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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 57 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hämorrhagische Transformation ; Intrazerebrale Blutung ; Thrombolyse ; Basalmembran ; Zerebrale Mikrogefäße ; Key words Intracerebral hemorrhage ; Thrombolysis ; Basal lamina ; Cerebral microvasculature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The role of cerebral hemorrhagic transformation, either as clinically silent hemorrhagic infarction or disastreous parenchymal hemorrhage, is crucial for any risk/benefit analysis of thrombolysis. Especially, thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke increases the risk of severe, life-threatening hemorrhagic complications up to 10 times compared to untreated controls. In this paper, previous proposed concepts for the development of intracerebral hemorrhage and hemorrhagic transformation are presented. The role of the cerebral microvasculature will be emphasized. In experimental focal cerebral ischemia a significant loss of basal lamina components of the cerebral microvessels has been demonstrated. This loss in vessel wall integrity is associated with the development of petechial hemorrhage. The mechanisms for this microvascular damage may include the plasmin-generated laminin degradation, matrix metalloproteinases activation, and the transmigration of leukocytes through the vessel wall. The attenuation of the microvascular integrity loss with subsequent reduction in hemorrhage is theoretically possible 1) by an improvement in the definition of an individual time window of therapy (by means of imaging techniques), 2) by a biochemical quantification of the basal lamina damage to avoid dangerous interventions, and 3) by pharmacological strategies to protect the basal lamina during thrombolysis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bedeutung hämorrhagischer Transformationen, entweder als klinisch stumme hämorrhagische Infarkte oder als klinisch auffällige bis lebensbedrohliche parenchymatöse Blutungen, ist entscheidend für die Beurteilung des Risiko-Nutzen-Verhältnisses der Thrombolyse, aber auch anderer gerinnungshemmender Therapien, wie der Antikoagulation, beim Hirninfarkt. Insbesondere kann die Thrombolyse das Risiko schwerer Blutungskomplikationen verglichen mit unbehandelten Hirninfarktpatienten bis zu 10fach erhöhen. Verschiedene Konzepte der Entwicklung intrazerebraler Blutungen und hämorrhagischer Transformationen werden vorgestellt. Die Rolle der zerebralen Mikrogefäßstrombahn wird betont. Es konnte in experimentellen Untersuchungen der fokalen zerebralen Ischämie ein signifikanter Verlust von Basalmembranbestandteilen der zerebralen Mikrogefäße nachgewiesen werden. Dieser Verlust von Basalmembranstrukturen, der zu einer deutlichen Integritätsminderung der Gefäßwand führte, war auch signifikant mit der Entwicklung petechialer Blutungen in der Umgebung zerstörter Gefäße verbunden. Mechanismen für die mikrovaskuläre Schädigung können die Plasmin-vermittelte Laminindegradation, die Aktivierung von Matrixmetalloproteinasen, sowie die Transmigration von Leukozyten durch die Gefäßwand sein. Eine mögliche Verbesserung der mikrovaskulären Integrität mit nachfolgender Reduktion der Blutungsrate ist theoretisch über verschiedene Wege möglich: 1. Durch eine Verbesserung der Definition des individuellen Zeitfensters zur Behandlung, z.B. durch neue Kernspintechniken 2. durch den biochemischen Nachweis der Basalmembranschädigung, insbesondere um Patienten mit starken Basalmembranschädigungen von einer Intervention auszuschließen, und 3. durch pharmakologische Behandlungsmöglichkeiten zum Schutz der Basalmembran während der Thrombolyse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 69 (1998), S. 678-682 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Ischämischer Hirninfarkt ; Thrombolyse ; Plasminogenaktivator ; Hirnblutung ; Key words Ischemic stroke ; Thrombolysis ; Plasminogen activator ; Brain hemorrhage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Following the study protocol, we stratified the 615 patients of ECASS I according age (≤/〉70 years) and analysed the response to intravenous rt-PA in both subgroups. The older patients (248) suffered from the same stroke severity as the younger patients (367) experienced, however, a more severy clinical course (placebo group after 3 months after stroke: Barthel Index 50 vs. 85, mortality 24% vs. 11%). Treatment with rt-PA increased the proportion of undisabled patients at 3 months after stroke onset significantly only in the younger patients. The risk for brain parenchymal hemorrhage was increased by the factor of 4.7and 4.6 in both age groups. It is obviously harder to achieve an undisabled state by systemic thrombolysis in the elderly. Facing the risk of brain hemorrhage asscociated with rt-PA, the risk-benfit-ratio may be less fovourable in patients over 70 years.