Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Part I Energetics and Dynamics of the Upper Atmosphere -- Chapter 1 Joule Heating in the Thermosphere -- 1.1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.2. PHYSICS OF JOULE HEATING -- 1.3. WIND EFFECTS ON JOULE HEATING -- 1.4. Effects of Irregularities and Electric‐Field Variability -- 1.5. CONDUCTIVITY RELATION TO ELECTRIC FIELD -- 1.6. POYNTING FLUX -- 1.7. OBSERVATIONS AND MODELING OF JOULE HEATING AND POYNTING FLUX -- 1.8. ESTIMATING JOULE HEATING THROUGH DATA ASSIMILATION -- 1.9. DYNAMICAL EFFECTS OF JOULE HEATING -- 1.10. JOULE HEATING EFFECTS ON COMPOSITION, TEMPERATURE, AND DENSITY -- 1.11. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 Momentum and Energy Budgets in the High-Latitude Lower Thermospheric Wind System -- 2.1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.2. MOMENTUM FORCES ACTING ON THE HIGH‐LATITUDE LOWER THERMOSPHERIC WIND SYSTEM -- 2.3. VERTICAL VORTICITY AND HORIZONTAL DIVERGENCE OF HIGH‐LATITUDE LOWER THERMOSPHERIC WINDS -- 2.4. RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF MOMENTUM FORCING AND HEATING TO HIGH‐LATITUDE LOWER THERMOSPHERIC ROTATIONAL WINDS -- 2.5. STEADY-STATE AVAILABLE ENERGY BUDGET IN THE HIGH-LATITUDE LOWER THERMOSPHERE -- 2.6. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 Upper Thermospheric Winds: Forcing, Variability, and Effects -- 3.1. INTRODUCTION -- 3.2. MOMENTUM FORCING IN THE UPPER THERMOSPHERE -- 3.3. VARIATIONS OF UPPER THERMOSPHERE WINDS -- 3.4. LOWER ATMOSPHERIC WAVE COUPLING -- 3.5. EFFECTS OF WINDS ON THE IONOSPHERE-THERMOSPHERE SYSTEM -- 3.6. WIND OBSERVATIONS -- 3.7. SUMMARY AND FUTURE WORK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 Influence of Nonhydrostatic Processes on the Ionosphere-Thermosphere -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. GLOBAL IONOSPHERE-THERMOSPHERE MODEL (GITM) AND NONHYDROSTATIC PROCESSES -- 4.3. INFLUENCE ON THE VERTICAL WINDS. , 4.4. INFLUENCE ON THE ACOUSTIC-GRAVITY WAVES -- 4.5. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 The Middle- and Low-Latitude Neutral Wind Dynamo -- 5.1. INTRODUCTION -- 5.2. IONOSPHERIC ELECTRODYNAMICS -- 5.3. CONDUCTIVITIES -- 5.4. THERMOSPHERIC WINDS -- 5.5. WIND DYNAMO -- 5.6. FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part II Upper Atmospheric Composition -- Chapter 6 Neutral Composition in the Upper Atmosphere -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION -- 6.2. THE HOMOPAUSE -- 6.3. THE VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF THERMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION -- 6.4. MOLECULAR AND ATOMIC OXYGEN -- 6.5. THE REASONS THAT THERMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION CHANGES: A THREE‐DIMENSIONAL UNDERSTANDING -- 6.6. HYDROGEN AND WHAT IT TELLS US -- 6.7. GEOMAGNETIC STORMS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 Storm-Time Neutral Composition Changes in the Upper Atmosphere -- 7.1. INTRODUCTION -- 7.2. OBSERVATIONS OF THERMOSPHERE IN FUV -- 7.3. ESTIMATION OF THE EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE IN THE LOWER THERMOSPHERE -- 7.4. THERMOSPHERIC NITRIC OXIDE VARIATIONS -- 7.5. THERMOSPHERIC N 149.3 NM EMISSION -- 7.6. DISCUSSION -- 7.7. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Chapter 8 Neutral Hydrogen in the Terrestrial Thermosphere and Exosphere: A Ground-Based Perspective -- 8.1. INTRODUCTION -- 8.2. THE HOMOSPHERE AND HETEROSPHERE -- 8.3. AN ATMOSPHERE IN HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM -- 8.4. THE EXOSPHERE -- 8.5. GETTING AT THE ATOMIC HYDROGEN ALTITUDE PROFILE [H](z ) -- 8.6. GEOCORONAL BALMER -- 8.7. FABRY-PEROT OBSERVATIONS -- 8.8. MODERN AREAS OF SCIENTIFIC FOCUS -- 8.9. NEW HORIZONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part III Low and Upper Atmosphere Coupling Through Waves -- Chapter 9 Atmosphere-Ionosphere (A-I) Coupling by Solar and Lunar Tides -- 9.1. INTRODUCTION -- 9.2. STRATOSPHERE SUDDEN WARMINGS (SSW) AND A-I COUPLING BY ATMOSPHERIC TIDES. , 9.3. TIDE, PW, AND UFKW INTERACTIONS WITHIN A-I COUPLING -- 9.4. