Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Part 1: Alginates-Introduction, Characterization and Properties -- 1 Alginates: General Introduction and Properties -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 History -- 1.3 Structure -- 1.4 Alginates and Their Properties -- 1.4.1 Gel Formation -- 1.4.1.1 Ionic Alginate Gels -- 1.4.1.2 Alginic Acid Gels -- 1.4.2 Molecular Weight -- 1.4.3 Solubility and Viscosity -- 1.4.4 Ionic Cross-Linking -- 1.4.5 Chemical Properties -- 1.5 Sources -- 1.6 Biosynthesis of Bacterial Alginate -- 1.6.1 Precursor Synthesis -- 1.6.2 Polymerization and Cytoplasmic Membrane Transfer -- 1.6.3 Periplasmic Transfer and Modification -- 1.6.3.1 Transacetylases -- 1.6.3.2 Mannuronan C 5-Epimerases -- 1.6.3.3 Lyases -- 1.6.5 Export through the Outer Membrane -- 1.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Conflict of Interests -- References -- 2 Alginates Production, Characterization and Modification -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Alginate: Production -- 2.2.1 Screening of Alginate-Producing Microbes -- 2.2.2 Production of Alginate by Bacteria -- 2.2.3 Production of Alginate by Pseudomonas -- 2.2.4 Production of Alginate by Azotobacter spp. -- 2.2.5 Influence of Medium Components -- 2.2.5.1 Effect of Nutrients on Bacterial Alginate Production -- 2.2.5.2 Effect of Phosphate on Bacterial Alginate Production -- 2.2.5.3 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Bacterial Alginate Production -- 2.2.5.4 Effect of Agitation in the Medium for the Production of Alginate -- 2.2.6 Commercial Production of Alginate -- 2.3 Characterization of Physicochemical Properties of Alginate -- 2.3.1 Composition of Alginate Polymer Chains -- 2.3.2 XRD, FTIR, and NMR Spectroscopy for Alginate Structure Analysis -- 2.3.3 Rheology and Mechanical Characterization of Alginate Gels and Solutions -- 2.4 Modification of Alginates -- 2.4.1 Chemical Modification -- 2.4.2 Oxidation. , 2.4.3 Sulfation -- 2.4.4 Phosphorylation -- 2.4.5 Graft Copolymerization -- 2.4.6 Esterification -- 2.4.7 Carbodiimide Coupling -- 2.4.8 Covalent Cross-Linking -- 2.5 Future Perspectives -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Alginate: Recent Progress and Technological Prospects -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Structure -- 3.3 Sources -- 3.4 Characteristics of Alginate Salts -- 3.5 Properties -- 3.6 Applications -- 3.7 Future Perspectives -- 3.8 Advantages -- 3.9 Disadvantages -- 3.10 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Alginate Hydrogel and Aerogel -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Alginate Hydrogel -- 4.2.1 Preparation of Alginate Hydrogels -- 4.2.1.1 Ionic Cross-Linking -- 4.2.1.2 Covalent Cross-Linking -- 4.2.1.3 Thermal Gelation -- 4.2.1.4 Cell Cross-Linking -- 4.2.2 Biomedical Applications -- 4.2.2.1 Pharmaceutical Applications -- 4.2.3 Tissue Regeneration with Protein and Cell Delivery -- 4.2.3.1 Blood Vessels -- 4.2.3.2 Bones -- 4.2.3.3 Cartilage -- 4.2.3.4 Muscle, Nerve, Pancreas, and Liver -- 4.3 Alginate Aerogel -- 4.3.1 Properties of Alginate Aerogels -- 4.3.1.1 Bulk Density and Pore Volume -- 4.3.1.2 Specific Surface Area -- 4.3.1.3 Compressibility -- 4.3.1.4 Thermal Conductivity and Absorption -- 4.3.2 Preparative Methods -- 4.4 Future Perspectives -- References -- Part 2: Alginates in Biomedical Applications -- 5 Alginate in Biomedical Applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Chemical Structure and Properties of Alginate -- 5.3 Types of Interaction of Alginate -- 5.4 Biomedical Application of Alginates -- 5.5 Future Perspective of the Use and Biomedical Applications -- References -- 6 Alginates in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Application: A Critique -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Structure of Alginate -- 6.3 Different Types of Alginates Used in Pharmaceutical Industries -- 6.4 Properties of Alginate. , 6.5 Pathway for the Biosynthesis of Alginate -- 6.6 Regulatory Consideration of Alginate -- 6.7 Applications -- 6.7.1 Other Applications -- 6.8 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Alginates in Evolution of Restorative Dentistry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Method of Alginate Extraction -- 7.3 Evolution of Alginate in Restorative Dentistry -- 7.3.1 Problems with Conventional Alginate -- 7.3.2 Current Trends and Modification of Alginate -- 7.3.2.1 Extended Pour Time Alginate -- 7.3.2.2 Dust-Free Alginates -- 7.3.2.3 Infection-Free Alginates -- 7.3.2.4 High Viscosity Alginates -- 7.3.2.5 Alginates in Two Pastes Form -- 7.3.2.6 Tray Adhesive Alginates -- 7.4 The Art of Impression Taking Using Alginates -- 7.4.1 Selection of Impression Trays -- 7.4.2 Mixing and Loading Alginates -- 7.4.3 Preparation of the Oral Cavity before Impression Taking -- 7.4.4 Impression Taking Using Alginate Material -- 7.4.5 Removal and Inspection of Alginate Material -- 7.4.6 Effects of Cast Production Techniques -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Alginates in Drug Delivery -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Chemistry of Alginates -- 8.2.1 Hydrogel Formation by Alginates -- 8.2.1.1 Preparation of Hydrogel -- 8.3 Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Chemistry of Alginates -- 8.3.1 Factors Governing Drug Encapsulation and Drug Delivery Processes -- 8.3.1.1 Delivery and Encapsulation of Small Drugs -- 8.3.1.2 Macromolecular Drug Delivery by Alginates -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Alginate in Wound Care -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sources and Synthesis of Alginate -- 9.3 Physicochemical Properties of the Alginate Biopolymer -- 9.4 Biomedical Applications of Alginate -- 9.4.1 Alginate in Wound Care -- 9.4.1.1 Pure Alginate Polymer-Based Wound Dressing -- 9.4.1.2 Intercellular Mediators Incorporated Alginate Polymer-Based Wound Dressing. , 9.4.1.3 Zinc/Alginate- and Silver/Alginate-Based Wound Dressing -- 9.4.1.4 Chitosan/Alginate- and Collagen/Alginate-Based Wound Dressing -- 9.4.1.5 Alginate Fiber-Based Wound Dressing -- 9.4.1.6 Alginate Hydrogel-Based Wound Dressing -- 9.5 Opportunities and Future Thrust -- References -- 10 Alginate-Based Biomaterials for Bio-Medical Applications -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Alginate: General Properties -- 10.2.1 Chemical Properties, Structure, and Characterization -- 10.3 Extraction and Preparation -- 10.3.1 Gelation and Cross-Linking of Alginate -- 10.3.2 Ionic Cross-Linking -- 10.3.3 External Gelation -- 10.3.4 Internal Gelation -- 10.3.5 Covalent Cross-Linking -- 10.3.6 Large Bead Preparation -- 10.3.7 Microbead Preparation -- 10.4 Alginate Hydrogels -- 10.5 Photocross-Linking -- 10.6 Shape-Memory Alginate Scaffolds -- 10.7 Biodegradation of Alginate -- 10.8 Biomedical Application of Alginates -- 10.8.1 Controlled Chemical and Protein Drug Delivery -- 10.8.2 Wound/Injury Dressings -- 10.8.3 Cell Culture -- 10.8.4 Tissue Regeneration -- References -- Part 3: Alginates in Food Industry -- 11 Alginates for Food Packaging Applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Biopolymer in Food Industry -- 11.3 Alginates in Food Packaging -- 11.4 Biosynthesis of Alginate -- 11.5 Application of Alginate in Formation of Biofilm -- 11.5.1 Preparation of Packaging Films -- 11.5.2 Role of Alginate in Biofilm Formation -- 11.6 Packaging Properties of Alginate -- 11.6.1 Thermostability of Alginate Packaging -- 11.6.2 Water Solubility -- 11.6.3 Water Vapor Permeability -- 11.6.4 Tensile Strength -- 11.6.5 Oxygen Permeability -- 11.6.6 Barrier Property -- 11.6.7 Antimicrobial Activity -- 11.7 Effect of Alginate on the Quality of Food -- 11.8 Interaction between Food and Alginates -- 11.9 Environmental Effects on Alginate Packaging -- 11.10 Market Outlook. , 11.11 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Potential Application of Alginates in the Beverage Industry -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Alginate Source -- 12.3 Extraction of Alginates -- 12.4 Physical, Chemical and Functional Properties of Alginate -- 12.5 Uses as a Food Additive/Ingredient -- 12.6 Alginate as Stabilizer -- 12.7 As Encapsulating Wall Material -- 12.7.1 Immobilization of Biocatalysts -- 12.7.2 Probiotics -- 12.7.3 Improvement of the Alginate Encapsulation: Prebiotics Addition -- 12.8 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Alginates in Comestibles -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Alginates in Agricultural Marketing -- 13.3 Use of Alginates in Food Industry -- 13.3.1 Thickeners and Gelling Agents -- 13.3.2 Stabilizers and Emulsifiers -- 13.3.3 Texturizers -- 13.3.4 Encapsulation -- 13.3.5 Food Coating -- 13.4 Use of Alginates for Pets -- 13.5 Effect of Dietary Alginates -- 13.6 Alginate Safety -- 13.7 Conclusion -- References -- Part 4: Alginates Future Prospects -- 14 Alginates: Current Uses and Future Perspective -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Sources of Alginate Synthesis -- 14.2.1 Brown Seaweeds -- 14.2.2 Bacteria -- 14.3 Synthesis of Alginate -- 14.3.1 Alginate Biosynthesis Gene -- 14.4 Properties of Alginates -- 14.4.1 Molecular Weight -- 14.4.2 Solubility -- 14.4.3 Stability -- 14.4.4 Ionic Binding Property -- 14.4.5 Gel Formation Ability -- 14.4.6 Biological Properties -- 14.5 Application of Alginates -- 14.6 Future Perspectives of Alginates -- 14.6.1 3D-Based Cell Culture Systems -- 14.6.2 Impressions -- 14.6.3 Cell-Based Microparticles -- 14.6.4 Alginate Oligosaccharides -- 14.6.5 Drug Targeting -- 14.6.6 Nanoparticulate Systems -- 14.7 Conclusion -- References -- Index -- EULA.

