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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (362 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783527841783
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Measurement Systems and Parameters for CO2 Photo/Electro‐Conversion -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Measurement Systems for CO2 Photo/Electro‐Conversion -- 1.2.1 The Measurement Systems of Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 1.2.1.1 CO2 Reduction System Under Liquid‐Phase Reaction System -- 1.2.1.2 CO2 Reduction System in Gas‐Phase Reaction System -- 1.2.1.3 Detection of CO2 Reduction Products -- 1.2.2 The Measurement Systems of Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 1.2.2.1 Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction Reaction Test in H‐Cell -- 1.2.2.2 Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction Reaction Test in Flow Cell -- 1.2.2.3 Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction Reaction Test in MEA -- 1.2.3 The Measurement Systems of Photo‐Electro‐Catalytic CO2 Reduction -- 1.2.3.1 Basic Device for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Experiment -- 1.2.3.2 Other Devices for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 1.2.3.3 Detection of CO2 Reduction Reaction Products -- 1.3 The Parameters for CO2 Photo‐Conversion -- 1.3.1 The Parameters of Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 1.3.1.1 Evaluation Parameters of Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Activity -- 1.3.1.2 Evaluation Parameters of Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Selectivity -- 1.3.1.3 Evaluation Parameters of Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Stability -- 1.3.2 The Parameters of Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 1.3.3 The Parameters of Photo‐Electro‐Catalytic CO2 Reduction -- 1.3.3.1 Overpotential -- 1.3.3.2 Total Photocurrent Density (jph) and Partial Photocurrent Density (jA) -- 1.3.3.3 Faraday Efficiency (FE) -- 1.3.3.4 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency -- 1.3.3.5 Apparent Quantum Yield (AQY) -- 1.3.3.6 Electrochemical Active Area (ECSA) -- 1.3.3.7 Electrochemical Impedance (EIS) -- 1.3.3.8 Tafel Slope (Tafel) -- 1.3.3.9 Photocatalytic Stability -- References. , Chapter 2 CO2 Photo/Electro‐Conversion Mechanism -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 CO2 Photo‐Conversion Mechanism -- 2.3 CO2 Electro‐Conversion Mechanism -- 2.3.1 Thermodynamics of CO2 Reduction -- 2.3.2 Pathways of Electrochemical CO2 Reduction -- 2.3.2.1 Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to CO -- 2.3.2.2 Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to Formate -- 2.3.2.3 Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to Products Beyond CO -- 2.4 Summary and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 3 Cu‐Based Metal Materials for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Cu‐Based Metal Materials for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.1 Cu Materials for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.2 Cu‐Based Bimetal Materials for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 3.2.2.1 Cu-Au -- 3.2.2.2 Cu-Ag -- 3.2.2.3 Cu-Pd -- 3.2.2.4 Cu-Sn -- 3.2.2.5 Cu-Bi -- 3.2.2.6 Cu-In -- 3.2.2.7 Cu-Al -- 3.2.2.8 Cu-Zn -- 3.2.3 Cu‐Based Trimetallic Materials for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 3.3 Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4 Cu‐Free Metal Materials for Electrocatalytic CO2 Conversion -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 CO‐Producing Metals -- 4.2.1 Au‐Based Electrocatalysts -- 4.2.2 Ag‐Based Electrocatalysts -- 4.2.3 Pd‐Based Electrocatalysts -- 4.2.4 Zn‐Based Electrocatalysts -- 4.3 HCOOH‐Producing Metals -- 4.3.1 Sn‐Based Electrocatalysts -- 4.3.2 Bi‐Based Electrocatalysts -- 4.3.3 In‐Based Electrocatalysts -- References -- Chapter 5 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials for CO2 Photo/Electro‐Conversion -- 5.1 Hybrid Materials for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Reaction (CO2RR) -- 5.1.1 Photocatalytic CO2RR on p‐type Semiconductor/Molecule Catalysts -- 5.1.2 Photocatalytic CO2RR on Carbon Nitride (C3N4)‐supported Molecular Catalysts -- 5.1.3 Photocatalytic CO2RR on Polyoxometalates (POMs)‐based Catalysts -- 5.2 Hybrid Materials for Electrochemical CO2RR. , 5.2.1 Electrochemical CO2RR on Carbon‐supported Molecular Catalysts -- 5.2.2 