle and Engine Technologies Development -- Introduction to Part 2 -- 6: HERCULES-1: The Long-Term (2004-2014) R& -- D Programme on LargeEngine Technologies for Ships -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Achievements of Hercules-A and Hercules-B -- 6.3. Objectives of Hercules-C -- 6.4. Project HERCULES-C results -- 6.4.1. WPG1: new combustion concepts -- 6.4.1.1. WP1: advanced combustion -- 6.4.1.2. WP2: computer aided combustion optimization -- 6.4.2. WPG2: fuel injection models and experiments -- 6.4.2.1. WP3: injection, spray formation and combustion -- 6.4.3. WPG4: experimental and modeling studies of fuel injection systems -- 6.4.3.1. WPG3: near-zero emission engine technologies -- 6.4.3.1.1. WP5: integrated emission control technologies. , 6.4.3.1.2. WP6: near-zero emission combustion and DPF technologies -- 6.4.3.2. WPG4: adaptive engine control and lifetime reliability -- 6.4.3.2.1. WP7: advanced system and plant control -- 6.4.3.2.2. WP8: intelligent engine -- 6.4.4. WPG5: new materials and tribology -- 6.4.4.1. WP9: cylinder lubrication concept for optimized emissions -- 6.4.4.2. WP10: advanced bearing and combustion chamber technology -- 6.5. Conclusions -- 6.6. Acknowledgments -- 6.7. Bibliography -- 7: Energy Storage System Studies for Heavy Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicles in the EC HCV Project -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. The reference vehicles and the selected energy storage systems (ESS) -- 7.3. Dedicated testing procedures -- 7.3.1. Abuse testing -- 7.3.2. Electrical testing -- 7.3.3. Sample under test -- 7.4. Testing results -- 7.4.1. Abuse testing results -- 7.4.2. Electrical testing results -- 7.5. Conclusions -- 7.6. Acknowledgments -- 7.7. Bibliography -- 8: Achievements and Lessons Learnt in the EU Zero Regio Project -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Hydrogen infrastructure -- 8.2.1. Hydrogen production -- 8.2.2. Hydrogen transport to station -- 8.2.3. Refueling dispensers -- 8.2.3.1. Hydrogen refueling in Frankfurt -- 8.2.3.2. Hydrogen refueling in Mantova -- 8.3. Fuel-cell vehicles -- 8.3.1. FCV fleet in Germany -- 8.3.2. FCV fleet in Italy -- 8.4. Results of demonstration -- 8.4.1. Vehicle performance -- 8.4.2. Experience with hydrogen infrastructure -- 8.5. Unexpected events and lessons learnt -- 8.5.1. Approval formalities in Italy -- 8.5.2. Refueling infrastructure -- 8.5.3. Assessment framework -- 8.5.4. Public acceptance -- 8.6. Post-project activities and future plans -- 8.7. Concluding remarks -- 8.8. Bibliography -- 9: FEV HiFORS Injector with Continuous Rate Shaping: Influence on Mixture Formation and Combustion Process -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. HiFORS injector. , 9.3.Optical chamber rate shaping investigations -- 9.4. Single cylinder engine investigations -- 9.4.1. Experimental design -- 9.4.2. Base investigations -- 9.4.3. Rate shaping -- 9.4.4. Full load operation -- 9.5. Conclusion and outlook -- 9.6. Acknowledgments -- 9.7. Bibliography -- 10: Development of Predictive Vehicle and Drivetrain Operating Strategies Based Upon Advanced Information and Communication Technologies -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Energy potential analysis with offline simulation -- 10.3. Analysis of ICT measures for the reduction of CO2 emissions in urban areas -- 10.4. Development and implementation of predictive energy management systems for real-life application -- 10.4.1. Optimal power-split strategy -- 10.4.2. Coasting assistant algorithm -- 10.4.3. Introduction of a co-simulation platform -- 10.4.4. Testbed and real-world tests -- 10.5. Conclusions and outlook -- 10.6. Acknowledgments -- 10.7. Bibliography -- PART 3: Energies and Fuels for Transports -- Introduction to Part 3 -- 11: Measures to Promote the Diffusion of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in EU27 -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. The integrated assessment model ASTRA -- 11.3. Diffusion of alternative fuel cars -- 11.4. Policies and scenarios -- 11.5. Conclusions -- 11.6. Acknowledgments -- 11.7. Bibliography -- 12: Creating Prospective Value Chains for Renewable Road Transport Energy Sources up to 2050 in Nordic Countries -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Theoretical background -- 12.2.1. The functions of foresight in policy-making -- 12.2.2. Multi-level perspective to transition -- 12.2.3. Value chain analysis -- 12.3. Method -- 12.3.1. Energy and transport in MLP framework -- 12.3.2. An approach for outlining prospective value chains for sustainable energy systems in road transport -- 12.4. Building future contexts for the prospective value chains. , 12.5. Analysis of value network actors: a biodiesel case study -- 12.6. Discussion and conclusions -- 12.7. Acknowledgments -- 12.8. Bibliography -- 13: The Consequences of Increasing Fuel Prices on Car Travel and Household Budgets -- 13.1. A break in trend in car travel: increasing financial constraints and the proximity of saturation -- 13.2. A lagged reaction to rising fuel prices -- 13.2.1. Model specification -- 13.2.2. Model estimation -- 13.2.3. Forecasting car travel -- 13.3. The rise of fuel poverty -- 13.3.1. Data and methodology -- 13.3.2. Impacts of rising fuel prices on household budgets and the rationalization of car travel -- 13.3.3. An increasing vulnerability, especially in areas of diffuse urbanization and among low-income households -- 13.4. Bibliography -- 14: The Development of an Innovative On-board CNG Storage System for Methane-Fuelled Cars Conducted Within the FP7 EU Project 'InGAS' -- 14.1. Development of innovative, low-cost Type IV CNG vessels -- 14.2. Development of advanced components for the on-board CNG storage and supply system -- 14.3. Design of CNG storage module -- 14.4. Integration of CNG storage module in vehicle -- 14.5. Performance validation -- 14.6. Considerations regarding production issues -- 14.7. Conclusions -- 14.8. Acknowledgments -- 15: Sustainability Assessment of Infrastructure Elements with Integrated Energy Harvesting Technologies -- 15.1. Background -- 15.2. Highway E39 in Norway -- 15.2.1. A summary of feasibility study -- 15.2.1.1. Wind power -- 15.2.1.2. Solar energy -- 15.2.1.3. Tidal power -- 15.3. Identification of environmental and economic lifecycle challenges -- 15.4. Pareto optimized concepts balancing economic and environmental aspects -- 15.5. Conclusions -- 15.6. Bibliography -- PART 4: Greenhouse Gas Mitigation -- Introduction to Part 4. , 16: GHG Mitigation Strategy in the European Transport Sector.