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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vienna :Springer Wien,
    Keywords: Agriculture. ; Economic policy. ; Forests and forestry. ; Life sciences. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (219 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783709167557
    DDC: 630
    Language: German
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  • 2
    Keywords: Algal blooms Monitoring ; Toxic marine algae Toxicology ; Toxic marine algae Monitoring
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: II, 102, VIII S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission technical series 44
    DDC: 579.8/176
    Language: English
    Note: "Prepared jointly with the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea"--Cover - Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-102)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cary :Oxford University Press, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Hippocampus (Brain) -- Physiology. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: The hippocampus is one of a group of remarkable structures embedded within the brain's medial temporal lobe. Long known to be important for memory, it has been a prime focus of neuroscience research for many years. The Hippocampus Book brings together contributions by leading international scientists knowledgeable about hippocampal anatomy, physiology, and function. This authoritative volume offers the most comprehensive, up-to-date account of what the hippocampus does, how it does it and what happens when things go wrong. At the same time, it illustrates how research focusing on this single brain structure has revealed principles of wider generality for the whole brain.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (853 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780199723164
    Series Statement: Oxford Neuroscience Series
    DDC: 612.825
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Contents -- Chapter 1 The Hippocampal Formation -- 1.1 Overview -- 1.2 Why Study the Hippocampal Formation on its Own? -- 1.3 Defining the Contemporary Era -- 1.4 Organization and Content of the Book -- Chapter 2 Historical Perspective: Proposed Functions, Biological Characteristics, and Neurobiological Models of the Hippocampus -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 The Dawn of Hippocampal Studies -- 2.2.1 A Famous Dispute About the Significance of the Hippocampus -- 2.3 Early Ideas About Hippocampal Function -- 2.3.1 The Hippocampal Formation and Olfactory Function -- 2.3.2 The Hippocampal Formation and Emotion -- 2.3.3 The Hippocampal Formation and Attention Control -- 2.3.4 The Hippocampal Formation and Memory -- 2.3.5 More Direct Evidence for Hippocampal Involvement in Memory -- 2.3.6 The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map -- 2.3.7 Conclusions -- 2.4 Special Features of Hippocampal Anatomy and Neurobiology -- 2.4.1 Early Neuroanatomical Studies of the Hippocampus -- 2.4.2 New Fiber Tracing Methods -- 2.4.3 New Anatomical Techniques that Revolutionized Connectivity Studies -- 2.4.4 Predominantly Unidirectional Connectivity Between Cortical Strips -- 2.4.5 New Tracing Studies Using Axonal Transport -- 2.4.6 Electron Microscopy Offers New Opportunities -- 2.4.7 Hippocampal Synapses Are Highly Plastic: Early Studies of Sprouting -- 2.4.8 Hippocampal Neurons: Transplantable with Retention of Many Basic Properties -- 2.4.9 Hippocampal Cells Grow Well in Culture -- 2.4.10 Development of Hippocampal Slices: From Seahorse to Workhorse -- 2.5 Several Neurophysiological Principles Have Been Discovered in Hippocampal Studies -- 2.5.1 Identification of Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses -- 2.5.2 Gray Type 2 Synapses are Inhibitory and are Located on the Soma of Pyramidal and Granule Cells. , 2.5.3 Gray Type 1 Synapses are Excitatory and are Located on Dendritic Spines -- 2.5.4 Long-lasting Alterations of Synaptic Efficiency After Physiological Stimulation -- 2.5.5 Hippocampal Systems: Exhibiting Several Types of Oscillatory Behavior -- 2.5.6 Studies of Epileptiform Behavior -- 2.6 Development of Methodological Procedures for General Use -- 2.6.1 Hippocampus as a Test Bed for Microelectrode Work -- 2.6.2 Pioneers of Intracellular Recording -- 2.6.3 Tetrode Development -- 2.6.4 Field Potential Analysis -- 2.6.5 Histochemistry: Pioneered in the Hippocampus -- 