Electrochemical CO2RR on TiO2‐based Hybrid Materials -- 5.3 Hybrid Materials for Photoelectrochemical (PEC) CO2RR -- 5.4 Challenge and Opportunity -- References -- Chapter 6 Metal-Organic Framework Materials for CO2 Photo‐/Electro‐Conversion -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Photocatalysis -- 6.2.1 MOFs with Photoactive Organic Ligands -- 6.2.2 MOFs with Photoactive Metal Nodes -- 6.2.3 MOF‐Based Hybrid System -- 6.3 Electrocatalysis -- 6.3.1 MOFs with Active Sites at Organic Ligands -- 6.3.2 MOFs with Active Sites at Metal Nodes -- 6.3.3 MOF‐Based Hybrid System -- 6.4 Photoelectrocatalysis -- 6.5 Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 7 Covalent Organic Frameworks for CO2 Photo/Electro‐Conversion -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 COFs for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 7.2.1 Imine‐Linked COFs -- 7.2.2 Ketoenamine COFs -- 7.2.3 Carbon-Carbon Double Bond‐Linked COFs -- 7.2.4 Dioxin‐Linked COFs -- 7.2.5 Azine‐Linked and Hydrazone‐Linked COFs -- 7.3 COFs for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 7.3.1 Porphyrin‐Based COFs -- 7.3.2 Phthalocyanine‐Based COFs -- 7.3.3 Other COFs -- 7.4 Challenges and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 8 Single/Dual‐Atom Catalysts for CO2 Photo/Electro‐Conversion -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Synthetic Methods of Single/Dual‐Atom Catalysts -- 8.2.1 Single‐Atom Photocatalysts -- 8.2.2 Dual‐Atom Photocatalysts -- 8.2.3 Single‐Atom Electro‐Catalysts -- 8.2.4 Dual‐Atom Electro‐Catalysts -- 8.3 CO2 Photo‐Conversion -- 8.4 CO2 Electro‐Conversion -- 8.5 Summary and Perspective -- References -- Chapter 9 Homogeneous Catalytic CO2 Photo/Electro‐Conversion -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Homogeneous Catalytic CO2 Electro‐Conversion -- 9.2.1 The Structure Homogeneous Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction System. , 9.2.2 Products in Homogeneous Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 9.2.3 Characterizing the Performance of Molecular Electrocatalysts -- 9.2.3.1 Selectivity -- 9.2.3.2 Activity -- 9.2.3.3 Overpotential (η) -- 9.2.3.4 Stability -- 9.2.4 Catalysts for Homogeneous Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 9.3 Homogeneous Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 9.3.1 Mechanism of Homogeneous Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 9.3.2 Characterizing the Performance of Photocatalysis -- 9.3.3 Photosensitizers Used in Homogeneous Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 9.3.4 Sacrificial Electron Donors in Homogeneous Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 9.3.5 Catalysts Used in Homogeneous Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 9.4 Summary and Perspective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 High‐Entropy Alloys for CO2 Photo/Electro‐Conversion -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Reaction Pathways and Evaluation Parameters of Electrochemical CO2RR -- 10.2.1 Reaction Pathways of CO2RR -- 10.2.2 Evaluation Parameters of Electrochemical CO2RR -- 10.2.2.1 Faraday Efficiency -- 10.2.2.2 Current Density -- 10.2.2.3 Turnover Number (TON) -- 10.2.2.4 Turnover Frequency (TOF) -- 10.2.2.5 Overpotential -- 10.3 Characteristics and Synthesis of HEAs -- 10.3.1 Characteristics of HEAs -- 10.3.1.1 The Cocktail Effect -- 10.3.1.2 The Sluggish Diffusion Effect -- 10.3.1.3 The High‐entropy Effect -- 10.3.1.4 The Lattice Distortion Effect -- 10.3.1.5 The Phase Structure -- 10.3.2 Synthesis of HEAs -- 10.3.2.1 Top‐Down Method -- 10.3.2.2 Down-Top Method -- 10.4 High‐Entropy Alloys for CO2RR -- 10.5 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 11 Semiconductor Composite Materials for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 TiO2‐Based Composite Photocatalysts -- 11.2.1 Mixed‐Phase TiO2 Composites -- 11.2.2 Metal‐Modified TiO2 -- 11.2.3 Nonmetallic‐Modified TiO2. , 11.2.4 Organic Photosensitizer‐Modified TiO2 -- 11.2.5 Composited TiO2 Catalyst -- 11.3 Metal Oxides/Hydroxides‐Based Composite Photocatalysts -- 11.3.1 Binary Metal Oxide -- 11.3.2 Ternary Metal Oxide -- 11.3.3 Oxide Perovskite -- 11.3.4 Transition Metal Hydroxide -- 11.3.5 Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) -- 11.4 Metal Chalcogenides/Nitrides‐Based Composite Photocatalysts -- 11.4.1 Metal Chalcogenides‐Based Composite Photocatalysts -- 11.4.2 Metal Nitrides‐Based Composite Photocatalysts -- 11.5 