Note: Intro -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Preface -- Section I: Production and Derivatives of Chitosan -- Chapter 1: Chitin and Chitosan: History, Composition and Properties -- 1.1 Chitin -- 1.2 Chitosan -- 1.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Nitrogenated Polysaccharides - Chitin and Chitosan, Characterization and Application -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Extraction of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides from Natural Sources -- 2.3 Research Methods of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides -- 2.4 Characterization of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides -- 2.5 Properties of Nitrogenated Polysaccharides -- 2.6 Applications -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Enzymes for Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide and Determination of Activities of Enzymes Using Chitinous Substrates -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fermentation Methods for Production of Enzymes -- 3.3 Methods for Purification of Enzymes -- 3.4 Storage Conditions of Enzyme -- 3.5 Commercial Enzymes -- 3.6 Determinations of Enzyme Activities Using Chitinous Materials -- 3.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 4: Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide from Shrimp and Crab Shells Using Green Technology and Applications of Their Composite Materials -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Microorganisms for Production of Chitin and Chitosan Using Green Technology -- 4.3 Production of Chitin Using Microorganisms -- 4.4 Production of Chitosan from Chitin Using Chitin Deacetylase from Microorganisms -- 4.5 Production of Crude Chitooligosaccharide from Shrimp and Crab Shells Using Fermentation Technology -- 4.6 Applications of Chitin, Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharides and Their Composite Materials -- 4.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 5: Chitosan and Its Derivatives: Overview of Commercial Applications in Diverse Fields -- 5.1 History. , 5.2 Synthesis of Chitosan -- 5.3 General Properties -- 5.4 Biological Properties -- 5.5 Physicochemical Aspects -- 5.6 Molecular Weight -- 5.7 Stability -- 5.8 Fabrication -- 5.9 Self-Assembly -- 5.10 Strategies Self-Assembly -- 5.11 Chief Significance -- 5.12 Various Forms -- 5.13 Chemical Modification -- 5.14 Technologic Features for Medicinal Utilization -- 5.15 Synthetic Procedure of Chitosan Nanoparticles -- 5.16 Modified Chitosan -- 5.17 Carboxymethyl Chitosan (CMC) -- 5.18 Michael Reaction -- 5.19 Antioxidant -- 5.20 Antibacterial Properties -- 5.21 Antimicrobial Activity -- 5.22 Antiviral Activity -- 5.23 Biological Adhesive -- 5.24 Bonding Purposes -- 5.25 Biodegradation -- 5.26 Parameter Moving Transfection Competence -- 5.27 Conjugation -- 5.28 Functionalization of Chitosan -- 5.29 Schiff's Base Formation -- 5.30 Reductive Amination -- 5.31 Chitosan-Proteins Interaction -- 5.32 Absorption Enhancer -- 5.33 Chitosan-Starch Blends -- 5.34 Application in Various Fields -- 5.35 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Chitin and Chitosan-Complexes and Their Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Synthesis of Chitosan from Chitin -- 6.3 Different Properties of Chitosan -- 6.4 Polyelectrolyte Complexes of Chitosan -- 6.5 Complexes of Polyelectrolyte between Chitosan and Naturally Occurring Polymers -- 6.6 Various Useful and Important Applications of Chitosan -- 6.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 7: Enzymes from Genetically Modified Microorganisms for Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Enzymes for Production of Chitin/Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharide -- 7.3 Enzyme and DNA Technology for Production of Chitin, Chitosan, and CTO -- 7.4 Determinations of Enzyme Activities Using Chitinous Materials -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References. , Section II: Chitosan in Textile and Food Industry -- Chapter 8: Chitosan Applications for the Food Industry -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Biological Activities of Chitosan and Its Derivatives -- 8.3 Chitosan and Its Derivatives for Food Applications -- 8.4 Nutritional Aspects of Chitin and Chitosan -- 8.5 Preparation of Chitin and Chitosan Oligomers and Their Applications in the Food Industry as Health Supplements -- 8.6 Future Trends: Chitosan-Based Nanotechnology for Food Applications -- 8.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 9: Chitosan: Sustainable and Environmental-Friendly Resource for Textile Industry -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Chitosan and Chitosan Resources -- 9.3 Chitosan Treatment of Textiles -- 9.4 Textile Functionalities Achieved -- 9.5 Effluent Treatment Applications -- 9.6 Future Perspectives and Conclusion -- References -- Section III: Chitosan in Biomedical Applications -- Chapter 10: Perspectives of Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Scaffolds Dressing in Regenerative Medicine -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Scaffold Characteristics -- 10.3 Fabrication Techniques -- 10.4 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan as Regenerative Medicine -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Chitin - and Chitosan-Based Scaffolds -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Scaffold Components -- 11.3 Scaffold Requirements -- 11.4 Chitin - and Chitosan-Based Scaffolds Fabrication Techniques -- 11.5 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan for Regeneration of Various Tissues -- 11.6 Chitin - and CS-Based Scaffolds for Drug and Growth Factors Delivery -- 11.7 Chitin - and CS-Based Scaffolds/Dressings in Market -- 11.8 Conclusions -- 11.9 Future perspectives -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 12: Nanopolymer Chitosan in Cancer and Alzheimer Biomedical Application -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Chitosan Applications in Cancer. , 12.3 Chitosan Applications in Alzheimer's -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Biomedical Significance of Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Biomedical Applications -- 13.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Potential Biomedical Applications of Chitosan - and Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Production of Chitin and Chitosan -- 14.3 Bioactivities of Chitin and Chitosan -- 14.4 Biomedical Application of Chitin - and Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials -- 14.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Section IV: Chitosan in Agriculture and Water Treatment -- Chapter 15: Practical and Plausible Implications of Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Agriculture -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan Nanocomposite in Agriculture -- 15.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16: Scope of Electrospun Chitosan Nanofibrous Web for its Potential Application in Water Filtration -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Chitosan as an Efficient Material for Water Purification/Disinfection -- 16.3 Electrospinning Process -- 16.4 Electrospun Chitosan Nanofibers Embedded with Silver Nanoparticles for Filtration of Water Contaminated with Bacteria -- 16.5 Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites for Water Filtration -- 16.6 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 17: Application of Chitin/Chitosan and its Derivatives as Adsorbents, Coagulants, and Flocculants -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Chitin and Chitosan -- 17.3 Properties of Chitin and Chitosan -- 17.4 Modification of Chitin and Chitosan -- 17.5 Application of Natural Polymers in Wastewater Treatment as Promising Adsorbents -- 17.6 Chitin and Chitosan as a New Type of Polymer Coagulant/Flocculants -- 17.7 Future Directions for Research -- 17.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments. , References -- Index -- End User License Agreement.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials: An Overview -- 1.1 History -- 1.2 Biomaterials -- 1.2.1 Dextran -- 1.2.1.1 Chemical Structure -- 1.2.1.2 Properties -- 1.2.1.3 Applications -- 1.2.2 Cellulose -- 1.2.2.1 Chemical Structure -- 1.2.2.2 Properties -- 1.2.2.3 Application -- 1.2.3 Gelatine -- 1.2.3.1 Chemical Structure -- 1.2.3.2 Properties -- 1.2.3.3 Application -- 1.2.4 Alginate -- 1.2.4.1 Chemical Structure -- 1.2.4.2 Properties -- 1.2.4.3 Application -- 1.2.5 Chitin -- 1.2.5.1 Chemical Structure -- 1.2.5.2 Properties -- 1.2.5.3 Application -- 1.2.6 Chitosan -- 1.2.6.1 Chemical Structure -- 1.2.6.2 Properties -- 1.2.6.3 Application -- 1.2.7 Pullulan -- 1.2.7.1 Chemical Structure -- 1.2.7.2 Properties -- 1.2.7.3 Applications -- 1.2.8 Curdlan -- 1.2.8.1 Chemical Structure -- 1.2.8.2 Properties -- 1.2.8.3 Application -- 1.2.9 Lignin -- 1.2.9.1 Chemical Structure -- 1.2.9.2 Properties -- 1.2.9.3 Application -- 1.2.10 Xanthan Gum -- 1.2.10.1 Chemical Structure -- 1.2.10.2 Properties -- 1.2.10.3 Applications -- 1.2.11 Hydrogels -- 1.2.11.1 Chemical Structure -- 1.2.11.2 Properties: -- 1.2.11.3 Application -- 1.2.12 Xylan -- 1.2.12.1 Chemical Structure -- 1.2.12.2 Properties -- 1.2.12.3 Application -- 1.2.13 Arabic Gum -- 1.2.13.1 Chemical Structure -- 1.2.13.2 Properties -- 1.2.13.3 Applications -- 1.3 CdS -- 1.4 Carbon Nanotube -- 1.5 Fe Containing Nanomaterial -- 1.6 Graphene -- 1.7 Graphene Oxide -- 1.8 Inulin -- 1.9 Pectin -- 1.10 Metal Oxide -- 1.10.1 TiO2 -- 1.10.2 ZnO -- 1.10.3 CeO2 -- 1.11 Polymer -- 1.11.1 Polystyrene -- 1.11.2 PANI -- 1.11.3 Starch -- 1.11.4 Dendrimer -- 1.12 Bentonite -- 1.13 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Characterization of Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Characterization of Advanced Materials. , 2.3 Physical Characterization of Advanced Materials -- 2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy -- 2.3.2 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy -- 2.3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy -- 2.3.4 X-Ray Diffraction -- 2.3.5 Ultraviolet Protection -- 2.3.6 Thermal Characterization (TGA, DTA, DSC, Cone Calorimetry) -- 2.3.6.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis -- 2.3.6.2 Differential Thermal Analysis -- 2.3.6.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetric Analysis -- 2.3.6.4 Cone Calorimetry -- 2.3.7 Characterization for Mechanical Properties of Advanced Materials -- 2.4 Chemical Characterization of Advanced Materials -- 2.4.1 EXAFS, XPS, and AES -- 2.4.2 ICP-MS, ICP OES, and SIMS -- 2.4.3 LC/GC/FTICR-MS -- 2.4.4 NMR -- 2.4.5 FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Green and Sustainable Advanced Biopolymeric and Biocomposite Materials -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Classification of Green Materials -- 3.3 Biopolymers -- 3.4 Natural Fillers -- 3.5 Natural Fibers -- 3.6 Biocomposites -- 3.6.1 Thermoplastic Starch Based Composites -- 3.6.2 Polylactic Acid (PLA) Based Composites -- 3.6.3 Cellulose Based Composites -- 3.6.4 Plant Oil Based Composites -- 3.6.5 Polymer-Polymer Blends-Based Composites -- 3.7 Merits and Demerits of Green Materials -- 3.8 Recent Progress in Improvement of Material Properties -- 3.8.1 Hybridization -- 3.9 Current Applications of Biocomposites and Biopolymers -- 3.9.1 Green Fibers and their Potential in Diversified Applications -- 3.9.2 Textile Applications -- 3.9.3 Green Fibers for Pulp -- 3.9.4 Green Fiber for Biocomposites, Based on Lignocelluloses -- 3.9.5 Applications of Composites -- 3.9.6 Particleboards -- 3.10 Futuristic Applications of Biocomposites and Biopolymers -- 3.10.1 Development Prospects for Plant Fiber/Polymer Composites: -- 3.11 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Green and Sustainable Advanced Nanomaterials. , 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Green Chemistry and Nanoscale Science -- 4.1.2 Examples of Such Green Nanoparticles: -- 4.1.2.1 Beta-Carotene Molecule -- 4.1.2.2 Anthocyanin Molecule -- 4.1.2.3 Hydro Gel -- 4.2 Applications of Natural NanoOrganic Materials -- 4.2.1 Application of Beta-Carotene -- 4.2.2 Application of Anthocyanin -- 4.2.3 Application of Hydrogel -- 4.3 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Biogenic Approaches for SiO2 Nanostructures: Exploring the Sustainable Platform of Nanofabrication -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Synthesis of SiO2 Nanostructures -- 5.2.1 Physical Processes -- 5.2.2 Chemical Processes -- 5.2.3 Template Assisted Process -- 5.3 Bio-Mediated Sustainable Processes for SiO2 -- 5.3 Bio-Mediated Sustainable Processes for SiO2 Nanostructures -- 5.3.1 Bacterial Assisted Synthesis Process -- 5.3.2 Fungal Mediated Biogenic Synthesis Process -- 5.3.3 Plant Based Synthesis Process -- 5.3.4 Biomolecular Template Assisted Synthetic Process -- 5.4 Biogenic SiO2 Based Doped, Functionalized and Composite Nanostructures -- 5.4.1 Biogenic Synthesis of Doped and Functionalized SiO2 Nanostructures -- 5.4.2 Biogenic SiO2 Nanocomposites -- 5.5 Applications of Bio-Fabricated SiO2 Nanoparticles -- 5.5.1 Catalysis -- 5.5.2 Biomedicine -- 5.5.3 Energy and Environment -- 5.