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND OPEN QUESTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 Planetary Waves and Their Impact on the Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Ionosphere -- 10.1. INTRODUCTION -- 10.2. INTRODUCTION TO PLANETARY WAVES AND THEIR OBSERVATIONS IN THE MLT -- 10.3. IMPACTS ON THE THERMOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE -- 10.4. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 Longitudinal Variation in the Mass Density of the Thermosphere: A GAIA Simulation -- 11.1. INTRODUCTION -- 11.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION -- 11.3. RESULTS -- 11.4. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part IV Upper Atmosphere Structure and Variability -- Chapter 12 Equatorial Thermosphere Anomaly -- 12.1. INTRODUCTION -- 12.2. MECHANISMS FOR THE ETA FORMATION -- 12.3. TIDAL MODULATION OF THE ETA AND THE EIA -- 12.4. GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY MODULATION OF THE COUPLING BETWEEN THE ETA AND THE EIA -- 12.5. SOLAR ACTIVITY DEPENDENCE OF THE ETA AND THE EIA -- 12.6. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13 Structured Storm-Time Polar Ionosphere and Its Drivers: A Review -- 13.1. INTRODUCTION -- 13.2. SUBAURORAL LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURES AND THEIR DRIVING PROCESSES -- 13.3. LARGE-SCALE AND MESOSCALE PLASMA DENSITY ENHANCEMENTS IN THE HIGH-LATITUDE IONOSPHERE -- 13.4. POLAR IONOSPHERIC IRREGULARITIES -- 13.5. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14 Solar Flare Effects on the Thermosphere and Ionosphere -- 14.1. INTRODUCTION -- 14.2. MODELS AND DATA -- 14.3. FLARE RESPONSE IN THE THERMOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE -- 14.4. FLARE CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE FLARE RESPONSE -- 14.5. SOLAR FLARES AND THEIR EUV LATE PHASE -- 14.6. LARGE-SCALE TAD OCCURRENCES DURING SOLAR FLARES AND GEOMAGNETIC STORMS -- 14.7. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. , REFERENCES -- Chapter 15 Day-to-Day Variability of the Thermosphere and Ionosphere -- 15.1. INTRODUCTION -- 15.2. DAY-TO-DAY VARIABILITY DUE TO SOLAR RADIATION -- 15.3. DAY-TO-DAY VARIABILITY DUE TO SOLAR WIND AND GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY -- 15.4. DAY-TO-DAY VARIABILITY DUE TO METEOROLOGICAL FORCING -- 15.5. OPEN QUESTIONS AND PERSPECTIVES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16 Response of the Ionosphere to Varying Solar Fluxes -- 16.1. INTRODUCTION -- 16.2. SOLAR PROXIES -- 16.3. CHARACTERISTICS -- 16.4. THE IONOSPHERE UNDER EXTREME SOLAR CONDITIONS -- 16.5. THE IONOSPHERE AND THERMOSPHERE DURING SOLAR FLARES -- 16.6. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 17 Long-Term Trends in the Upper Atmosphere -- 17.1. INTRODUCTION -- 17.2. VARIOUS PROBLEMS OF TREND INVESTIGATIONS -- 17.3. MESOSPHERE AND LOWER THERMOSPHERE -- 17.4. UPPER THERMOSPHERE AND F REGION IONOSPHERE -- 17.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part V Upper Atmosphere Data Assimilation -- Chapter 18 Inference of Hidden States by Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere Data Assimilation: Applications to Observability and Predictability of Neutral Mass Density -- 18.1. INTRODUCTION -- 18.2. BACKGROUND -- 18.3. ENSEMBLE DATA ASSIMILATION AND FORECAST APPROACHES -- 18.4. OBSERVING SYSTEM EXPERIMENT (OSE) -- 18.5. OBSERVING SYSTEM SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS (OSSES) -- 18.6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part VI Upper Atmosphere Observations -- Chapter 19 The Ground-Based Airglow Imager Network in China: Recent Observational Results -- 19.1. THE GROUND-BASED AIRGLOW NETWORK ACROSS CHINA -- 19.2. GRAVITY WAVES IN THE MESOPAUSE REGION OVER CHINA -- 19.3. STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MSTIDS OVER NORTHERN CHINA -- 19.4. OBSERVATIONS OF EQUATORIAL PLASMA BUBBLES IN SOUTHERN CHINA. , 19.5. THERMOSPHERIC OSCILLATIONS OBSERVED USING FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETERS -- 19.6. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 20 MLT Science Enabled by Atmospheric Lidars -- 20.1. INTRODUCTION -- 20.2. LIDAR MEASUREMENTS IN THE MESOSPHERE AND LOWER THERMOSPHERE -- 20.3. CLIMATOLOGY AND LONG-TERM CHANGE IN THE MLT -- 20.4. LIDAR MEASURED MLT TIDES AND TEMPERATURE/WIND ANOMALIES ASSOCIATED WITH SSW AND GEOMAGNETIC STORMS -- 20.5. GRAVITY WAVE DYNAMICS, FLUXES, AND ATMOSPHERIC STABILITIES -- 20.6. SYNERGISTIC INVESTIGATIONS WITH CLUSTERED INSTRUMENTATION -- 20.7. SPORADIC AND THERMOSPHERIC METAL LAYERS -- 20.8. PROSPECTS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 21 Remote Sensing of Magnetic Fields Induced by Electrojets From Space: Measurement Techniques and Sensor Design -- 21.1. INTRODUCTION -- 21.2. ZEEMAN SENSING OF CURRENT-INDUCED MAGNETIC FIELDS -- 21.3. MEM: A CONCEPTUAL MULTI-ELEMENTS FULL STOKES O2 118-GHZ RECEIVER SYSTEM -- 21.4. OPTIMIZED MEM -FIELD SENSING TECHNIQUE -- 21.5. A CUBESAT MISSION EXAMPLE: STUDY OF FEEDING AND DRAINAGE OF AURORAL ELECTROJET -- 21.6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 22 Remote Sensing of Global Lower Thermospheric Winds: Sensing Techniques and Sensor Design -- 22.1. INTRODUCTION -- 22.2. LIMB SOUNDING OF THERMOSPHERIC WIND PROFILES FROM SPACE -- 22.3. COMPACT, LOW-POWER, AND HIGH-SENSITIVITY THZ HETERODYNE TECHNOLOGY -- 22.4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 23 Exploring the Upper Atmosphere: Using Optical Remote Sensing -- 23.1. INTRODUCTION -- 23.2. ADDRESSING CHALLENGES -- 23.3. OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING -- 23.4. SUMMARY OF PROCESSES AND SIGNATURES -- 23.5. UV REMOTE SENSING -- 23.6. MISSION ARCHITECTURE -- 23.7. DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Index -- EULA.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 The Solar Wind -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Observations of the Nascent Solar Wind -- 1.2.1. Remote-Sensing Observations of Coronal Heating and the Solar Wind -- 1.2.2. Transient Coronal Outflows in the Nascent Solar Wind -- 1.3. Measurements of the Solar Wind in the Inner Heliosphere -- 1.3.1. Bulk Properties and Large-Scale Structures -- 1.3.2. Composition of the Solar Winds -- 1.3.3. Solar Wind Interaction Regions -- 1.3.4. Mesoscale Structures -- 1.3.5. Magnetic Reconnection in the Solar Wind -- 1.4. Waves and Turbulence -- 1.4.1. Spectra of Solar Wind Fluctuations at All Scales -- 1.4.2. Alfvén Waves in the Fast and Slow Winds -- 1.4.3. Solar Wind Fluctuations at Kinetic Scales -- 1.5. Kinetic Processes and Heating in the Solar Wind -- 1.5.1. Evolution of Anisotropies of the Solar Wind Distribution Function -- 1.5.2. Wave-Particle Interactions, Kinetic Instabilities, and Collisions -- 1.5.3. Suprathermal Particles -- 1.6. The Evolution of the Solar Wind from the Inner to Outer Heliosphere -- 1.7. Outstanding Questions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 The Heating of the Solar Corona -- 2.1. Historical Viewpoint on the Coronal Heating Problem -- 2.2. Observational Constraints on Chromospheric and Coronal Heating -- 2.2.1. Observations of Chromospheric Heating -- 2.2.2. Observations of Coronal Heating -- 2.3. Modeling of the Solar Atmosphere -- 2.3.1. Approach One: Local MHD Models -- 2.3.2. Approach Two: Field-Aligned Hydrodynamic Modeling -- 2.3.3. Approach Three: Global Models of the Solar Atmosphere -- 2.4. Future Prospects for Modeling and Observations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Solar Magnetism and Radiation -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. The