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Entsprechend dem Protokoll der ersten European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS I) wurden die 615 Studienpatienten nach dem Lebensalter (≤/〉70 Jahre) stratifiziert und die Wirkung der Thrombolyse mit intravenös appliziertem Gewebeplasminogenaktivator (rt-PA) untersucht. Die älteren Patienten (248) hatten im Mittel gleich schwere Hirninsulte erlitten wie die 367 jüngeren, nahmen jedoch einer schlechteren Verlauf (Placebogruppe nach 3 Monaten: Barthel-Index 50 vs. 85, Letalität 24% vs. 11%). Nur bei den jüngeren Patienten hatte die rt-PA-Therapie einen positiven Effekt auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit, 3 Monate nach dem Insult unbehindert zu sein. In beiden Altersgruppen nahmen Hirnblutungen proportional um den Faktor 4,6 bzw. 4,7 nach rt-PA-Therapie zu. Wegen des schlechteren Spontanverlaufs scheint es bei über 70jährigen Schlaganfallpatienten schwerer zu sein, mit der systemischen rt-PA Thrombolyse einen Heilungserfolg zu erreichen. Bei etwa gleichem Hirnblutungsrisiko ergibt sich ein ungünstiges Nutzen-Risiko-Verhältnis bei den älteren Patienten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Cerebral ischaemic ; Ischaemic infarcts ; Cranial computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To determine how early and how reliably ischaemic brain infarcts can be detected on CT within 6 h of the onset of cerebral hemisphere strokes, 44 such studies were interpreted by an experienced neuroradiologist blinded to clinical signs, but aware that the cohort was a stroke population. He was asked to detect and localise an area of parenchymal low density and/or focal brain swelling. A follow-up study showing the definite infarct served as a reference in each case. In 38 patients areas of slightly low density were seen, and in 36 follow-up CT confirmed infarcts in the locations indicated. In 2 patients the reading was false positive. In 6 patients no low density focus could be detected. In these 8 patients examined by CT within 180 min of the stroke, no low density could be identified, even in retrospect with the knowledge of the findings on follow-up. Thus, 42 readings (95 %) were true positive or true negative; 2 were false positive; and none was a false negative. CT within 6 h of the onset of symptoms has a mean sensitivity of 82 % (36/44) for ischaemic cerebral hemisphere infarcts. By contrast, its sensitivity to ischaemic parenchymal low density is low during the initial 2 h. The early development of hemispheric infarcts can be detected reliably if the radiologist is familiar with the signs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Fistula ; arteriovenous ; Embolisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report our experience in using Guglielmi electrolytically detachable coils (GDC) alone or in combination with other materials in the treatment of intracranial or cervical high-flow fistulae. We treated 14 patients with arteriovenous fistulae on brain-supplying vessels – three involving the external carotid or the vertebral artery, five the cavernous sinus and six the dural sinuses – by endovascular occlusion using electrolytically detachable platinum coils. The fistula was caused by trauma in six cases. In one case Ehlers-Danlos syndrome was the underlying disease, and in the remaining seven cases no aetiology could be found. Fistulae of the external carotid and vertebral arteries and caroticocavernous fistulae were reached via the transarterial route, while in all dural fistulae a combined transarterial-transvenous approach was chosen. All fistulae were treated using electrolytically detachable coils. While small fistulae could be occluded with electrolytically detachable coils alone, large fistulae were treated by using coils to build a stable basket for other types of coil or balloons. In 11 of the 14 patients, endovascular treatment resulted in complete occlusion of the fistula; in the remaining three occlusion was subtotal. Symptoms and signs were completely abolished by this treatment in 