C3N4‐Based Composite Photocatalysts -- 11.5.1 Change the Morphology and Structure -- 11.5.2 Doped Elements and Other Structural Units -- 11.5.3 Influence of Cocatalyst -- 11.5.4 Constructing Heterojunction -- 11.6 MOFs‐Derived Composite Photocatalysts -- 11.6.1 Tunable Frame Structure -- 11.6.2 High Specific Surface Area Enhances CO2 Adsorption -- 11.6.3 MOFs‐Derived Composite Photocatalysts -- 11.7 Nonmetal‐Based Composite Photocatalysts -- 11.7.1 Graphene Oxide‐Based Composite Photocatalysts -- 11.7.2 SiC‐Based Composite Photocatalysts -- 11.7.3 BN‐Based Composite Photocatalysts -- 11.7.4 Black Phosphorus‐Based Composite Photocatalysts -- 11.7.5 COFs‐Based Composite Photocatalysts -- 11.7.6 CMPs‐Based Composite Photocatalysts -- 11.8 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 12 Carbon‐Based Materials for CO2 Photo/Electro‐Conversion -- 12.1 Advances of Carbon‐Based Materials -- 12.1.1 Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon -- 12.1.2 Metal‐Based Carbon Composites -- 12.1.3 Carbon-Carbon Composites -- 12.1.4 Pore Construction -- 12.2 Background of CO2 Conversion -- 12.3 EC CO2 Conversion -- 12.3.1 Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon in EC CO2 Conversion -- 12.3.2 Metal‐Modified Carbon Materials in EC CO2 Conversion -- 12.3.3 Carbon-Carbon Composites in EC CO2 Conversion -- 12.3.4 Pore Engineering in EC CO2 Conversion -- 12.4 PC CO2 Reduction. , 12.4.1 Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon in PC CO2 Conversion.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 93 (1990), S. 1021-1029 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: "Resonant model,'' a new model of positronium (Ps) formation is proposed. The first stage of Ps formation is the inelastic collisions of e+ through formation of an intermediate state (M*.e+) by resonant energy absorption and e+ attachment. The second stage of Ps formation involves thermalized e+ and loosely bound electrons (excess electrons, excited molecules, and certain anions) through resonant electron transfer. Experimental results are reviewed from the viewpoint of the new model comparing it with the older models, the Ore model and the spur model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Radiation Applications & Instrumentation. Part C, 28 (1986), S. 59-64 
    ISSN: 1359-0197
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Radiation Applications & Instrumentation. Part C, 28 (1986), S. 65-68 
    ISSN: 1359-0197
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Radiation Applications & Instrumentation. Part C, 28 (1986), S. 55-57 
    ISSN: 1359-0197
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 34 (1996), S. 1657-1661 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: butyl acrylate ; microemulsion polymerization ; polymerization kinetics ; nucleation mechanisms ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Butyl acrylate was initiated with KPS or BPO to polymerize at high monomer concentration in the microemulsions with SBOA (sodium 12-butinoyloxy-9-octadecenate) as emulsifier. The microemulsion remained clear or reddish. It was found that the constant polymerization period appeared in most microemulsions and the length of it varied with the concentration of monomer and the initiating rate. When microemulsions were initiated with KPS, the overall polymerization rate increased with the emulsifier concentration; while initiator was BPO, it showed the inverse tendency. It was attributed to the difference between the initiating mechanism of the two initiators. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: nucleation mechanism ; emulsion polymerization ; microemulsion polymerization ; irradiation polymerization ; styrene ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Emulsion and microemulsion polymerization of styrene were initiated with a gamma ray to study the effect of dose rate on polymerization. In both systems, there is an apparent plateau of polymerization rate in the curve of reaction rate vs. conversion. It was shown that emulsion polymerization conformed to the Smith-Ewart theory very well. Changing the dose rate in interval 2 had no great influence on polymerization rate, but it changed the average lifetime of radicals in polymer particles and affected the molecular weight of polymer produced. For microemulsion polymerization it was assumed that in the plateau it is the number of growing polymer particles being kept constant, not the number of polymer particles. When the dose rate was changed while the polymerization came into the constant period, the polymerization rate and the molecular weight of the polymer varied with the dose rate. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 257-262, 1998