Solar Magnetic Field. , 3.2.1. Measurement of Solar Magnetic Field -- 3.2.2. Cyclical Behavior of the Global Solar Field -- 3.2.3. Magnetic Helicity -- 3.3. Solar Magnetic Features with Radiative Signatures -- 3.3.1. Features of the Photosphere in Visible Light -- 3.3.2. Chromospheric Filaments -- 3.3.3. Coronal Loops -- 3.3.4. Coronal Holes and Solar Wind Structure -- 3.3.5. Flares and CMEs -- 3.4. The Sun as a Star: Solar Irradiance Variability -- 3.4.1. Irradiance Variability and Surface Magnetism -- 3.4.2. Models for Solar Irradiance -- 3.4.3. Uncertainties in Irradiance Reconstructions -- 3.4.4. Other Physical Mechanisms for Solar Irradiance Variability -- 3.4.5. Effects of Solar and Stellar Irradiance on Planet and Exoplanet Atmospheres -- 3.5. Calcium II K Observations -- 3.5.1. Calcium II K Spectroheliograms -- 3.5.2. Mount Wilson Calcium II K Spectroheliograms -- 3.5.3. Kodaikanal Calcium II K Spectroheliograms -- 3.5.4. The Meudon Archive -- 3.5.5. The Arcetri Archive -- 3.5.6. The Coimbra Archive -- 3.5.7. Other Ca K Line Image Archives -- 3.5.8. Calcium II K Sun-as-a-Star Measurements -- Acknowledgments -- Note -- References -- Chapter 4 Solar Energetic Particles -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. History -- 4.3. Solar Energetic Ion Variability in Shock-Accelerated Sep Events -- 4.3.1. Temporal Variations -- 4.3.2. Spectral Variations -- 4.3.3. Compositional Variations -- 4.3.4. Spatial Variability -- 4.4. 3He-Rich Sep Events -- 4.4.1. Source and Injection Properties -- 4.4.2. Properties of 3He-Rich SEP Event-Averaged Electron and Ion Spectra -- 4.4.3. Theoretical Models for 3He-Rich Events -- 4.5. Sep Electrons -- 4.5.1. Occurrence Frequency of Solar Energetic Electron Events -- 4.5.2. Association with Other Solar Phenomena -- 4.5.3. Solar Electron Injections -- 4.5.4. Electron Energy Spectra -- 4.5.5. Electron Pitch Angle Distributions. , 4.6. Understanding SEPs Via Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENAs) -- 4.6.1. Observation of Solar ENAs -- 4.6.2. Solar ENA Predictions -- 4.6.3. Future Solar ENA Observations -- 4.7. Theory of Sep Acceleration and Transport -- 4.7.1. Particle Acceleration Associated with Magnetic Reconnection -- 4.7.2. Stochastic Acceleration (SA) -- 4.7.3. Diffusive Shock Acceleration (DSA) -- 4.7.4. Propagation of Energetic Particles in the Solar Wind -- 4.8. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Solar Flares and Coronal Mass Ejections -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. History -- 5.2.1. Early History -- 5.2.2. The "Carrington Event" -- 5.2.3. Improved Observations Lead to the Modern Era -- 5.3. Observational Signatures and Detection Properties -- 5.3.1. Flares -- 5.3.2. Coronal Mass Ejections -- 5.4. Theoretical Interpretations and Key Problems -- 5.4.1. Magnetic Reconnection -- 5.4.2. Global Configuration and Topology -- 5.4.3. Energy Deposition in Flares -- 5.4.4. CME Mass and Energetics -- 5.5. Space Weather and Beyond -- 5.5.1. Space Weather -- 5.5.2. Exoplanet Impacts -- 5.5.3. Enabling Predictions Using Machine Learning -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Fine-Scale Features of the Sun's Atmosphere: Spicules and Jets -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Solar Spicules -- 6.2.1. Earlier Spicule Observations -- 6.2.2. Earlier Spicule Models -- 6.2.3. More Recent Spicule Observations -- 6.2.4. More Recent Spicule Models -- 6.3. Coronal Jets -- 6.3.1. Earlier Jet Studies: Observations -- 6.3.2. Earlier Jet Studies: Theories -- 6.3.3. Later Jet Studies: Observations -- 6.3.4. Later Jet Studies: Theories -- the Cause of Jets Revisited -- 6.3.5. The Magnetic Cause of Jets -- 6.3.6. AR Jets -- 6.3.7. Jet Numerical Models: Recent Progress -- 6.4. Jet-Like Phenomena on Differing Size Scales -- 6.4.1. Coronal Jets and Large-Scale Eruptions. , 6.4.2. Smaller-Scale Jets: Jetlets and Spicules(?) -- 