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Green and Sustainable Advanced Composite Materials -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Applications of Polymers -- 6.3 The Problems of Synthetic Polymers -- 6.4 Why Biodegradable Polymers -- 6.5 Biodegradable Polymers -- 6.6 Copolymers -- 6.7 Examples of Biodegradable Polymers is Polyesters -- 6.7.1 Aliphatic Polyesters Polylactide PLA, Polycaprolactone PCL and Polyvalerolactone PVL -- 6.7.2 Preparation of Polyesters -- 6.7.2.1 Polycondensation -- 6.7.2.2 Ring Opening Polymerization (ROP) -- 6.7.3 Mechanism of ROP. , 6.7.3.1 Cationic Ring Opening Polymerization (CROP) -- 6.7.3.2 Anionic Rring Opening Polymerization (AROP) -- 6.7.3.3 Coordination-Insertion Polymerization -- 6.8 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Design and Processing Aspects of Polymer and Composite Materials -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Design and Processing -- 7.3 Natural Polymers and Their Applied Potentialities -- 7.3.1 Alginate - Physiochemical and Structural Aspects -- 7.3.2 Carrageenan - Physiochemical and Structural Aspects -- 7.3.3 Cellulose - Physiochemical and Structural Aspects -- 7.3.4 CS - Physiochemical and Structural Aspects -- 7.3.5 Dextran - Physiochemical and Structural Aspects -- 7.3.6 Guar Gum - Physiochemical and Structural Aspects -- 7.3.7 Xanthan - Physiochemical and Structural Aspects -- 7.4 Synthetic Polymers and Their Applied Potentialities -- 7.4.1 PAA - Physiochemical and Structural Aspects -- 7.4.2 PAM - Physiochemical and Structural Aspects -- 7.4.3 PVA - Physiochemical and Structural Aspects -- 7.4.4 PEG - Physiochemical and Structural Aspects -- 7.4.5 Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) - Physiochemical and Structural Aspects -- 7.4.6 PLA - Physiochemical and Structural Aspects -- 7.5 Materials-Based Biocomposites -- 7.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Considerations -- Conflict of Interest -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Seaweed-Based Binder in Wood Composites -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methods and Techniques -- 8.2.1 Preparation of Raw Material -- 8.2.2 Seaweed Adhesive Preparation -- 8.2.3 Blending and Mat Forming -- 8.2.4 Conditioning -- 8.2.5 Data Analysis -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Overview -- 8.3.2 The Physical Properties of Acacia Mangium Particleboard -- 8.3.2.1 Moisture Content -- 8.3.2.2 Density -- 8.3.3 Dimensional Stability of Acacia Mangium Particleboard -- 8.3.3.1 Water Absorption -- 8.3.3.2 Thickness Swelling. , 8.3.4 The Mechanical Properties of Acacia Mangium Particleboard -- 8.3.4.1 Modulus of Elasticity -- 8.3.4.2 Modulus of Rupture -- 8.3.4.3 Internal Bonding -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Green and Sustainable Textile Materials Using Natural Resources -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sustainable Colouration of Textile Materials Using Natural Plant Waste Resources -- 9.2.1 Natural Dyeing with DSE on Silk Fabric -- 9.2.2 Natural Dyeing of Textile Materials Using Sterculia Foetida Fruit Shell Waste Extract -- 9.2.3 Natural Dyeing of Textile Materials Using Green CSE -- 9.2.4 Colouration of Textile Materials Using Resources from Temple Flower Waste -- 9.3 Sustainable Antibacterial Finishing of Textile Materials Using Natural Waste Resources -- 9.3.1 Antibacterial Activity of Delonix Regia Stem Shell Waste Extract on Silk Fabric -- 9.3.2 Antibacterial Textile Materials using Natural Sterculia foetida Fruit Shell Waste Extract -- 9.3.3 Antibacterial Textile Materials Using Waste Green CSE -- 9.4 Sustainable UV Protective Textile Materials Using Waste Natural Resources -- 9.4.1 UV Protective Silk Fabric Using DSE -- 9.4.2 UV Protective Textile Materials Using Sterculia Foetida FSE -- 9.4.3 UV Protective Textile Materials Using Waste Green CSE -- 9.5 Sustainable Green Flame Retardant Textile Materials Using Natural Resources -- 9.5.1 Flame Retardancy Imparted by Plant Based Waste Natural Resources -- 9.5.1.1 Flame Retardant Textile Materials Using Green CSE -- 9.5.1.2 Flame Retardant Textile Materials Using BPS -- 9.5.1.3 Flame Retardant Textile Materials Using SJ -- 9.5.1.4 Flame Retardant Textile Materials Using Starch -- 9.5.1.5 Flame Retardant Textile Materials Using PRE -- 9.5.2 Flame Retardancy Imparted by Animal Based Natural Resources -- 9.5.2.1 Flame Retardant Textile Materials Using Chicken Feather. , 9.5.2.2 Flame Retardant Textile Materials Using Casein.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1: Marine Polysaccharides: An Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sources -- 1.3 Modification -- 1.3.1 Blending -- 1.3.2 Chemical Modification -- 1.3.3 Hydrophobic Modification -- 1.3.4 Depolymerisation -- 1.3.5 Sulphation -- 1.4 Types of Marine Polysaccharides -- 1.4.1 Chitosan -- 1.4.2 Chitin -- 1.4.3 Carrageenan -- 1.4.4 Fucoidan -- 1.4.5 Alginate -- 1.4.6 Mauran -- 1.4.7 Ulvan -- 1.4.8 Agarose -- 1.4.9 Porphyran -- 1.5 Conclusions -- 2: Marine Microbial Polysaccharides: Promising lmmunomodulatory and Anticancer Potential -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sources of Marine Microbial Polysaccharides and Their Structures -- 2.2.1 Marine Bacterial Polysaccharides -- 2.2.2 Marine Fungal Polysaccharides -- 2.2.3 Marine Microalgal Polysaccharides -- 2.3 lmmunoenhancing and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Marine Microbial Polysaccharides -- 2.3.1 Macrophage Activation -- 2.4 Effects of Marine Microbial Polysaccharides on T-, B-, DC and NK Cells -- 2.4.1 Anti-Inflammatory Properties -- 2.5 Anticancer and Cancer-Preventive Properties of Marine Microbial Polysaccharides -- 2.5.1 Direct Anticancer Properties -- 2.5.2 Cancer-Preventive Properties -- 2.6 Conclusions and Perspectives -- 3: Carrageenans: Structure, Properties and Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources and Extraction -- 3.3 Structure and Properties -- 3.4 Applications -- 3.4.1 Food Applications -- 3.4.2 Pharmaceuticals Applications -- 3.4.3 Drug Delivery Systems -- 3.4.4 Others Applications -- 3.5 Conclusions -- 4: Chitosan: A Versatile Biomaterial for the 21st Century -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Chitosan from Crustaceans -- 4.3 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan -- 4.3.1 Degree of Acetylation -- 4.3.1.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy -- 4.3.1.2 UV spectrometry. , 4.3.1.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance -- 4.3.1.4 Conductometry -- 4.3.1.5 X-ray diffraction -- 4.3.2 Molecular Weight -- 4.3.2.1 Mass spectrometry -- 4.3.3 Persistence Chain Length -- 4.3.4 Solubility -- 4.3.5 Chitosan Oligosacharrides -- 4.4 Modification of Chitosan -- 4.5 Methods for Preparation of Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles -- 4.5.1 Ionic Gelation Method -- 4.5.2 Emulsion Cross-Linking Method -- 4.5.3 Reverse Micellar Method -- 4.5.4 Chitin and Chitosan Nanofibres -- 4.6 Applications of Chitosan -- 4.6.1 Treatment of Industrial Effluents -- 4.6.2 Dye Equilibrium Constants -- 4.6.3 Antibacterial Activity -- 4.6.4 Drug Delivery -- 4.6.5 Vaccines -- 4.6.6 Gene Delivery -- 4.6.7 Tissue Engineering -- 4.6.8 Wound Healing -- 4.6.9 Hydrogels -- 4.6.10 Agriculture -- 4.7 Conclusion -- 5: Chitosan and Its Biomedical Applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Marine Sources of Chitosan -- 5.2.1 Shell Wastes of Crustaceans -- 5.2.2 Molluscs -- 5.2.3 Insects -- 5.2.4 Fungi -- 5.3 Purification of Chitosan from Chitin -- 5.3.1 Demineralisation -- 5.3.2 Deproteination -- 5.3.3 Deacetylation -- 5.4 Properties of Chitosan -- 5.4.1 Chemical Properties -- 5.4.2 Biological Properties -- 5.5 Characterisation of Chitosan -- 5.5.1 SEM -- 5.5.2 FTIR -- 5.5.3 XRD -- 5.5.4 NMR -- 5.5.5 Determination of Ash Content -- 5.5.6 Degree of Deacetylation -- 5.5.7 Elemental Analysis -- 5.5.8 Thermogravitimetric Analysis -- 5.5.9 Determination of Intrinsic Viscosity -- 5.5.10 Solubility -- 5.6 Derivatives of Chitosan -- 5.6.1 N-Pthaloylation of Chitosan -- 5.6.2 Dendronised Chitosan -- 5.6.3 Methylthiocarbamyl and Phenylthiocarbamyl Chitosan -- 5.6.4 Lactic/Glycolic Acid Chitosan -- 5.6.5 Chitosan Biocomposites -- 5.6.6 Chitosan Nanocomposites -- 5.6.7 Chitosan Nanoparticles -- 5.7 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan -- 5.7.1 Antimicrobial Activity -- 5.7.2 Antioxidant Activity. , 5.7.3 Antitumour Activity -- 5.7.4 Tissue Engineering -- 5.7.5 Wound Healing -- 5.7.6 Burn Treatment -- 5.7.7 Artificial Skin -- 5.7.8 Ophthalmology -- 5.7.9 Drug Delivery -- 5.8 Conclusion -- 6: Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Marine Polysaccharide for Biomedical Research -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Chitin -- 6.3 Chitin Structure in the Solid State -- 6.3.1 Solubility of Chitin and Chain Characterisation -- 6.3.2 Chitin Derivatives -- 6.3.3 Applications of Chitin -- 6.4 Chitosan -- 6.4.1 Chitosan Structure and Characterisation -- 6.4.2 Solubility of Chitosan -- 6.4.3 Degree of Deacetylation of Chitosan and Distribution of Acetyl Groups -- 6.4.4 Molecular Weight of Chitosan -- 6.4.5 Persistence Length of Chitosan -- 6.4.6 Chitosan-Based Materials -- 6.4.7 Applications of Chitosan -- 6.5 Chitosan Nanoparticles -- 6.6 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan Nanoparticles -- 6.6.1 Carrier for Varied Drugs and Gene Medication -- 6.6.2 Carrier of a Protein Drug -- 6.6.3 Carrier of Alternative Drugs -- 6.6.4 Routes of Administration -- 6.7 Conclusion -- 7: Properties and Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Structure of Chitosan -- 7.3 Preparation of Chitosan -- 7.4 Properties of Chitosan -- 7.5 Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles -- 7.6 Preparation of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites -- 7.7 Types of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites -- 7.8 Properties of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites -- 7.8.1 Mechanical Properties -- 7.8.2 Barrier Properties -- 7.8.3 Water Retention Property -- 7.8.4 Adsorbent Property -- 7.8.5 Biological Properties -- 7.9 Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites -- 7.9.1 Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites as Antimicrobials -- 7.9.2 Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Tissue Engineering -- 7.9.3 Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Sensors. , 7.9.4 Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery -- 7.9.5 Application of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites as Adsorbents -- 7.9.6 Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Wound Healing -- 7.10 Conclusion -- 8: Chitosan as a Flocculant in Algae Harvesting -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Chitosan and Its Derivatives -- 8.3 Algae Harvesting Using Chitosan-Mediated Flocculation -- 8.3.1 Algae Culturing -- 8.3.2 Chitosan Treatment -- 8.4 Parameters Affecting Flocculation Efficiency -- 8.4.1 pH and Chitosan Dosage -- 8.4.2 Type of Solvent -- 8.4.3 Mixing Time and Rate -- 8.4.4 Cell Concentration -- 8.5 Advanced Chitosan-Modified Flocculants -- 8.5.1 Aluminium Sulphate-/Aluminium Chloride-Modified Chitosan -- 8.5.2 Chitosan-Modified Soils -- 8.5.3 Chitosan-Modified Fly Ash -- 8.5.4 Magnetic Chitosan -- 8.5.5 Nanochitosans -- 8.6 Conclusions -- 9: Recent Advances of Alginate Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Alginate -- 9.3 Alginate in Tissue Engineering -- 9.3.1 Bone Tissue Engineering -- 9.3.2 Muscle Tissue Engineering -- 9.3.3 Skin Tissue Engineering -- 9.3.4 Cartilage Tissue Engineering -- 9.3.5 Liver Tissue Engineering -- 9.3.6 Dental Tissue Engineering -- 9.3.7 Other Tissue Engineering -- 9.4 Conclusion -- 10: Supplementary and Medicinal Properties of Ulvan Polysaccharides -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Family Ulvacaeae -- 10.2.1 The Genus Ulva -- 10.2.2 The Genus Enteromorpha -- 10.3 Sources of Extraction -- 10.4 Chemical Properties of Ulvans -- 10.5 Characterisation of Ulvans -- 10.5.1 FTIR and NMR Analysis -- 10.5.2 Elemental Analysis -- 10.5.3 HPLC Analysis -- 10.5.4 HPGPC Analysis -- 10.6 Applications of Ulvans -- 10.6.1 Antitumour Activity -- 10.6.2 Antihyperlipidemic Activity -- 10.6.3 Antifungal Activity -- 10.6.4 lmmunomodulatory Activity -- 10.6.5 Antibacterial Activity. , 10.6.6 Antiviral Activity -- 10.6.7 Hepatoprotective Activity -- 10.6.8 Antiprotozoal Activity -- 10.6.9 Leishmanial Activity -- 10.6.10 Anti-Inflammatory Activity -- 10.6.11 Antioxidant Activity -- 10.6.12 Anticoagulant Activity -- 10.7 Supplementary Application of Ulvan -- 10.8 Conclusion -- 11: Nutraceutical Efficiency of Fucan Polysaccharides from Marine Sources -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Sources of Extraction -- 11.2.1 Brown Algae -- 11.2.2 Sea Cucumbers and Sea Urchins -- 11.3 Chemical Properties of Fucans -- 11.4 Structural Variants of Fucans -- 11.5 Characterisation of Fucans -- 11.5.1 Analysis of Sugars -- 11.5.2 FTIR Analysis -- 11.5.3 NMR Analysis -- 11.6 Nutraceutical Applications of Fucans -- 11.6.1 Anticoagulant Activity -- 11.6.2 Antithrombotic Activity -- 11.6.3 Antiviral Activity -- 11.6.4 lmmunomodulatory Activity -- 11.6.5 Anticancer Activity -- 11.6.6 Anti-Inflammatory Activity -- 11.6.7 Antioxidant Activity -- 11.6.8 Antiprotozoal Activity -- 11.6.9 Hepatoprotective Activity -- 11.6.10 Anticomplement Activity -- 11.6.11 Antiangiogenesis Activity -- 11.6.12 Antidiabetic Activity -- 11.6.13 Regenerative Medicine -- 11.7 Conclusion -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Natural Polymers: An Overview -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Natural Polymers -- 2.1. Dextran -- 2.2. Xanthan Gum -- 2.3. Guar Gum -- 2.4. Gum Arabic -- 2.5. Curdlan -- 2.6. Pullulan -- 2.7. Xylan -- 2.8. Lignin -- 2.9. Chitin -- 2.10. Chitosan -- 2.11. Gelatin -- 2.12. Alginate -- 2.13. Starch -- 2.14. Cellulose -- 2.15. Inulin -- 2.16. Pectin -- Conclusion -- References -- Cellulose: A Multifaceted Biopolymer -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cellulose Structure -- 3. Cellulose Synthesizing Machinery (Cellulose Synthase) -- 4. Structural Models of Cellulose Synthase -- 5. Trafficking of Cellulose Synthase -- 6. Process of Cellulose Synthesis -- 7. Genes and Proteins -- 8. Solubility of Cellulose -- 9. Solvents for Dissolution of Cellulose -- 10. Cellulose Derivatives -- 11. Cellulose Based Fuel Cells -- 12. Cellulose Based Composites -- 13. Cellulose Based Hydrogels -- 14. Cellulose Based Ethanol Production -- 15. Cellulose Degradation -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Carrageenan Based Hydrogels and Composites: A Systematic Investigation Reporting Their Multidimentional Essence -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure and Types -- 2.1. Kappa Carrageenan -- 2.2. Iota Carrageenan -- 2.3. Lambda Carrageenan -- 3. Carrageenan-Based Hydrogels -- 4. Carrageenan Based Composites -- 5. Anticoagulant and Antithrombotic Activity -- 6. Antiviral Activity -- 7. Anti-Tumour and Immunomodulatory Activities -- 8. Other Biological Activities -- 9. Industrial Uses of Carrageenan -- 10. Other Uses of Carrageenan -- Conclusion -- References -- Xanthan Gum: A Bacterial Polysaccharide Based Natural Polymer and Its Role in Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods. , 2.1. Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Xanthan Gum and Its Characterization -- 2.2. Biological Applications of Xanthan Gum Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Xanthan Gum -- 3.2. Biological Applications of Xanthan Gum Reduced Silver Nanoparticles -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Hydrogels of Natural Polymers -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cellulose-Based Hydrogels -- 2.1. Native Cellulose-Based Hydrogels -- 2.2. Hydrogels Based on Cellulose Derivatives -- 3. Hydrogels Based on Copolymers -- 4. Hemicellulose-Based Hydrogels -- 4.1. Hemicellulose Polymer as a Matrix for Hydrogels -- 4.2. Synthesis of Hydrogels by Enzymatic Crosslinking -- 4.3. Other Methods to Obtain Hemicellulose-Based Hydrogels -- 5. Hemicellulose-Chitosan Hydrogels -- 6. Biocomposite Hydrogels -- 7. Lignin-Based Hydrogels -- 8. Chitosan-Based Hydrogels -- 8.1. Physical Crosslinking -- 8.2. Chemical Crosslinking -- 9. Other Natural Polymers-Based Hydrogels -- Concluding Remarks and Future Trends -- References -- Nanopackaging from Natural Fillers and Biopolymers for the Development of Active and Intelligent Films -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nanopackaging -- 3. Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites -- 4. Active and Intelligent Films -- 5. Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites with -- Active Fillers -- 5.1. Biopolymer/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites -- 5.2. Biopolymer/Titanium Oxide Nanocomposites -- 5.3. Biopolymer/Silver Nanocomposites -- 5.4. Biopolymer/Nano-Encapsulated -- 6. Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites with Intelligent Fillers -- 6.1. Time-Temperature Indicators -- Integrated Time-Temperature Indicators (TTIs) -- Critical Temperature Indicators -- 6.2. Leak Indicators -- 6.3. Humidity Indicators -- 6.4. Freshness Indicators. , 7. Toxicological Aspects of Active Nanocomposites -- 7.1. In Vitro Toxicity -- 7.2. Toxicokinetics -- 7.3. Neurotoxicity -- 7.4. Acute Toxicity -- 7.5. Long Term Toxicity -- 7.6. Reprotoxicity -- 7.7. Allergenicity (or Sensitization) -- 8. Regulatory Aspect -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Natural Polymers: Scope in Textile Functionalization -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Functionalization Treatments Other Than Natural Polymers -- 3. Natural Polymers (Sources, Modifications and Functionalization) -- 4. Applications of Textiles Functionalized by Natural Polymers -- 4.1. Antimicrobial Clothing -- 4.2. Medical Textiles -- 4.3. Dye Uptake Enhancement/Textile Coloration -- 4.4. Anti-Creasing Treatment -- 4.5. UV Protective Clothing -- 4.6. Dirt Resistance Textiles -- Conclusion -- References -- Natural Polymer Based Composite Materials: Recent Advances, Perspectives, Modifications and Approaches -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification of Natural Polymer Based Composites -- 2.2. Cellulose Based Composites -- 2.2. Starch Based Composites -- 2.3. Chitosan Based Composites -- 2.4. Chitin Based Composites -- 2.5. Protein Based Composites -- 2.6. Nucleic Acid Based Composites -- 2.7. Natural Rubber Based Composites -- 3. Methods of Synthesis of Natural Polymer Based Composites -- 3.1. Sol-Gel Method -- 3.2. Chemical Reduction Method -- 3.3. Hydrothermal Method -- 3.4. Solvothermal Method -- 4. Literature Review -- 5. Applications of Natural Polymer Based Composites in Diverse Areas -- 5.1. Hydrogels -- 5.2. Biomedical -- 5.3. Tissue Engineering -- 5.4. Optoelectronics -- 5.5. Water Treatment -- 5.6. Biosensors -- 6. Modifications of Natural Polymers -- 7. Challenges and Future Prospects -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Effects of Chitosan Coatings on the Lipid Oxidation of Mackerel Fillets During Its Refrigerated Storage -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Fish sample Preparation -- 2.2. Preparation of Coatings-Forming Solutions (CFS) -- 2.3. Coatings Application -- 2.3.4. Chemical Analyses -- 2.3.4.1. Fish sample Preparation for Lipid Extraction -- 2.3.4.2. Determination of Total Volatile Base Nitrogen (TVB-N) -- 2.3.4.3. Determination of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) -- 2.3.4.4. Determination of Malondialdehyde (MDA) -- 2.3.4.5. Determination of Conjugated Dienes (CD) -- 2.3.4.6. Microbiological Evaluation -- 2.3.4.7. Statistical Analysis -- 3. Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Gelatin: A Comprehensive Report Covering Its Indispensable Aspects -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Properties of Gelatin -- 2.1. Gelatin Structure -- 2.2. Amino Acid Composition -- 2.3. Molecular Weight -- 2.4. Chemical Interactions -- 2.5. Gelatin Derived Peptides -- 3. Sources of Gelatin -- 4. Extraction of Gelatin -- 4.1. Pre-Treatment -- 4.2. Extraction -- 4.3. Recovery and Refinement -- 5. Types of Gelatin -- 6. Gelatin Based Composites and Blends -- 7. Gelatin Based Hydrogel -- Conclusion -- References -- Biocatalytic-Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Targeted Drug Delivery for Enhanced Cytotoxicity against Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Line (PA-1) -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials And Methods -- 2.1. Synthesis of Biocatalytic Chitosan Nanoparticles Using Bark Extract -- 2.2. Characterization of the Synthesized Biocatalytic Nanoparticles -- 2.3. In Vitro Cytotoxicity of the Synthesized Biocatalytic Chitosan Nanoparticles -- 2.3.1. Cell Culture and Maintenance -- 2.3.2. Cell Viability and Cytotoxicity Determination -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticles. , 3.2. In Vitro Cytotoxicity of the Synthesized Biocatalytic Chitosan Nanoparticles -- Conclusion -- References -- Structure and Properties of Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Filled with Inorganic Particles on Base of Bentonite -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure and Properties of Bentonite, Bentonite/ Magnetite, and Organo-Bentonite Powders -- 2.1. Materials -- 2.2. Granulometric Composition -- 2.3. Surface Morphology and Composition -- 2.4. porous Structure -- 2.5. Crystal Structure -- 2.6. Infrared Spectroscopy -- 2.7. Zeta Potential of Particle in Suspensions -- 3. Effect of the Bentonite-Based Fillers on Structure and Properties of Hydroxyethyl Cellulose -- 3.1. Fabrication of the HEC/Bentonite, HEC/Bentonite/Magnetite, and HEC/Organo-Bentonite Films -- 3.2. Crystal Structure -- 3.3. Tensile Strength -- 3.4. Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.5. Antimicrobial Activity -- 3.5.1. Antibacterial Activity -- 3.5.2. Antifungal Activity against Molds -- 3.5.3. Antifungal Activity against Candida Albicans -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chemistry and Structural Aspects of Chitosan towards Biomedical Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General Aspects of Chitosan -- 3. Natural Polymer Chitosan -- 4. Structural and Chemistry of Chitosan -- 5. Chitosan Derivatives of Major Important -- 6. Advantages of Chitosan in Pharmaceuticals -- 7. Chitosan for Drug Delivery -- 7.1. Cancer -- 7.2. Neurosurgeries -- 7.3. Surgical Adhesive -- 7.4. Tissue Engineering -- 7.4.1. Neuronal Tissue Engineering -- 7.4.2. Bone Tissue Engineering -- 7.5. Wound Healing -- 7.6. Oral Drug Delivery -- 7.7. Nasal Route/Nasal Drug Delivery -- 7.8. Ocular Drug Delivery -- Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Polysaccharides: An Overview -- 1.1: Introduction -- 1.2: Types of Polysaccharides -- 1.2.1: Plant Polysaccharides -- 1.2.1.1: Cellulose -- 1.2.1.2: Hemicellulose -- 1.2.1.3: Fructans -- 1.2.1.4: Pectin -- 1.2.2: Seaweed Polysaccharide -- 1.2.2.1: Alginate -- 1.2.2.2: Carrageenans -- 1.2.2.3: Fucans -- 1.2.2.4: Ulvans -- 1.2.3: Microbial Polysaccharides -- 1.2.3.1: Pullulan -- 1.2.3.2: Xanthan gum -- 1.2.3.3: Gellan gum -- 1.2.4: Animal Polysaccharide -- 1.2.4.1: Chitin and chitosan -- 1.3 Conclusion -- Chapter 2: Pullulan: Recent Progress and Technological Prospects -- 2.1: Introduction -- 2.2: Historical Outline -- 2.3: Pullulan Biosynthesis -- 2.3.1: Mechanism of Pullulan Biosynthesis -- 2.4: Products -- 2.4.1: Antimicrobials -- 2.4.2: Enzymes -- 2.4.3: Pullulan and Other Polysaccharides -- 2.4.4: PMA -- 2.4.5: Liamocins -- 2.4.6: Siderophores -- 2.4.7: Agro-industrial Wastes -- 2.5: Disadvantages of Pullulan -- 2.6: Aromatic Features -- 2.7: Factors -- 2.8: Semi-synthetic Derivatives -- 2.8.1: Chemical Modification -- 2.8.1.1: Carboxymethyl pullulan -- 2.8.1.2: Sulfation -- 2.9: Applications -- 2.9.1: Food -- 2.9.2: Biomedicine -- 2.9.3: Water Remediation -- 2.10: Conclusion -- Chapter 3: Synthesis of Pullulan -- 3.1: Introduction -- 3.2: Synthesis of Pullulan -- 3.2.1: Role of A. pullulans in the Synthesis of Pullulan -- 3.2.2: Isolation of A. pullulans from Different Sources to Synthesize Pullulan -- 3.2.2.1: Isolation process of A. pullulans -- 3.2.3: Recovery of Pullulans -- 3.3: Factors Affecting Production of Pullulan -- 3.3.1: Influence of Concentration of Dissolved Oxygen on Production of Pullulan -- 3.3.2: Effect of pH and Pullulan Synthesis -- 3.3.3: Effect of Fermentation Time on Biosynthesis of Pullulan. , 3.3.4: Effect of Nitrogen Source on Pullulan Synthesis -- 3.4: Conclusion -- Chapter 4: Factors Affecting Pullulan Production -- 4.1: Introduction -- 4.2: Medium for Pullulan Production -- 4.3: Factors Affecting Pullulan Production -- 4.3.1: Carbon Source -- 4.3.2: Nitrogen Source -- 4.3.3: pH -- 4.3.4: Temperature -- 4.3.5: Other Factors -- 4.4: Conclusion -- Chapter 5: Pullulan: Properties and Applications -- 5.1: Introduction -- 5.2: Structure of Pullulan -- 5.3: Properties of Pullulan -- 5.3.1: Physical Properties of Pullulan -- 5.3.2: Chemical Properties of Pullulan -- 5.3.3: Biochemical Properties -- 5.4: Applications of Pullulan -- 5.4.1: Pullulan in Cosmetics -- 5.4.2: Food-Related Applications of Pullulan -- 5.4.3: Biomedical Applications of Pullulan -- 5.4.3.1: Pullulan in drug-delivery systems -- 5.4.3.2: Pullulan in gene-delivery systems -- 5.4.3.3: Pullulan in cell/tissue engineering -- 5.4.3.4: Pullulan in antibacterial release for wound-dressing applications -- 5.4.3.5: Anticancer applications of pullulan -- 5.4.3.6: Application of pullulan in bioimaging system -- 5.4.4: Environmental Applications of Pullulan -- 5.4.4.1: Environmental remediation -- 5.4.4.2: Filtration and chromatography -- 5.5: Challenges and Future Perspectives -- Chapter 6: Functional Characteristics of Pullulan: Its Physicochemical and Physiological Properties -- 6.1: Introduction -- 6.2: Physical and Chemical Properties of Pullulan -- 6.3: Biological and Physiological Properties of Pullulan -- 6.4: Biodegradable Polymers for Pullulan-Based Composite Film Preparation -- 6.5: Physicochemical Characterization of Pullulan Biofilm -- 6.5.1: Film Thickness -- 6.5.2: Film Color -- 6.5.3: Water Vapor Permeability and Water Vapor Transmission Rate -- 6.5.4: Moisture Content -- 6.5.5: Water Solubility -- 6.5.6: Mechanical Properties -- 6.5.7: Surface Morphology. , 6.5.8: Transparency -- 6.5.9: Mass Transfer Flask -- 6.5.10: Surface Topography -- 6.5.11: Oxygen Permeability -- 6.6: Conclusion -- Chapter 7: Pullulan-Degrading Enzymes and Their Biochemical Features -- 7.1: Introduction -- 7.2: Enzyme Activity of Pullulanase on Other Polysaccharides -- 7.3: Crystal Structure of Pullulanase -- 7.4: Mechanism of Glycosidic Linkage Hydrolysis -- 7.5: Enzymatic Properties of Pullulanase -- 7.6: Industrial Application of Pullulanase -- 7.7: Other Applications -- 7.8: Conclusion -- Chapter 8: Microbial Pullulan: Properties, Bioprocess Engineering, and Applications -- 8.1: Introduction -- 8.2: Properties -- 8.2.1: Physical Properties -- 8.2.1.1: Film formation -- 8.2.1.2: Structural properties -- 8.2.1.3: Molecular mass and rheological properties -- 8.2.1.4: Thermal and mechanical properties -- 8.2.2: Chemical Properties -- 8.2.3: Biochemical Properties -- 8.3: Biosynthesis of Pullulan -- 8.3.1: Factors Influencing the Production of Pullulan in Biosynthesis -- 8.3.1.1: C-source -- 8.3.1.2: N-source -- 8.3.1.3: Medium pH -- 8.3.1.4: Temperature -- 8.3.1.5: Aeration and agitation -- 8.3.2: Purification of Pullulan -- 8.4: Applications of Pullulan -- 8.4.1: Pullulan Acetate -- 8.4.2: Carboxymethyl Pullulan -- 8.4.3: Cholesterol-Bearing Pullulan -- 8.4.4: Pullulan-Polyetheramine -- 8.4.5: Polyethyleneimine Pullulan -- 8.4.6: Folate-Decorated Maleilated Pullulan -- 8.5: Conclusion and Future Prospects -- Chapter 9: Transformation of an Aureobasidium Pullulan Synthetase Gene into Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- 9.1: Introduction -- 9.2: Strains and Growth Conditions -- 9.2.1: Aureobasidium pullulans -- 9.2.2: Gamma-Irradiated Mutants and OMP Decarboxylase -- 9.3: DNA Amplification and Gel Electrophoresis -- 9.3.1: Plasmid Vectors -- 9.3.2: Novozyme DNA Transformation -- 9.3.3: B40203 Protoplast Transformation -- 9.4: Photography. , 9.5: Southern Hybridization -- 9.6: Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains -- 9.7: Electroporation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- 9.8: Reverse Transcriptase PCR -- 9.9: Pullulan Quantification -- 9.9.1: Filter Weights -- 9.9.2: Neocuproine and Pullulanase -- 9.10: Results -- 9.10.1: Pullulanase Assay -- 9.10.2: Electroporation -- 9.10.3: Filter Weights -- 9.10.4: Reverse Transcriptase PCR -- 9.10.5: Microscopy -- 9.10.6: Statistical Analysis -- 9.10.7: DNA Sequencing -- 9.11: Discussion -- 9.11.1: Pullulan Secretion -- 9.11.2: Genetic Analysis -- 9.11.3: Transformants -- 9.12: Conclusion -- Chapter 10: Role of Pullulans in Cosmetics -- 10.1: Introduction -- 10.2: Chemistry of Pullulan -- 10.3: Solubility of Pullulan -- 10.4: Different Physicochemical Characteristics of Pullulan Useful in Imparting Cosmetic Properties -- 10.5: Cosmetics Products Containing Pullulan -- 10.5.1: Antipollution Agents -- 10.5.1.1: Depolluphane as an antipollution agent -- 10.5.1.2: Depolluphane EpiPlus as an antipollution agent -- 10.5.1.3: PatcH2O™ as an antipollution agent -- 10.5.2: Antiwrinkle Agents -- 10.5.2.1: LIFTONIN®-XPRESS as an antiwrinkle agent -- 10.5.3: Antioxidant -- 10.5.4: Binders -- 10.5.5: Emulsifier -- 10.5.5.1: JD Jojoba Aqua Cream Base -- 10.5.5.2: ECOGEL™ -- 10.5.5.2: SILIGEL™ -- 10.5.6: Haircare -- 10.5.6.1: PatcH2O in haircare -- 10.5.7: Perfumes and Fragrances -- 10.6: Toxicity Profile and Safety Considerations of Pullulan -- 10.7: Future Challenges and Overcoming Strategies -- Chapter 11: Biomedical Applications of Pullulan -- 11.1: Introduction -- 11.2: Microbial Sources of Pullulan Production -- 11.3: Properties of Pullulan -- 11.3.1: Physicochemical Properties of Pullulan -- 11.3.2: Biological Properties of Pullulan -- 11.4: Biomedical Applications of Pullulan -- 11.4.1: Drug Delivery -- 11.4.2: Gene Delivery. , 11.4.3: Tissue Engineering -- 11.4.4: Vaccination -- 11.4.5: Medical Imaging -- 11.4.6: Plasma Expander -- 11.4.7: Film-Forming Agent -- 11.4.8: Molecular Chaperones -- 11.4.9: Insulinotropic Activity -- 11.5: Conclusion -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half title -- Title -- Copyrights -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Biopolymers: Classification and Applications Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Karuppusamy Indira, Jaya Mary Jacob, Malavika Mukesh, and Gopalakrishnan Kumar -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Classification of Biopolymers -- 1.2.1 Natural Polymers -- 1.2.1.1 Polysaccharides -- 1.2.1.2 Polyisoprenes -- 1.2.1.3 Polynucleotides -- 1.2.1.4 Polyesters -- 1.2.2 PHAs -- 1.2.2.1 Applications of PHAs -- 1.2.2.2 Blends of PHAs -- 1.2.2.3 Nanocomposites of polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 1.2.3 Proteins -- 1.2.4 Synthetic Biopolymers -- 1.2.4.1 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) -- 1.2.4.2 Poly(lactic acid) -- 1.3 Applications -- 1.3.1 Medicine -- 1.3.1.1 Drug delivery systems -- 1.3.1.2 Surgical implants -- 1.3.2 Agriculture -- 1.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 2. Bio-Based Biopolymers and Their Potential Applications for Bio- and Non-Bio Sectors Muhammad Bilal and Hafiz M. N. Iqbal -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Alginate: General Properties -- 2.3 Chitosan: General Properties -- 2.4 Biopolymers and Immobilization Engineering -- 2.5 Biopolymers and Environmental Engineering -- 2.6 Biopolymers and Biomedical Engineering -- 2.6.1 Chitosan-Based Applications -- 2.6.2 Alginate-Based Applications -- 2.7 Final Remarks and Future Trends -- Chapter 3. 