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 198 (1997), S. 1865-1872 
    ISSN: 1022-1352
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of the curing rate on the phase structure of a new polyetherimide-modified epoxy systems was studied. Through changing cure agents and cure temperature, selecting different molecular weights and end groups of the polyetherimide (PEI) polymers, the curing rates, the phase separation processes and the morphology of the cured blends were observed employing differential scanning calorimetry, time-resolved light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. The highly active cure agent 4,4′-oxydianiline leads to phase separation in the early stage of spinodal decomposition and to a co-continuous phase structure. As to the 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone cured systems, not only the curing rate, but the mobility of the PEI molecule also affected the final morphology of the PEI-modified epoxy resin.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 62 (1996), S. 1179-1183 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Radiation polymerization of butyl acrylate was carried out in a microemulsion stabilized with sodium 12-butinoyloxy-9-octadecenate (SBOA). The stable and reddish latex with high polymer content and low emulsifier content was successfully produced in this way. It was found that, for most cases, the polymerization rate shows three intervals: the increasing period, the plateau period, and the decreasing period. The length of the nucleation period becomes longer at a higher dose rate (D) and lower emulsifier content (E). The plateau region of polymerization rate is lengthened with the increase of monomer and emulsifier content and shortened with the increase of dose rate. It was shown that monomer content, emulsifier content, and dose rate have great effects on Rp (the polymerization rate in the plateau region, or the maximum polymerization rate during polymerization) and Mn (the molecular weight of the polymer). Rp ∞ [M0.93D1.27[E]-1.07; Mn ∞ [M]0.65D0.28[E]-1.66. The polymerization mechanism is discussed based on these results. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2015-08-09
    Description: Background: Guangzhou is the economic center of South China, which is currently suffering an insidious re-emergence of syphilis. Syphilis epidemic in this area is a matter of serious concern, because of the special economic position of Guangzhou and its large migrant population. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of surveillance data is needed to provide further information for developing targeted control programs.MethodCase-based surveillance data obtained from a real-time, web-based system were analyzed. A hierarchical clustering method was applied to classify the 12 districts of Guangzhou into several epidemiological regions. The district-level annual incidence and clustering results were displayed on the same map to show the spatial patterns of syphilis in Guangzhou. Results: A total of 60,178 syphilis cases were reported during the period from 2005 to 2013, among which primary/secondary syphilis accounted for 15,864 cases (26.36 %), latent syphilis for 41,078 cases (68.26 %) and congenital syphilis for 2,090 cases (3.47 %). Moreover, primary/secondary syphilis burden slightly decreased from 17.5-18.0 cases per 100,000 people in the first years to 10.6 cases per 100,000 in 2013, with latent syphilis largely increasing from 18.5 cases per 100,000 to 43.4 cases per 100,000. Districts of Guangzhou could be classified into 3 epidemiological regions according to the syphilis burden over the last 3 years of the study period. Conclusions: The burden of primary/secondary syphilis appears to be decreasing in recent years, whereas that of latent syphilis is increasing. Given the epidemiological features and the annual changes found in this study, it is suggested that future control programs should be more population-specific and spatially targeted.
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-2334
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by BioMed Central
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