2.6.6 Pharmacological Analysis of Cellular Properties -- 2.6.7 Development of Computational Models of Neural Networks -- 2.6.8 The Hippocampal Formation: A Test Bed for Several Types of Neural Dysfunction and Neuropathology -- References -- Chapter 3 Hippocampal Neuroanatomy -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.1.1 Hippocampus: Part of a Functional Brain System Called the Hippocampal Formation -- 3.1.2 Similarities and Differences Between the Hippocampal Formation and other Cortical Areas -- 3.1.3 Hippocampal Formation: With A Unique Set of Unidirectional, Excitatory Pathways -- 3.1.4 Hippocampus of Humans and Animals: Same or Different? -- 3.1.5 Synopsis of the Chapter -- 3.2 Historical Overview of Hippocampal Nomenclature - What's in a Name? -- 3.2.1 Definition of Hippocampal Areas: Definition of Terms -- 3.2.2 Subdivision of Hippocampal Areas -- 3.2.3 Major Fiber Bundles of the Hippocampal Formation -- 3.3 Three-dimensional Organization and Major Fiber Systems of the Hippocampal Formation -- 3.3.1 Rat Hippocampal Formation -- 3.3.2 Major Fiber Systems of the Rat Hippocampal Formation -- 3.3.3 Monkey Hippocampal Formation -- 3.3.4 Human Hippocampal Formation -- 3.4 Neuroanatomy of the Rat Hippocampal Formation -- 3.4.1 Dentate Gyrus -- 3.4.2 Hippocampus -- 3.4.3 Subiculum. , 3.4.4 Presubiculum and Parasubiculum -- 3.4.5 Entorhinal Cortex -- 3.5 Chemical Neuroanatomy -- 3.5.1 Transmitters and Receptors -- 3.5.2 Steroids -- 3.6 Comparative Neuroanatomy of the Rat, Monkey, and Human Hippocampal Formation -- 3.6.1 Neuron Numbers -- 3.6.2 Comparison of Rat and Monkey Hippocampal Formation -- 3.6.3 Comparison of Monkey and Human Hippocampal Formation -- 3.7 Principles of Hippocampal Connectivity and Implications for Information Processing -- 3.7.1 Highly Distributed Three-Dimensional Network of Intrinsic Connections -- 3.7.2 Functional Implications of the Septotemporal Topography of Connections -- 3.7.3 Functional Implications of the Transverse Topography of Connections -- 3.7.4 Serial and Parallel Processing in the Hippocampal Formation -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Morphological Development of the Hippocampus -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.2 Neurogenesis and Cell Migration -- 4.2.1 Pyramidal Neurons -- 4.2.2 Granule Cells -- 4.2.3 Local Circuit Neurons and Hilar Neurons -- 4.2.4 Determinants of Neuronal Migration in the Hippocampus -- 4.3 Development of Hippocampal Connections -- 4.3.1 Entorhinal Connections -- 4.3.2 Commissural Connections -- 4.3.3 Septal Connections -- 4.3.4 General Principles Underlying the Formation of Synaptic Connections in the Hippocampus -- 4.4 Development of the Primate Hippocampal Formation -- 4.4.1 Neurogenesis -- 4.4.2 Neuronal Differentiation -- References -- Chapter 5 Structural and Functional Properties of Hippocampal Neurons -- 5.1 Overview -- 5.2 CA1 Pyramidal Neurons -- 5.2.1 Dendritic Morphology -- 5.2.2 Dendritic Spines and Synapses -- 5.2.3 Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Inputs -- 5.2.4 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets -- 5.2.5 Resting Potential and Action Potential Firing Properties -- 5.2.6 Resting Membrane Properties. , 5.2.7 Implications for Voltage-Clamp Experiments in CA1 Neurons -- 5.2.8 Attenuation of Synaptic Potentials in CA1 Dendrites -- 5.2.9 Mechanisms of Compensation for Synaptic Attenuation in CA1 Dendrites -- 5.2.10 Pyramidal Neuron Function: Passive Versus Active Dendrites -- 5.2.11 Dendritic Excitability and Voltage-Gated Channels in CA1 Neurons -- 5.2.12 Sources of CA[Sup(2+)] Elevation in CA1 Pyramidal Neuron Dendrites -- 5.2.13 Distribution of Voltage-Gated Channels in the Dendrites of CA1 Neurons -- 5.2.14 Functional Implications of Voltage-Gated Channels in CA1 Dendrites: Synaptic Integration and Plasticity -- 5.2.15 General Lessons Regarding Pyramidal Neuron Function -- 5.3 CA3 Pyramidal Neurons -- 5.3.1 Dendritic Morphology -- 5.3.2 Dendritic Spines and Synapses -- 5.3.3 Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Inputs -- 5.3.4 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets -- 5.3.5 Resting Potential and Action Potential Firing Properties -- 5.3.6 Resting Membrane Properties -- 5.3.7 Active Properties of CA3 Dendrites -- 5.4 Subicular Pyramidal Neurons -- 5.4.1 Dendritic Morphology -- 5.4.2 Dendritic Spines and Synaptic Inputs -- 5.4.3 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets -- 5.4.4 