3D Printing of Biopolymers: Trends and Opportunities for Medical Applications Tomy J. Gutiérrez -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Brief History of 3D Printing -- 3.3 3D Materials Processing Techniques -- 3.4 Biopolymers Used for 3D Printing -- 3.5 Advantages of 3D Printing for Medical Applications -- 3.6 Current Challenges in 3D Printing of Biomaterials -- 3.6.1 Achieving Target Material Properties and Desired Architectures -- 3.6.2 Clean and Sterile Manufacturing Environments -- 3.6.3 Concerns Related to Regulatory Issues -- 3.6.4 Material-Specific Machines -- 3.6.5 Future Trends. , 3.7 Conclusion -- Chapter 4. Proteins and Their Novel Applications Tanvir Arfin, Shoeb Athar, and Stephy Rangari -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 History of Protein -- 4.3 Structure of Proteins -- 4.3.1 Primary Structure -- 4.3.2 Secondary Structure -- 4.3.3 Tertiary Structure -- 4.3.4 Quaternary Structure -- 4.4 Types of Proteins -- 4.5 Synthesis of Protein -- 4.6 Cellular Functions -- 4.7 Novel Applications -- 4.7.1 Carrier Protein -- 4.7.2 Biotechnology -- 4.7.3 Engineering -- 4.7.4 Biosensors -- 4.7.5 Electrochemical Biosensors -- 4.7.6 Optical Biosensors -- 4.7.7 Bioaffinity Chromatography -- 4.7.8 Solid-Phase Extraction -- 4.7.9 Protein Biochips -- 4.7.10 Protein Nanoparticles -- 4.8 Conclusions -- Chapter 5. Chitin and Chitosan: The Defense Booster in Agricultural Field Vijayalakshmi Kumar, K. Sangeetha, P. Ajitha, S. Aisverya, S. Sashikala, and P. N. Sudha -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Biopolymers -- 5.1.2 Origin of Chitin and Chitosan -- 5.1.3 Modifications of Chitin and Chitosan -- 5.2 Characteristics of Chitin, Chitosan, and Derivatives -- 5.2.1 Physicochemical Properties of Chitin, Chitosan, and Their Derivatives -- 5.2.2 Biological Properties of Chitin, Chitosan, and Their Derivatives -- 5.3 Recent Research in Applications of Chitin and Chitosan in Agriculture -- 5.3.1 In Preservation of Agricultural Commodities -- 5.3.2 In Plant Resistance to Pathogens and Defense Mechanisms -- 5.3.3 In Biostimulation of Plant Growth and Its Protection -- 5.3.4 In Enhancing Food Production -- 5.3.5 In Enhancing Crop Growth -- 5.3.6 In Enhancing the Production of Plant Metabolites -- 5.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 6. Chitosan Applications in Microencapsulation Berta N. Estevinho and Fernando Rocha -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Microencapsulation -- 6.3 Microencapsulation Methods -- 6.3.1 Chemical Processes -- 6.3.1.1 Coacervation -- 6.3.1.2 Molecular inclusion. , 6.3.1.3 Co-crystallization -- 6.3.1.4 Interfacial polymerization -- 6.3.2 Mechanical Processes -- 6.3.2.1 Spray drying -- 6.3.2.2 Spray chilling -- 6.3.2.3 Extrusion -- 6.3.2.4 Fluidized bed -- 6.4 Encapsulating Agents: Biopolymers -- 6.4.1 Carbohydrates -- 6.4.2 Proteins -- 6.5 Microencapsulation with Chitosan -- 6.6 Controlled-Release Studies -- 6.7 Conclusions -- Chapter 7. Current Innovative Chitosan-Based Water Treatment of Heavy Metals: A Sustainable Approach -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sources of Contamination -- 7.3 Chitosan -- 7.4 Heavy-Metal Pollution -- 7.5 Conventional Procedures -- 7.6 Heavy Metal Removal -- 7.6.1 Iron -- 7.6.2 Copper -- 7.6.3 Cadmium -- 7.6.4 Nickel -- 7.6.5 Chromium -- 7.6.6 Cobalt -- 7.6.7 Arsenic -- 7.6.8 Mercury -- 7.6.9 Lead -- 7.6.10 Zinc -- 7.6.11 Silver -- 7.6.12 Manganese -- 7.7 Conclusion -- Chapter 8. Bacterial Cellulose and Its Applications Th azin Han, Nitar New, and Phyu Phyu Win -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Bacterial Cellulose Production -- 8.3 Application of Bacterial Cellulose -- 8.3.1 Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Food Sector -- 8.3.2 Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Biomedical Sector -- 8.3.2.1 Drug delivery system -- 8.3.2.2 Bacterial cellulose scaffold for tissue engineering -- 8.3.2.3 Bacterial cellulose membrane as skin therapy -- 8.3.2.4 Bacterial cellulose as an artificial blood vessel -- 8.3.3 Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Textile Sector -- 8.3.4 Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Environmental Treatment Sector -- 8.3.5 Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Paper Production Sector -- 8.3.6 Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Biocomposite Preparation -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Chapter 9. Thermal, Mechanical and Degradation Properties of Starch-Based Bio-Nanocomposites -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Starch-Based Bio-Nanocomposites. , 9.2.1 Starch Bio-Nanocomposites Filled by Whiskers -- 9.2.2 Starch Bio-Nanocomposites Filled by Starch Nanocrystals -- 9.3 Structure and Morphology of Starch-Based Bio-Nanocomposites -- 9.4 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Starch-Based Materials -- 9.4.1 Botanical Origin: Amylose/Amylopectin Ratio -- 9.4.2 Plasticization -- 9.4.3 Aging -- 9.4.4 Fillers -- 9.4.4.1 Cellulose nanocrystals -- 9.4.4.2 Starch nanocrystals -- 9.4.5 Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposites Based on Starch and Organic Reinforcements -- 9.4.6 Thermal Properties -- 9.5 Barrier and Biodegradation Properties -- 9.5.1 Barrier Properties -- 9.5.2 Biodegradation Properties -- 9.6 Processing and Product Development of Starch-Based Bio-Nanocomposites -- 9.6.1 Applications of Starch-Based Bio-Nanocomposites -- 9.6.1.1 Casting -- 9.6.1.2 Extrusion -- 9.6.2 Applications of Starch-Based Bio-Nanocomposites -- 9.6.2.1 Food industry -- 9.6.2.2 Agricultural industry -- 9.6.2.3 Medical field -- 9.7 Conclusion -- Chapter 10. Eggshells: From Waste to Medical Applications Stanley Chibuzor Onwubu, Shalini Singh, Anisa Vahed, and Krishnan Kanny -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Problems Arising from Waste Eggshells -- 10.1.2 Motivation for the Application of Eggshells -- 10.2 Overview of Eggshells Structure and Properties -- 10.3 Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite from Eggshells -- 10.4 Medical Benefit of Eggshell-Derived Hydroxyapatite -- 10.5 Eggshells as a Source of Calcium Supplement -- 10.6 Medical Application of Collagen Extracted from Eggshell Membrane -- 10.7 Summary and Recommendations -- Chapter 11. Production of Tamarind Products and Polysaccharide Maw Maw Khaing, Nang Seng Moe, Kyaw Nyein Aye, and Nitar Nwe -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Structure of Tamarind Tree -- 11.2.1 Leaves and Flowers of Tamarind Tree -- 11.2.2 Fruits and Seeds of Tamarind Tree. , 11.2.3 Bark and Trunk of Tamarind Tree -- 11.3 Extraction of Tamarind Pulp from Tamarind Fruits -- 11.4 Using Tamarind Pulp -- 11.5 The Production of Tamarind Pulp Powder by Using Drum Dryer -- 11.6 Tamarind Jam Preparation Process -- 11.7 Production of Tamarind Paste -- 11.8 Production of Tamarind Candy -- 11.9 Preparation of Tamarind Kernel Powder -- 11.10 Extraction of Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide -- 11.11 Uses of Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide -- 11.12 Conclusion -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Polysaccharides-based Hydrogels -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Preface -- 1 An introduction to hydrogels -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Classification of hydrogels -- 1.2.1 Classification of hydrogels based on source of origin -- 1.2.2 Classification of hydrogels based on composition -- 1.2.2.1 Homopolymeric hydrogels -- 1.2.2.2 Copolymeric hydrogels -- 1.2.2.3 Multipolymer hydrogels -- 1.3 Synthesis of hydrogels -- 1.3.1 Cross-linking method -- 1.3.1.1 Physical cross-linking method -- 1.3.1.1.1 Thermal-gelation technique -- 1.3.1.1.2 Ionic cross-linking -- 1.3.1.1.3 Guest-host chemistry -- 1.3.1.2 Chemical cross-linking methods -- 1.3.1.2.1 Photopolymerization -- 1.3.1.2.2 Enzyme-enabled cross-linking -- 1.3.1.2.3 Schiff-base reactions -- 1.3.1.2.4 Click chemistry -- 1.4 Physical and chemical properties of hydrogels -- 1.4.1 Swelling properties -- 1.4.2 Mechanical properties -- 1.4.3 Porosity and permeation -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Polysaccharide-based hydrogels: history and chronological developments -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Historical background -- 2.3 Historical perspective on the physical, chemical, and characterization properties of hydrogels -- 2.3.1 Porosity and permeation -- 2.4 Synthesis of hydrogels -- 2.5 Development of hydrogels -- 2.6 Trends in polysaccharide-based hydrogels -- 2.6.1 Cellulose-based hydrogels -- 2.6.2 Chitin-based hydrogels -- 2.6.3 Alginate-based hydrogels -- 2.6.4 Starch-based hydrogels -- 2.6.5 Hyaluronicacid-based hydrogels -- 2.6.6 Dextran-based hydrogels -- 2.6.7 Agar-based hydrogels -- 2.6.8 Gum-based hydrogels -- 2.7 Supramolecular gels -- 2.8 Microgels and nanogels -- 2.9 Applications of polysaccharide-based hydrogels -- 2.10 Conclusion -- References. , 3 Thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of polysaccharide-based hydrogels -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Thermal properties of polysaccharide-based hydrogels -- 3.3 Rheological properties of polysaccharide-based hydrogels -- 3.4 Mechanical properties of polysaccharide-based hydrogels -- 3.4.1 Methods of measuring mechanical properties -- 3.4.2 Sample studies on mechanical properties of hydrogels -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Click chemistry a promising tool to develop polysaccharide-based hydrogels -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Conventional synthetic approaches -- 4.3 Etherification -- 4.4 Synthetic advances (new approach) -- 4.4.1 Click reaction in polysaccharide modification -- 4.4.2 Cycloaddition of alkyne-azide catalyzed by copper -- 4.4.3 Metal-free [3+2] cycloaddition -- 4.4.4 Diels-Alder reaction -- 4.4.5 Inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction -- 4.5 Oxime click -- 4.5.1 Thiol-Michael click reaction -- 4.5.2 Thiol-ene click reaction -- 4.6 Polysaccharide-based hydrogels using click reaction -- 4.6.1 Chitosan-based hydrogels using click reaction -- 4.6.2 Alginate-based hydrogels using click reaction -- 4.6.3 Cellulose-based hydrogels using click reaction -- 4.6.4 Starch-based hydrogels using click reaction -- 4.6.5 Dextran-based hydrogels using click reaction -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Polysaccharide-based conductive hydrogels -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Different types of polysaccharides -- 5.3 Polysaccharide-based conductive hydrogels -- 5.3.1 Cellulose-based conductive hydrogels -- 5.3.2 Chitosan-based conductive hydrogels -- 5.3.3 Alginate-based conductive hydrogels -- 5.3.4 Gelatin-based conductive hydrogels -- 5.3.5 Agarose-based conductive hydrogels -- 5.3.6 Dextran-based conductive hydrogels -- 5.