6.5. Coronal Jets and Other Phenomena -- 6.5.1. Jets and Plumes -- 6.5.2. Jets and Macrospicules -- 6.5.3. Jets and Coronal Heating -- 6.6. The Future -- Acknowledgments -- Note -- References -- Chapter 7 Solar Interior -- 7.1 Solar Dynamo -- 7.1.1 Solar Dynamo Models: Overall Context -- 7.1.2 Small-Scale Turbulent Dynamos and Their Observational Signatures -- 7.1.3 Global Dynamo Models and Solar Cycle -- 7.1.4 Solar Cycle Observations to Be Modeled by a Cyclic Dynamo -- 7.1.5 Recent Models and Results -- 7.1.6 Outstanding Challenges to Be Explored -- 7.2 Helioseismology -- 7.2.1 Basic Principles -- 7.2.2 Observations -- 7.2.3 Inversions -- 7.2.4 Solar Cycle Variations -- 7.2.5 Rotation -- 7.2.6 Meridional Flow -- 7.3 Flux Emergence -- 7.3.1 Observations of Emerging Flux -- 7.3.2 Theory and Modeling of Flux Emergence -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- EULA.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Part I The Earth Magnetosphere -- Chapter 1 A Brief History of the Magnetosphere -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 BRITISH WORK IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY -- 1.3 SCANDINAVIAN WORK IN THE NINEETEENTH CENTURY -- 1.4 SCHISM -- 1.5 CHAPMAN-FERRARO: A CAVITY IN A STREAM OF CHARGED PARTICLES FROM THE SUN -- 1.6 ALFVÉN: THEORY OF STORMS AND THE ADVENT OF MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS -- 1.7 THE SPACE AGE BEGINS -- 1.8 DUNGEY: THE OPEN MAGNETOSPHERE -- 1.9 PARTICLE TRANSPORT IN THE OPEN MODEL -- 1.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 Large-Scale Structure and Dynamics of the Magnetosphere -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 THE SOLAR WIND INPUT -- 2.3 BOW SHOCK, MAGNETOSHEATH, AND FORESHOCK -- 2.4 MAGNETOPAUSE -- 2.5 CUSPS -- 2.6 MAGNETOTAIL -- 2.7 INNER MAGNETOSPHERE: RING CURRENT, RADIATION BELTS, AND PLASMASPHERE -- 2.8 THE RESPONSE OF THE MAGNETOSPHERE TO A DYNAMIC SOLAR WIND -- 2.9 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 The Equations of the Magnetosphere -- 3.1 THOUGHTS ON EQUATIONS -- 3.2 BASIC EQUATIONS -- 3.3 KINETIC THEORY -- 3.4 FLUID THEORY AND MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS -- 3.5 TEST PARTICLE MODELS -- 3.6 SUMMARY -- 3.7 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part II Fundamental Processes -- Chapter 4 Magnetic Reconnection in the Near-Earth Magnetotail -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 IN SITU OBSERVATIONS OF MAGNETIC RECONNECTION -- 4.3 SUBSTORM-ASSOCIATED MAGNETIC RECONNECTION -- 4.4 MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF MAGNETIC RECONNECTION IN THE MAGNETOTAIL -- 4.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 Turbulence and Complexity of Magnetospheric Plasmas -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 LESSONS LEARNED FROM STUDIES OF SOLAR WIND TURBULENCE -- 5.3 TURBULENCE AND COMPLEXITY IN KEY MAGNETOSPHERIC REGIONS -- 5.4 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK. , ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 Wave-Particle Interactions in the Earth's Magnetosphere -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 THE GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION AND PROPERTIES OF MAGNETOSPHERIC WAVES -- 6.3 QUASI-LINEAR MODELING OF RADIATION BELT VARIABILITY -- 6.4 NONLINEAR MODELING OF RADIATION BELT VARIABILITY -- 6.5 UNRESOLVED ISSUES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 Cross-Scale Energy Transport in Space Plasmas: Applications to the Magnetopause Boundary -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 MAGNETIC RECONNECTION AND KHI -- 7.3 FROM MHD SCALES TO KINETIC SCALES -- 7.4 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part III Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Coupling -- Chapter 8 Solar Wind Interaction with Earth´s Bow Shock -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF EARTH´S BOW SHOCK -- 8.3 CLUSTER OBSERVATIONS OF EARTH´S BOW SHOCK -- 8.4 PIC SIMULATION RESULTS OF EARTH´S BOW SHOCK -- 8.5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 The Magnetosheath -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE -- 9.3 WAVES AND TURBULENCE -- 9.4 TRANSIENT EVENTS -- 9.5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 Dayside Magnetopause Processes -- 10.1 THE MAGNETOPAUSE -- 10.2 PROCESSES THAT CREATE THE MAGNETOPAUSE -- 10.3 DAYSIDE TRANSFER PROCESSES -- 10.4 THE DOMINANT TRANSFER PROCESS: MAGNETIC RECONNECTION -- 10.