Resting and Active Properties -- 5.4.5 Mechanisms of Bursting -- 5.4.6 Membrane Potential Oscillations -- 5.5 Dentate Granule Neurons -- 5.5.1 Dendritic Morphology and Spines -- 5.5.2 Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Inputs -- 5.5.3 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets -- 5.5.4 Resting Potential and Action Potential Firing Properties -- 5.5.5 Resting Membrane Properties -- 5.5.6 Active Properties of Granule Cells -- 5.6 Mossy Cells in the Hilus -- 5.6.1 Dendritic Morphology and Spines -- 5.6.2 Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Inputs -- 5.6.3 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets -- 5.6.4 Resting and Active Properties -- 5.6.5 Other Spiny Neurons in the Hilus. , 5.7 Pyramidal and Nonpyramidal Neurons of Entorhinal Cortex -- 5.7.1 Stellate Cells of Layer II -- 5.7.2 Pyramidal Cells of Layer II -- 5.7.3 Pyramidal Cells of Layer III -- 5.7.4 Pyramidal Cells of Deep Layers -- 5.8 Pyramidal and Nonpyramidal Neurons of Presubiculum and Parasubiculum -- 5.9 Local Circuit Inhibitory Interneurons -- 5.9.1 Understanding Interneuron Diversity -- 5.9.2 Dendritic Morphology -- 5.9.3 Dendritic Spines -- 5.9.4 Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses -- 5.9.5 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets -- 5.9.6 Resting Membrane Properties -- 5.9.7 Voltage-Gated Channels in Inhibitory Interneurons -- References -- Chapter 6 Synaptic Function -- 6.1 Overview -- 6.2 General Features of Synaptic Transmission: Structure -- 6.2.1 Transmitter Release and Diffusion -- 6.2.2 Receptors and Receptor Activation -- 6.2.3 Quantal Transmission -- 6.2.4 Short-term Plasticity -- 6.3 Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission -- 6.3.1 AMPA Receptors -- 6.3.2 Kainate Receptors -- 6.3.3 NMDA Receptors -- 6.3.4 Co-localization of Glutamate Receptors -- 6.3.5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors -- 6.3.6 Receptor Targeting and Anchoring -- 6.4 GABAergic Synaptic Transmission -- 6.4.1 GABA[Sub(A)] Receptors -- 6.4.2 GABA[Sub(B)] Receptors -- 6.5 Other Neurotransmitters -- 6.6 Special Features of Individual Hippocampal Synapses -- 6.6.1 Small Excitatory Spine Synapses -- 6.6.2 Mossy Fiber Synapses -- 6.6.3 Other Glutamatergic Synapses on Interneurons -- 6.6.4 Inhibitory Synapses -- 6.7 Unresolved Issues -- References -- Chapter 7 Molecular Mechanisms of Synaptic Function in the Hippocampus: Neurotransmitter Exocytosis and Glutamatergic, GABAergic, and Cholinergic Transmission -- 7.1 Overview -- 7.2 Neurotransmitter Exocytosis -- 7.2.1 Introduction: Proteins Involved in Synaptic Release -- 7.2.2 Reserve Pool of Synaptic Vesicles. , 7.2.3 Synaptic Vesicle Docking and Priming at the Active Zone: Role of the SNARE Complex, Munc18, and Munc13.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 200 (1963), S. 464-464 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The potassium salt was prepared according to Cox and Fontaine2. The crystals are triclinic and belong to the space group PT. The following unit cell dimensions were found: a, 3.87 Å; 6, 8.62 Å; c, 8.90 Å a, 75.1; b, 86.7; g, 90.3 The short a-axis is the needle axis of the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 399 (1999), S. 19-21 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] How can we remember some information for many years, even after only a short experience of it? On page 66 of this issue, Engert and Bonhoeffer present evidence that when nerve cells receive an intense stream of impulses, they may form new structural and, perhaps, functional connections. Such ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 4 (1953), S. 233-252 
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 4 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Transmission at excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain is thought to depend on the release of transmitter quanta through exocytosis of presynaptic vesicles (Katz, 1969). The number of vesicles released by a single presynaptic action potential is important for understanding the impact of a single synapse, and the variability in transmission from one impulse to the next. In addition, the number of vesicles released may be an important factor for synaptic regulation and plasticity, such as facilitation, post-tetanic potentiation and long-term potentiation (LTP). Three recent studies suggest that an increase in the number of transmitter quanta underlies