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References. , 6 Sophisticated techniques for characterization of polysaccharide hydrogels -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Method of preparation of hydrogels -- 6.3 Sophisticated techniques for characterization of hydrogels -- 6.3.1 Spectroscopy -- 6.3.1.1 NMR spectroscopy -- 6.3.1.2 Absorption spectroscopy -- 6.3.1.3 Raman spectroscopy -- 6.3.1.4 Circular dichroism -- 6.3.2 Diffraction -- 6.3.2.1 X-ray diffraction analysis -- 6.3.2.2 Wide-angle x-ray diffraction -- 6.3.2.3 Small-angle x-ray scattering -- 6.3.2.4 Neutron diffraction -- 6.3.2.5 Small-angle neutron scattering -- 6.3.3 Microscopy -- 6.3.3.1 Electron microscopy -- 6.3.3.2 Transmission electron microscopy -- 6.3.3.3 Scanning electron microscopy -- 6.3.3.4 Cryo-electron microscopy -- 6.3.3.5 Fluorescence microscopy -- 6.3.3.6 Super-resolution microscopy -- 6.3.3.7 Scanning probe microscopy -- 6.3.3.8 Atomic force microscopy -- 6.3.3.9 Dynamic force microscopy -- 6.3.3.10 Confocal laser scanning microscopy -- 6.4 Thermal characterization techniques -- 6.4.1 Differential scanning calorimetry -- 6.4.2 Thermal gravimetric analysis -- 6.4.3 Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis -- 6.5 Mechanical and surface characterization -- 6.5.1 Rheology -- 6.5.2 Shear-thinning and self-healing characterization -- 6.5.3 Microrheology -- 6.5.4 Other mechanical testings -- 6.5.5 Lubrication characterization -- 6.6 Computational modeling of rheological properties -- 6.7 Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- 7 Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polysaccharides: structure-activity relationship -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Structure and area of use of hydrogels -- 7.3 Structure of polysaccharides used in hydrogel production and their antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics -- 7.3.1 Chitin and chitosan -- 7.3.1.1 Antioxidant activity of chitosan -- 7.3.1.2 Antimicrobial effect and mechanism of chitosan. , 7.3.2 Alginate -- 7.3.3 Carrageenans -- 7.3.4 Dextran -- 7.3.5 Hyaluronic acid -- 7.3.6 Starch -- 7.3.7 Cellulose -- 7.4 Antioxidant activities of polysaccharide-based hydrogels -- 7.4.1 Antioxidant methods -- 7.4.1.1 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity -- 7.4.1.2 Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity -- 7.4.1.3 ABTS radical scavenging activity -- 7.4.1.4 Superoxide anions radical scavenging activity -- 7.4.2 Antimicrobial activity of polysaccharide-based hydrogels -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Functionalized polysaccharide-based hydrogels: spanking accession in tissue engineering and regenerative medicines -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Construction of polysaccharide-based hydrogels -- 8.2.1 Chemical modification of natural polysaccharides -- 8.2.2 Gelation mechanism of polysaccharide-based hydrogels -- 8.2.2.1 Physically cross-linked hydrogels -- 8.2.2.2 Chemically cross-linked hydrogels -- 8.2.2.3 Multiple cross-linking for hydrogels -- 8.3 Polysaccharide hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering -- 8.3.1 Regulation of foreign-body response -- 8.3.2 Promotion of tissue regeneration -- 8.3.2.1 Facilitation of cell growth and differentiation -- 8.3.2.2 Regulation of cell behavior -- 8.3.3 Bioactive ingredients delivery by polysaccharide hydrogels for tissue engineering -- 8.3.3.1 Polysaccharide hydrogels for biomacromolecules delivery -- 8.3.3.2 Polysaccharide hydrogels for engineered cell delivery -- 8.4 Conclusions, future perspectives, and challenges -- Acknowledgment(s) -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- 9 Polysaccharide-based superabsorbent hydrogels -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Preparation of polysaccharide-based superabsorbent hydrogels -- 9.2.1 Chemical cross-linking -- 9.2.2 Physical cross-linking -- 9.3 Natural polysaccharide-based superabsorbent hydrogels -- 9.3.1 Starch -- 9.3.2 Cellulose -- 9.3.3 Guar gum. , 9.3.4 Carrageenan -- 9.3.5 Chitin -- 9.3.6 Chitosan -- 9.3.7 Agar -- 9.3.8 Gum tragacanth -- 9.3.9 Gum ghatti -- 9.3.10 Gum arabic -- 9.3.11 Salecan -- 9.3.12 Xanthan gum -- 9.4 Conclusions and future perspectives -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 10 Polysaccharide-based antimicrobial hydrogels as wound dressing materials -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Wound and infection -- 10.3 Role of polysaccharides in hydrogel formation -- 10.3.1 Polysaccharide-based antimicrobial hydrogels -- 10.3.2 Polysaccharide-based hydrogels as wound dressings -- 10.3.3 Polysaccharide hydrogel-based dressing material for infected wounds -- 10.4 Polysaccharide hydrogel-based nanomaterials for infected wounds -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Polysaccharide-based hydrogel scaffolds for the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells to treat diabetes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Pancreatic tissue regeneration -- 11.3 Tissue regeneration hydrogels and polymers -- 11.4 Role of hydrogels in the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells -- 11.5 Nanotechnology in beta cell regeneration -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Advancement in hybrid nanocomposite hydrogels and their applications -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Reinforcing materials for nanocomposite hydrogel fabrication -- 12.3 Types of hybrid nanocomposite hydrogels -- 12.3.1 Carbon-containing hybrid nanocomposite hydrogels -- 12.3.2 Polymeric nanoparticle-based hybrid nanocomposite hydrogels -- 12.3.3 Metallic nanoparticle-based hybrid nanocomposite hydrogels -- 12.3.4 Clay-based hybrid nanocomposite hydrogels -- 12.4 Methods of preparation of polysaccharide-based nanocomposite hydrogels -- 12.4.1 Instantaneous gelation method -- 12.4.2 Irradiation method -- 12.4.3 Solvent-casting method -- 12.4.4 Freeze-drying method -- 12.4.5 Extrusion method -- 12.4.6 In situ preparation method -- 12.4.7 Sol-gel method. , 12.5 Applications of polysaccharide-based nanocomposite hydrogels.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Biodegradability and Biodegradable Polymers: An Overview -- 1.1: Introduction -- 1.2: Natural Polymers -- 1.2.1: Polysaccharides -- 1.2.1.1: Cellulose -- 1.2.1.2: Starch -- 1.2.1.3: Alginate -- 1.2.1.4: Hyaluronic acid -- 1.2.1.5: Chondroitin sulfate -- 1.2.1.6: Chitin and chitosan -- 1.2.2: Proteins -- 1.2.2.1: Collagen -- 1.2.2.2: Gelatin -- 1.2.2.3: Albumin -- 1.2.2.4: Fibrin -- 1.3: Synthetic Polymers -- 1.3.1: Polyesters -- 1.3.1.1: Poly(α-hydroxy acids) -- 1.3.1.2: Polylactones -- 1.3.1.3: Polyorthoesters -- 1.3.1.4: Polyphosphoesters -- 1.3.1.5: Polycarbonates -- 1.3.1.6: Poly(diol citrate) -- 1.3.2: Poly(Amino Acids) -- 1.3.3: Poly(alkylcyanoacrylates) -- 1.3.4: Block Copolymers with PEG -- 1.3.5: Polyurethanes -- 1.3.6: Polyphosphazenes -- 1.3.7: Polyanhydrides -- 1.4: Conclusion -- 1.5: Future Prospects -- Chapter 2: Standards, Policies, and Impacts of Biodegradable Polymers -- 2.1: Introduction -- 2.2: Certificationsand Standards for Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers -- 2.3: Government Policies on Registration and Use -- 2.4: Analytical Methods for Biodegradability Testing -- 2.5: Physicochemical Properties and Biodegradability -- 2.6: Regulatory Aspects for Food Packaging Materials and Products -- 2.6.1: The United States -- 2.6.2: European Union -- 2.6.3: Japan -- 2.7: The Environmental and Socioeconomic Impact -- 2.8: Findings and Conclusions -- Chapter 3: Biodegradable Polymers in Sustained and Controlled Drug Delivery -- 3.1: Introduction -- 3.1.1: Controlled Release Drug Delivery System -- 3.1.2: Sustained Release Drug Delivery System -- 3.1.2.1: Advantages of CRDDS and SRDDS -- 3.1.3: Biodegradable Polymers in Sustained and Controlled Drug Delivery -- 3.1.3.1: General polymer properties. , 3.2: Classification of Biodegradable Controlled Release Polymers -- 3.2.1: Natural Polymers -- 3.2.1.1: Protein-based polymers -- 3.2.1.2: Polysaccharide-based polymers -- 3.2.2: Synthetic Polymers -- 3.2.2.1: Poly(ester) -- 3.2.2.2: Poly(anhydrides) -- 3.2.2.3: Poly(amides) -- 3.2.2.4: Poly(orthoesters) -- 3.2.2.5: Poly(ester amides) -- 3.2.2.6: Polyphosphodiester -- 3.2.2.7: Polyphosphazenes -- 3.3: Drug Release Mechanisms for Controlled Drug Delivery -- 3.3.1: Drug Release Mechanism -- 3.3.2: Diffusion of Drugs from Side-to-Side Water-Filled Pores -- 3.3.3: Diffusion through the Polymer Matrix -- 3.3.4: Osmotic Pumping -- 3.3.5: Erosion -- 3.3.5.1: Surface erosion -- 3.3.5.2: Bulk erosion -- 3.4: Factors Influencing Polymer-Drug Release from Polymer -- 3.5: Smart (Stimuli Responsive) Biodegradable Polymers in Controlled Release -- 3.5.1: Thermo-Responsive Polymers -- 3.5.2: pH-Responsive Polymers -- 3.5.3: Dual Stimuli-Responsive Polymers -- 3.5.4: Photo-Responsive Polymers -- 3.5.5: Redox-Responsive Polymers -- 3.5.6: Bioresponsive Polymers -- 3.5.7: Hypoxia-Responsive Polymers -- 3.6: Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Chapter 4: Role of Biodegradable Polymers in Ocular Drug Delivery -- 4.1: Introduction -- 4.1.1: Eye -- 4.1.1.1: Ocular physiological defense mechanisms for drug delivery -- 4.1.1.2: Ocular barriers -- 4.2: Conventional Drug Delivery Systems Used for Ocular Therapeutics -- 4.2.1: Conventional Drug Delivery Systems -- 4.2.1.1: Ointments -- 4.2.1.2: Eye drops -- 4.2.1.3: Intraocular implants -- 4.2.1.4: Intravitreal injections -- 4.2.1.5: Emulsions -- 4.2.1.6: Contact lenses -- 4.3: Biodegradable Polymers in Ocular Drug Delivery -- 4.3.1: Introduction -- 4.3.2: Natural Polymers -- 4.3.2.1: Polysaccharide-based polymer -- 4.3.2.2: Protein-based polymers -- 4.3.3: Synthetic Polymers -- 4.3.3.1: Aliphatic polyesters. , 4.3.3.2: Polyurethanes -- 4.3.3.3: Polyanhydrides -- 4.3.3.4: Polyphosphazenes -- 4.3.3.5: Poly(amino acids) -- 4.4: Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Chapter 5: Biodegradable Polymers in Vaccine Delivery -- 5.1: Introduction -- 5.2: Biodegradable Polymers -- 5.2.1: Natural Biodegradable Polymer -- 5.2.1.1: Polysaccharides -- 5.2.2: Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer -- 5.2.2.1: Polyester -- 5.2.2.2: Polyanhydrides -- 5.2.2.3: Polyphosphazene -- 5.3: Methods for Vaccine and Adjuvants Delivery Systems -- 5.3.1: Microparticles -- 5.3.2: Nanoparticles -- 5.3.3: Hydrogel Capsules -- 5.3.4: Microneedles -- 5.3.5: Nanofibers -- 5.4: Conclusion -- Chapter 6: Applications of Biodegradable Polymers in Surgery -- 6.1: Introduction -- 6.1.1: Biodegradable Polymers in Surgery -- 6.1.2: Ideal Properties of BPs to Be Used in Surgery, Surgical Materials, and Device Fabrications -- 6.1.3: Degradation Mechanism of BPs -- 6.2: Classification of BPs Used in the Field of Surgery -- 6.2.1: Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers -- 6.2.1.1: Polyanhydrides -- 6.2.1.2: Poly(orthoesters) -- 6.2.1.3: Polycyanoacrylates -- 6.2.1.4: Poly(amino acids) -- 6.2.1.5: Polycaprolactone -- 6.2.1.6: PGA and PLA -- 6.2.1.7: Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) -- 6.2.1.8: Polyphosphazenes -- 6.2.2: Natural Biodegradable Polymers -- 6.2.2.1: Collagen -- 6.2.2.2: Gelatin -- 6.2.2.3: Silk -- 6.2.2.4: Alginate -- 6.2.2.5: Cellulose -- 6.2.2.6: Chitosan -- 6.2.2.7: Starch -- 6.2.2.8: Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 6.2.2.9: Fibrin -- 6.2.2.10: Hyaluronic acid -- 6.3: Biodegradable Polymers in Clinical Trials for Surgery -- 6.4: Biodegradable Polymers-Based Surgical Devices and Materials in the Market -- 6.5: Regulatory Considerations of BPs in the Clinical Application -- 6.6: Conclusion and Prospects -- Chapter 7: Biodegradable Polymers in Wound Care and Management -- 7.1: Background -- 7.1.1: Natural Polymers. , 7.1.2: Synthetic Polymers -- 7.2: Role of Biomaterials in Wound Care and Management -- 7.3: Wound Formation and Phases -- 7.4: Natural Polymers -- 7.4.1: Hyaluronic Acid -- 7.4.2: Chitosan -- 7.4.3: Collagen -- 7.4.4: Gelatin -- 7.4.5: Silk -- 7.4.6: Zein -- 7.5: Synthetic Polymers -- 7.5.1: Polycaprolactone -- 7.5.2: Polylactic Acid -- 7.5.3: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) -- 7.5.4: Polyurethanes -- 7.5.5: Polyethylene Glycol -- 7.5.6: Polyvinyl Alcohol -- 7.6: Conclusion -- 7.7: Future Perspectives -- Chapter 8: Applications of Biodegradable Polymers in Coronary Stents and Cardiac Tissue Engineering -- 8.1: Introduction -- 8.2: Biodegradable Polymers -- 8.2.1: Natural Polymers -- 8.2.2: Synthetic Polymers -- 8.3: Applications of Biodegradable Polymers -- 8.3.1: Drug-Eluting Stent Coating -- 8.3.2: Resorbable Stents Design -- 8.3.3: Tissue Engineering -- 8.3.3.1: Natural bioresorbable polymers in cardiac tissue engineering -- 8.3.3.2: Synthetic bioresorbable polymers in cardiac tissue engineering -- 8.3.4: Polymers in Vascular Scaffold -- 8.4: Constraints of Biodegradable Polymers -- 8.4.1: Polymer-Induced Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation -- 8.4.2: Polymer-Induced Endothelial Incompetence -- 8.5: Conclusion -- 8.6: Future Perspectives -- Chapter 9: Biodegradable Polymers in Dentistry -- 9.1: Introduction -- 9.2: Biodegradable Polymers -- 9.3: Delivery Platforms in the Arena of Dentistry -- 9.4: Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers -- 9.4.1: Polylactic Acid and Polyglycolic Acid-Based Polymers -- 9.4.2: Poly-ε-caprolactone -- 9.4.3: Polyanhydrides -- 9.4.4: Polyphosphazene -- 9.5: Natural Polymers -- 9.5.1: Collagen -- 9.5.2: Fibrin -- 9.5.3: Chitosan -- 9.5.4: Hyaluronic Acid -- 9.5.5: Gelatin -- 9.5.6: Alginate -- 9.6: Combination of Various Biodegradable Polymers -- 9.7: Current Clinical Status and Future Prospects. , Chapter 10: Biodegradable Polymers in Orthopedics -- 10.1: Introduction -- 10.2: Classification of Biodegradable Polymer -- 10.2.1: Natural Biodegradable Polymer -- 10.2.1.1: Chitosan -- 10.2.1.2: Collagen -- 10.2.1.3: Hyaluronic acid -- 10.2.1.4: Alginic acid -- 10.2.2: Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer -- 10.2.2.1: Poly(glycolic acid) -- 10.2.2.2: Poly(lactic acid) -- 10.2.2.3: Poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid) -- 10.2.2.4: Poly(ϵ-caprolactone) -- 10.2.2.5: Poly(ortho esters) -- 10.2.2.6: Poly(phosphazenes) -- 10.2.2.7: Poly(anhydrides) -- 10.2.2.8: Poly(propylene fumarate) -- 10.3: Processing of Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers -- 10.4: Packaging and Sterilization of Biodegradable Polymers -- 10.5: Biocompatibility of Biodegradable Polymer -- 10.5.1: Chemical Compatibility -- 10.5.1.1: Hydrolytic degradation -- 10.5.1.2: Enzymatic degradation -- 10.5.1.3: Oxidative degradation -- 10.5.2: Mechanical Compatibility -- 10.6: Polymer Degradation -- 10.6.1: Factors Influencing Degradation of Polymer -- 10.6.1.1: The pH of the polymer -- 10.6.1.2: Copolymer composition -- 10.6.1.3: Water uptake -- 10.7: Applications of Biodegradable Polymers -- 10.7.1: Commercial Biodegradable Orthopedic Devices -- 10.7.2: Biodegradable Polymers for Controlled Release of Antibiotics -- 10.7.3: Biodegradable Polymers in Fixation of Prosthetic Joints -- 10.8: Conclusion -- Chapter 11: Biodegradable Polymer in Medical Implants and Devices -- 11.1: Introduction -- 11.2: Application of Biodegradable Polymer in Medical Implants and Devices -- 11.2.1: Sutures -- 11.2.2: Dental Devices -- 11.2.3: Orthopedic Fixation Devices -- 11.2.4: Tissue Engineering Scaffolds -- 11.2.5: Biodegradable Vascular Stents -- 11.2.6: Biodegradable Soft Tissue Anchors -- 11.3: Biodegradable Polymers Used in Medical Implants and Devices -- 11.4: Properties of Biomaterials -- 11.4.1: In Tissue Engineering. , 11.4.1.1: Biocompatibility.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Green Polymeric Materials: Recent Advances and Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chitosan as a Stabilizing Agent in Nanocomposite Formation -- 2.1. Mechanical and Barrier Property -- 2.2. Controlled Agglomeration -- 2.3. Stimuli Responsive Property (SRP) -- 2.4. Enhanced Magnetization Property -- 3. Green Synthetic Routes of Chitosan-Nanocomposites -- 3.1. Green Chemical Methods -- 3.1.1. Category A -- 3.1.2. Category B -- 3.1.3. Category C -- 3.2. Green Physical Methods -- 3.2.1. UV-Irradiation Method -- 3.2.2. Gamma-Irradiation Method -- 3.2.3. Ultrasonic-Irradiation Method -- 3.2.4. Microwave-Irradiation Method -- 4. Applications of Chitosan Nanobiocomposite Materials -- 4.1. Reduction of Nitrate Anion -- 4.2. Reduction of Bromate Anion -- 4.3. Decyanidation -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Polymer Materials: From the Past to the Future -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General Information of Starch -- 3. Properties of Starch -- 3.1. Structure -- 3.2. Gelatinization -- 3.3. Retrogradation -- 3.4. Annealing -- 4. Thermoplastic Starch -- 5. Starch Nanocrystal -- 6. Ionic Liquid Process -- 7. Starch-Substrate Susceptibility -- 8. Classification of Starch -- 8.1. RDS -- 8.2. SDS -- 8.3. RS -- 8.3.1. RS1 -- 8.3.2. RS2 -- 8.3.3. RS3 -- 8.3.4. RS4 -- 8.3.5. RS5 -- 9. Starch Modifications -- 10. Application of Starch Based Polymer -- 10.1. Food Industry -- 10.2. Drug Delivery -- 10.3. Cancer Therapy -- 10.4. Wound Dressing -- 10.5. Tissue Engineering -- 10.6. Waste Water Treatment -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Thermogravimetric Analysis of Natural Fiber Reinforced Green Polymer Composites -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. What Are Natural Fibres - A Chemical Analysis -- 3. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis of Polymers -- 4. Understanding TG Data. , 5. Thermal Decomposition Characteristics -- 6. Degradation Behaviour of Natural Fibers -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Hydrothermal Synthesis of Water Dispersible Chitosan: A Biodegradable Natural Polymer -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Uses of Chitosan -- 1.2. Chitosan Microspheres -- 1.3. Problems of Pharmaceutical uses of Chitosan -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Materials -- 2.2. Procedure -- 2.2.1. Mechanism -- 2.2.2. TA Depolymerized CS and Its Reversible Sol-Gel Transformation with pH -- 2.3. FTIR Characterization of Water Soluble TA Depolymerized CS -- 2.3.1. FTIR Spectra of CS-TA Dialyzed Under Hot Condition -- 2.4. NMR Characterization of Water Soluble TA Depolymerized CS -- 2.5. Physical Characterization of CS-TA Particles -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Catalytic, Industrial and Environmental Perspectives of Redox Polymers -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Non-Conducting Polymers (Insulators) -- 1.2. Conducting Polymers (CPs) -- 1.3. Doping -- 1.4. Mechanism of Conductivity -- 1.5. Applications -- 2. Redox Polymers: Fundamental Aspects -- 2.1. Historical Background -- 2.2. Types of Redox Polymers -- 2.2.1. Redox Polymers Having Electroactive Inorganic Redox Groups -- 2.2.2. Redox Polymers Having Electroactive Organic Redox Groups -- 2.3. Mechanism of Charge Transfer (Conductivity) in Redox Polymers -- 2.4. Characterization Techniques -- 2.5. Applications of Redox Polymers -- 3. Catalytic Perspective of Redox Polymers -- 4. Industrial Perspectives of Redox Polymers -- 5. Environmental Perspectives of Redox Polymers -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Biodegradable Polymers for Industrial Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. What Are Biodegradable Polymers? -- 2.1. Different Types of Biodegradable Polymers. , 2.2. Polyesters Produced by Microorganisms -- 2.2.1. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) -- 2.2.2. Polyhydroxyl butyrate (PHB) -- 2.2.3. Polyhydroxybutyrate-Cohydroxyvalerates (PHBV) -- 2.2.4. Polyhydroxybutyrate-Co-Hydroxyhexanoates (PHBHx) -- 2.3. Agropolymers -- 2.3.1. Starch -- 2.4. Synthetic Polymers -- 2.4.1. Polylactic Acid (PLA) -- 2.5. Factors Affecting Biodegradation of Polymers -- 3. Industrial Applications of Biodegradable Polymers -- 3.1. Application in Food Packaging Material -- 3.2. Application in Automotive Industry -- 3.3. Application in Textile Industry -- 3.4. Use in Biodegradable Orthopaedic Implants -- 3.5. Application in Tissue Engineering -- 3.6. Biodegradable Polymers in Drug Delivery -- 4. Market Trends -- 4.1. Regional Trends -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of interests -- References -- Chapter 7 -- The Characteristics and Structure Properties of Starches after Graft Copolymerized Modification -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Properties of Starch -- 3. Chemical Modification of Starch -- 3.1. Starch Graft Copolymerization -- 4. Methods -- 4.1. Sample Preparation -- 4.2. Graft Yield -- 4.3. Moisture Absorption -- 4.4. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) -- 4.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 5. The Characteristics of Starch after Modification -- 5.1. Graft Yield -- 5.2. Moisture Absorption -- 5.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) -- 6. The Structure Properties of Grafted Copolymerized Starch -- 6.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Biodegradable Superabsorbent Polymers in Agriculture -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biodegradable Superabsorbent Polymers -- 3. Natural Cellulose Reservoirs -- 3.1. Banana Pseudo Stem -- 3.2. Wheat Straw -- 3.3. Maize Bran -- 3.4. Flax Yarn Waste. , 3.5. Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) -- 4. Characterization Methods for Sap -- 4.1. Swelling Capacity -- 4.2. Elastic Modulus -- 4.3. Particle Size Distribution -- 4.4. Bulk Density and Flow-Ability -- 4.5. Sensitivity to pH -- 4.6. Swelling Rate -- 4.7. Absorbency under Load (AUL) -- 5. Ideal Super Absorbent Material -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 -- Mechanical Properties of Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites: A Recent Study -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification of Natural Fibers -- 3. Kenaf Fiber: An Introduction -- 4. Mechanical Properties of Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites -- Conclusion -- References -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- Index -- Blank Page.