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 The Polar Cusps of the Earth´s Magnetosphere -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 SPACECRAFT MISSIONS AND MODELING TOOLS -- 11.3 LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH´S POLAR CUSPS -- 11.4 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL NATURE OF CUSP STRUCTURES -- 11.5 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12 The Earth´s Low-Latitude Boundary Layer -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE LLBL. , 12.3 CANDIDATE FORMATION MECHANISMS OF THE LLBL -- 12.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE RESEARCH -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part IV Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling -- Chapter 13 Field-Aligned Currents in the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere -- 13.1 INTRODUCTION -- 13.2 HISTORICAL OBSERVATIONS OF FIELD-ALIGNED CURRENTS -- 13.3 DRIVERS OF FIELD-ALIGNED CURRENTS -- 13.4 DETERMINING FIELD-ALIGNED CURRENT DENSITY -- 13.5 CLIMATOLOGICAL FEATURES OF FACS -- 13.6 SCALE SIZES DEPENDENCE OF FIELD-ALIGNED CURRENTS -- 13.7 SUMMARY AND OPEN ISSUES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14 Ionospheric Ion Acceleration and Transport -- 14.1 INTRODUCTION -- 14.2 IONOSPHERIC ION UPFLOWS -- 14.3 ION ACCELERATION PROCESSES -- 14.4 IONOSPHERIC ION TRANSPORT IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE -- 14.5 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15 Cold Ionospheric Ions in the Magnetosphere -- 15.1 INTRODUCTION: COLD IONS AS PART OF THE MAGNETOSPHERE -- 15.2 OBSERVATIONS: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS -- 15.3 STATISTICS AND EFFECTS AT LARGE SCALES -- 15.4 EFFECTS AT SMALL SCALES -- 15.5 SPACE WEATHER EFFECTS -- 15.6 DISCUSSION AND OPEN QUESTIONS -- 15.7 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16 Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling of Precipitating Electrons and Ionospheric Conductance -- 16.1 PROBLEM OVERVIEW -- 16.2 THE MAJOR SUPERTHERMAL ELECTRONS PATHWAYS IN THE MI SYSTEM -- 16.3 THE QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS -- 16.4 CONDUCTANCE DEPENDENCE ON THE SHAPE OF ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION -- 16.5 CONDUCTANCE DEPENDENCE ON MULTIPLE ATMOSPHERIC REFLECTIONS -- 16.6 IONOSPHERIC CONDUCTANCE IN THE PRESENCE OF THE POTENTIAL DROP -- 16.7 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part V The Dynamic Magnetosphere -- Chapter 17 Magnetotail Processes -- 17.1 INTRODUCTION -- 17.2 QUIESCENT EVOLUTION, THIN CURRENT SHEET FORMATION -- 17.3 ONSET OF DYNAMIC MODES. , 17.4 DYNAMIC CONSEQUENCES -- 17.5 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 18 The Active Magnetosphere: Substorms and Storms -- 18.1 SUBSTORMS -- 18.2 STORMS -- 18.3 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 19 The Northward IMF Magnetosphere -- 19.1 INTRODUCTION -- 19.2 SOLAR WIND/MAGNETOSPHERE COUPLING -- 19.3 IONOSPHERIC AND AURORAL RESPONSE -- 19.4 INTERNAL MAGNETOSPHERIC STRUCTURE -- 19.5 REMAINING CONTROVERSIES -- 19.6 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 20 A Brief Review of the Ring Current and Outstanding Problems -- 20.1 INTRODUCTION -- 20.2 RING CURRENT SOURCES -- 20.3 RING CURRENT LOSSES -- 20.4 OUTSTANDING PROBLEMS -- 20.