12 patients and reduced in 2. On clinical and neuroradiological follow-up (mean 16 months) no reappearance of symptoms was recorded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter CTA ; Basilarisverschluß ; Basilaristhrombose ; Key words Basilar artery ; Occlusion ; Thrombosis ; Diagnosis ; Spiral CT angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background and purpose: Without recanalisation, acute basilar artery (BA) occlusion has a mortality of 90 %, which is reduced to 50 % if recanalisation is achieved. Fast diagnosis of BA occlusion is necessary in order to start thrombolytic therapy without delay. We wanted to assess the role of CT angiography (CTA) in the diagnostic evaluation of suspected acute BA occlusion. Materials and methods: Ten patients with clinically suspected BA occlusion were examined with conventional CT and spiral CT angiography. Spiral scanning extended from the foramen magnum to the tip of the basilar artery. For CTA, 130 ml of nonionic contrast media were injected into an antecubital vein. In four patients, transfemoral digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was additionally performed. All but one patient had a follow-up CT examination the next day. Results: CTA demonstrated BA occlusion in six patients and a partially thrombosed megadolichobasilar artery in one patient. In four of the six patients with CT angiographically diagnosed BA occlusion, an additional DSA was performed, which confirmed the CTA findings. In three patients the BA showed normal intravasal contrast, and follow-up CT did not show infarctions in the vertebrobasilar territory. Conclusion: Although the number of cases is still small, CTA seems to be a promising method for the rapid diagnosis of BA occlusion. It may become a valuable tool for therapy decisions in acute BA occlusions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Letalität nicht rekanalisierter akuter Basilarisverschlüsse liegt bei 90 %. Erfolgt eine Rekanalisation, sinkt die Mortalität auf etwa 50 %. Eine schnelle Diagnostik eines Basilarisverschlusses ist erforderlich, um gegebenenfalls eine thrombolytische Therapie zu beginnen. Wir berichten über erste Erfahrungen mit der CT-Angiographie (CTA) in der Diagnose akuter Basilarisverschlüsse. Bei 10 Patienten mit klinisch begründetem Verdacht auf einen Basilarisverschluß wurde eine CTA des hinteren Hirnkreislaufs durchgeführt, die bei 6 Patienten einen Verschluß der A. basilaris und bei einem Patienten eine teilthrombosierte Megadolicho-Basilaris zeigte. Bei 4 der 6 Patienten mit CT-angiographisch nachgewiesenem Basilarisverschluß wurde eine DSA durchgeführt, die die Diagnose bestätigte. Bei 3 Patienten, bei denen sich die gesamte A. basilaris in der CTA regelrecht kontrastierte, zeigte das Kontroll-CT keine Infarkte. Wenngleich unsere Fallzahlen noch gering sind, scheint die CTA ein vielversprechendes, schnelles Verfahren zur Diagnostik akuter Basilarisverschlüsse zu sein und könnte ein wichtiges Hilfsmittel bei Therapieentscheidungen werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Radiologe 37 (1997), S. 853-858 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Key words Computed tomography • CT angiography • Cerebral ischemia • Cerebral infarction • Brain edema ; Schlüsselwörter Computertomographie • CT-Angiographie • Zerebrale Ischämie • Hirninfarkt • Hirnödem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Computertomographie (CT) ist der erste Schritt in der radiologischen Diagnostik zerebraler Notfälle. Es soll hier näher untersucht werden, welche pathophysiologischen Veränderungen die CT erfaßt und welchen Beitrag sie zur Prognose und zu Therapieentscheidungen bei akuter zerebraler Ischämie leistet. Wir besprechen hierfür die Ergebnisse jüngster Untersuchungen zur CT Diagnostik bei akuter zerebraler Ischämie. Da das ischämische Hirnödem mit einer verminderten Röntgenabsorption einhergeht, ist die CT ein hochsensitives Verfahren, irreversibel geschädigtes Hirnparenchym darzustellen. Patienten, bei denen das Volumen des Hirnödems ein Drittel des Territoriums der A. cerebri media überschreitet, profitieren nicht von der Thrombolyse und haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für Hirnblutungen. Mit der CT-Angiographie kann zusätzlich das von Ischämie bedrohte Territorium dargestellt werden. Die Kombination von CT und CT-Angiographie stellt einen pragmatischen Ansatz dar, sehr schnell bei zerebraler Ischämie die richtigen therapeutischen Entscheidungen zu treffen.