hippocampal LTP (Malinow and Tsien, 1990; Bekkers and Stevens 1990; Malinow, 1991), whereas other reports suggest a postsynaptic mechanism (Kauer et al 1988; Muller et al, 1988; Foster and McNaughton, 1989). We have used the whole-cell recording technique to compare putative quantal and single fibre responses at excitatory synapses in rat hippocampal slices, and find (i) a surprisingly large variability in single fibre excitatory postsynaptic currents (sfEPSCs); (ii) an equally large variability of putative quantal (pq) EPSCs elicited by hyperosmolar media or ruthenium red; (iii) the observed amplitude ranges for the sfEPSCs and the pqEPSCs overlap almost completely; and (iv) in neither case can the variability be attributed to a scatter in electrotonic distance from the soma of the engaged synapses. Thus, the data are compatible with the hypothesis that a presynaptic action potential usually releases only a single quantum. Other possibilities are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Twelve children, aged 4 to 14 years, with moderate to severe intrinsic asthma (IA) were studied. Symptom-score charts were used to confirm the relationship of acute respiratory tract infections to exacerbations of asthma. Hypersensitivity to eight commonly occurring bacteria from the normal flora of the upper respiratory tract was studied by skin test, by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and by basophil histamine release in vitro, using ultrasonicates of the bacteria as antigens. Skin tests were all negative. All children contained low titers of precipitating antibodies against most of the bacteria, but in this respect they did not differ from normal children. In contrast. release of histamine was induced in leukocytes from the IA children by all, or most sonicates, while such reactions, were less frequent in control children. The pattern of responses indicated an element of specificity. There was no correlation to precipitating antibodies, or to the microbial flora of the children. Positive responses were characterized by low values of maximal histamine release, and by a tendency to fluctuations with time. Because of these fluctuations, and because the IA children and control children were tested on separate occasions, we cannot be certain as to the real difference between these two groups. Our studies do, however, demonstrate that water-soluble constituents of all real bacterial strains tested were capable of causing the release of histamine in vitro, but that this phenomenon is not restricted to IA. The clinical significance of these findings awaits further investigations on the mechanism(s) of release in vitro by such agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 301 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Dental traumatology 3 (1987), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0595
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A material of 637 concussed, subluxated, extruded, laterally luxated and intruded permanent incisors was analyzed with respect to factors influencing the development of pulp canal obliteration (PCO) after injury. A total of 96 (15%) developed partial PCO; 9 of these (1% of the total material) went on to develop total PCO. Only 2 teeth exhibited yellow discoloration of the clinical crown and 1 showed grey discoloration. Sensibility to electrometric pulp testing of the teeth with PCO was not significantly different from sensibility of contralateral homologues at the final examination (except for after lateral luxation, where the teeth with PCO had a significantly lower perception threshold). PCO was significantly more frequent among teeth with incomplete root formation than in teeth where root formation was completed. Extrusion, lateral luxation and intrusion showed more frequent occurrence of PCO than did concussion and subluxation. Moreover, the use of orthodontic band/resin splints significantly increased the occurrence of PCO, presumably due to the additional trauma of forceful placement and cementation of orthodontic bands in contrast to the relatively passive placement of an acid-etch/resin splint. Based on previous and present clinical and radiographic findings concerning pulp response to luxation injuries, it is suggested that PCO is a sequel to revascularization and/or reinnervation of a damaged pulp after injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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