    Notes: Summary Computed tomography (CT) is the first step in the radiological diagnostics of brain emergencies. We intend to study which pathophysiological changes are detected by CT and how CT contributes to prognosis and patient management in acute cerebral ischemia. We review recent publications about the role of CT in acute cerebral ischemia. Ischemic brain edema is associated with a decreased X-ray attenuation. Computed tomography is thus highly sensitive in detecting irreversibly damaged ischemic brain tissue. Patients showing large volumes of ischemic edema, exceeding one third of the middle cerebral artery territory, do not benefit from thrombolysis and have an increased risk of brain hemorrhage. The brain territory at risk from ischemia can be detected by CT angiography. To combine CT with CT angiography is a pragmatic approach which enables carefully directed treatment in acute cerebral ischemia.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2015-04-28
    Description: Background and Purpose— Randomized trials have indicated a benefit for endovascular therapy in appropriately selected stroke patients at 3 months, but data regarding outcomes at 12 months are currently lacking. Methods— We compared functional and quality-of-life outcomes at 12 months overall and by stroke severity in stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator followed by endovascular treatment as compared with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator alone in the Interventional Management of Stroke III Trial. The key outcome measures were a modified Rankin Scale score ≤2 (functional independence) and the Euro-QoL EQ-5D, a health-related quality-of-life measure. Results— 656 subjects with moderate-to-severe stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale ≥8) were enrolled at 58 centers in the United States (41 sites), Canada (7), Australia (4), and Europe (6). There was an interaction between treatment group and stroke severity in the repeated measures analysis of modified Rankin Scale ≤2 outcome ( P =0.039). In the 204 participants with severe stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale ≥20), a greater proportion of the endovascular group had a modified Rankin Scale ≤2 (32.5%) at 12 months as compared with the intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator group (18.6%, P =0.037); no difference was seen for the 452 participants with moderately severe strokes (55.6% versus 57.7%). In participants with severe stroke, the endovascular group had 35.2 (95% confidence interval: 2.1, 73.3) more quality-adjusted-days over 12 months as compared with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator alone. Conclusions— Endovascular therapy improves functional outcome and health-related quality-of-life at 12 months after severe ischemic stroke. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00359424.
    Keywords: Acute Cerebral Infarction, Emergency treatment of Stroke, Angiography, Thrombolysis
    Print ISSN: 0039-2499
    Electronic ISSN: 1524-4628
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2015-09-29
    Keywords: Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage, Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Thrombolysis, Other Stroke Treatment - Surgical
    Print ISSN: 0039-2499
    Electronic ISSN: 1524-4628
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2016-08-23
    Description: Background and Purpose— We performed a meta-analysis to assess whether leukoaraiosis on brain computed tomographic scans of acute ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis is associated with an increased risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) or poor functional outcome at 3 to 6 months after stroke, or both. Methods— We searched PubMed and pooled relevant data in meta-analyses using random effects models. Using odds ratios (OR), we quantified the strength of association between the presence and severity of leukoaraiosis and post-thrombolysis sICH or 3- to 6-month modified Rankin Score 〉2. Results— Eleven eligible studies (n=7194) were pooled in meta-analysis. The risk of sICH was higher in patients with leukoaraiosis (OR, 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–2.06; P =0.002) and severe leukoaraiosis (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.92–3.34; P 〈0.0001) compared with patients without leukoaraiosis. Leukoaraiosis was an independent predictor of sICH in 6 included studies (n=4976; adjusted OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.35–2.27; P 〈0.0001). OR for leukoaraiosis and poor 3- to 6-month outcome was 2.02 (95% CI, 1.54–2.65; P 〈0.0001), with significant statistical heterogeneity ( I 2 , 75.7%; P =0.002). In adjusted analyses, leukoaraiosis was an independent predictor of poor outcome (n=3688; adjusted OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.44–1.79; P 〈0.0001). In post hoc analyses, including only leukoaraiosis patients in randomized controlled trials (IST-3 [third International Stroke Trial], NINDS [National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke], ECASS-1–2 [European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study]; n=2234), tissue-type plasminogen activator versus control was associated with higher sICH risk (OR, 5.50; 95% CI, 2.49–12.13), but lower poor outcome risk (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.60–0.95). Conclusions— Leukoaraiosis might increase post-intravenous thrombolysis sICH risk and poor outcome poststroke. Despite increased sICH risk, intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator treatment has net clinical benefit in patients with leukoaraiosis. Given the risk of bias/confounding, these results should be considered hypothesis-generating and do not justify withholding intravenous thrombolysis.
    Keywords: Cerebrovascular Disease/Stroke, Intracranial Hemorrhage, Ischemic Stroke
    Print ISSN: 0039-2499
    Electronic ISSN: 1524-4628
    Topics: Medicine
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