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 21 Source, Loss, and Transport of Energetic Particles Deep Inside Earth's Magnetosphere (L< -- 4) -- 21.1 INTRODUCTION -- 21.2 DYNAMICAL EVOLUTION OF ENERGETIC PROTONS DEEP INSIDE THE EARTH´S MAGNETOSPHERE -- 21.3 LONG-TERM MEASUREMENTS OF ~MEV ELECTRON ENHANCEMENTS AT L< -- 2.6 -- 21.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 22 The Plasmasphere: Its Interactions and Dynamics -- 22.1 INTRODUCTION -- 22.2 PLASMASPHERE INTERACTIONS WITH THE IONOSPHERE AND THERMOSPHERE -- 22.3 PLASMASPHERIC RESPONSE TO SOLAR WIND DRIVING AND GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY -- 22.4 PLASMASPHERE INTERACTIONS WITH ENERGETIC PARTICLES -- 22.5 THE STATE OF PLASMASPHERIC MODELING -- 22.6 THE FUTURE OF PLASMASPHERE RESEARCH -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 23 Impact of Ionospheric Ions on Magnetospheric Dynamics -- 23.1 INTRODUCTION -- 23.2 IMPACT ON SMALL SCALES -- 23.3 IMPACT ON LARGE SCALES -- 23.4 OPEN QUESTIONS -- 23.5 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part VI Planetary Magnetic Fields -- Chapter 24 Planetary Magnetic Fields -- 24.1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL NOTES. , 24.2 PLANETARY PARADE -- 24.3 DYNAMO ACTION -- 24.4 DYNAMO SCALING LAWS -- 24.5 MAGNETIC INDUCTION AND COUPLING -- 24.6 CRUSTAL MAGNETIZATION -- 24.7 MASS LOADING AND MAGNETIC PILEUP -- 24.8 MAGNETOSPHERIC AND IONOSPHERIC CURRENTS -- 24.9 MAGNETIC FIELDS OF EXOPLANETS -- 24.10 A CENTENNIAL ROADMAP -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part VII Induced Magnetospheres -- Chapter 25 Induced Magnetospheres -- 25.1 INTRODUCTION -- 25.2 THE MARS SPACE ENVIRONMENT -- 25.3 THE MARS-SOLAR WIND INTERACTION -- 25.4 FLOWS, FIELDS, AND FORCES -- 25.5 ASYMMETRIES -- 25.6 CRUSTAL MAGNETIC FIELDS -- 25.7 WAVES AND INSTABILITIES -- 25.8 FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 26 Induced Magnetospheres: Titan -- 26.1 INTRODUCTION -- 26.2 OVERVIEW OF TITAN´S PLASMA INTERACTION -- 26.3 THE INDUCED MAGNETOSPHERE OF TITAN AS SEEN BY CASSINI -- 26.4 ENERGY AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER PROCESSES AND PLASMA ESCAPE -- 26.5 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 27 Birth of a Magnetosphere -- 27.1 INTRODUCTION -- 27.2 OVERVIEW OF ROSETTA PLASMA OBSERVATIONS -- 27.3 ELECTRIC FIELDS IN A COMET MAGNETOSPHERE -- 27.4 BEFORE THE BOUNDARIES FORM -- 27.5 EMERGENCE OF BOUNDARIES -- 27.6 FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 28 Induced Magnetospheres: Atmospheric Escape -- 28.1 INTRODUCTION -- 28.2 MEASUREMENTS AND MODELS -- 28.3 ESCAPE PROCESSES AND RATES -- 28.4 PLANETARY-SCALE IMPLICATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Part VIII Giant Planet Magnetospheres -- Chapter 29 The Magnetodisk Regions of Jupiter and Saturn -- 29.1 INTRODUCTION -- 29.2 MAGNETODISK STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS -- 29.3 MAGNETOSPHERIC COMPRESSIBILITY -- 29.4 PARTICLE DYNAMICS -- 29.5 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 30 Fast Rotating Magnetospheres: Jupiter and Saturn Plasma Sources, Loss and Transport -- 30.1 FROM MOONS TO MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA. , NEUTRAL VERSUS CHARGED PARTICLE DYNAMICS.

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Table of Contents -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Part I: Aurora Types and Dynamics -- 1 Investigations of the Many Distinct Types of Auroras -- 1.1. OVERVIEW -- 1.2. DIFFUSE AURORA -- 1.3. DISCRETE AURORA -- 1.4. DYNAMIC AURORA AND SMALL-SCALE AURORAL STRUCTURES -- REFERENCES -- 2 Quasiperiodic Aurora: Outstanding Problems and Recent Results -- 2.1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.2. FLICKERING AURORA -- 2.3. PULSATING AURORA -- 2.4. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Inverted-V Auroral Arcs and Alfvén Waves -- 3.1. INTRODUCTION -- 3.2. OBSERVATIONS AND INTERPRETATION -- 3.3. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Auroral Arcs and Ion Outflow -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. ACCELERATION MECHANISMS -- 4.3. OBSERVATIONS: SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIONSHIP WITH AURORAL ARC MORPHOLOGY -- 4.4. IMPACT ON IONOSPHERIC AND MAGNETOSPHERIC DYNAMICS -- 4.5. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 5 Isolated Proton Auroras and Pc1/EMIC Waves at Subauroral Latitudes -- 5.1. INTRODUCTION -- 5.2. OBSERVATION SITE AND INSTRUMENTATION -- 5.3. EVENT DETECTION METHODS -- 5.4. STATISTICAL RESULTS -- 5.5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Dynamics of the Dayside Aurora as Viewed from the South Pole -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION -- 6.2. INSTRUMENTATION -- 6.3. RESULTS -- 6.4. DISCUSSION -- 6.5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Structures in Polar Rain Auroras -- 7.1. INTRODUCTION -- 7.2. OBSERVATIONS OF POLAR RAIN AURORA -- 7.3. STATISTICAL STUDY OF POLAR RAIN ELECTRON STRUCTURES -- 7.4. NIGHTSIDE POLAR RAIN GAP AND ENERGY DISPERSION -- 7.5. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 Dynamics Related to Plasmasheet Flow Bursts as Revealed from the Aurora -- 8.1. INTRODUCTION -- 8.2. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN FLOW BURSTS AND AURORA STREAMERS. , 8.3. WESTWARD TURNING OF FLOW BURSTS -- 8.4. DISTURBANCES FORMED VIAFLOW BURSTS -- 8.5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Role of Multiple Atmospheric Reflections in Formation of Electron Distribution Function in the Diffuse Aurora Region -- 9.1. INTRODUCTION -- 9.2. MODEL AND PHYSICAL SCENARIO -- 9.3. SE ATMOSPHERE−MAGNETOSPHERE COUPLING -- 9.4. ATMOSPHERIC ALBEDO AND ITS PHENOMENOLOGY -- 9.5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part II: Hemispheric Conjugacy of Auroras -- 10 Mechanisms that Produce Auroral Asymmetries in Conjugate Hemispheres -- 10.1. INTRODUCTION -- 10.2. RECENT RESULTS -- 10.3. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 11 Interhemispheric Symmetries and Asymmetries of Aurora from Ground-Based Conjugate Observations -- 11.1. INTRODUCTION -- 11.2. OBSERVATION -- 11.3. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Part III: Substorm Aurora -- 12 Magnetospheric Substorm Onset by Current Disruption Processes -- 12.1. INTRODUCTION -- 12.2. OBSERVATIONS OF THE SUBSTORM CURRENT SYSTEM -- 12.3. THE CURRENT DISRUPTION MODEL FOR THE SUBSTORM CURRENT SYSTEM -- 12.4. OBSERVATIONS PERTAINING TO SUBSTORM CURRENT SYSTEM -- 12.5. SOME DISTINGUISHING FEATURES BETWEEN THE TWO PREVAILING SUBSTORM MODELS -- 12.6. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 13 Substorm Auroral Dynamics Reproduced by Advanced Global Magnetosphere−Ionosphere (M-I) Coupling Simulation -- 13.1. INTRODUCTION -- 13.2. MODEL -- 13.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 13.4. VARIATION FROM PREVIOUS THEORETICAL RESULTS -- 13.5. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Part IV: Radio Aurora -- 14 The Radar Aurora -- 14.1. INTRODUCTION -- 14.2. EXPERIMENTAL BACKGROUND -- 14.3. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND -- 14.4. A FEW CONTEMPORARY EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- 14.5. SUMMARY AND FUTURE WORK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES. , 15 GPS Phase Scintillation at High Latitudes during Two Geomagnetic Storms -- 15.1. INTRODUCTION -- 15.2. INSTRUMENTS AND DATA -- 15.3. GEOMAGNETIC STORM OF NOVEMBER 1, 2011 -- 15.4. GEOMAGNETIC STORM OF MARCH 17, 2013 -- 15.5. DISCUSSION -- 15.6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 16 Radio Absorption in Auroral Region -- 16.1. INTRODUCTION-HISTORY AND OBSERVATION TECHNIQUES -- 16.2. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION -- 16.3. PROPERTIES OF ABSORPTION EVENTS -- 16.4. DYNAMICS -- 16.5. PREDICTIONS -- 16.6. RELATIONS TO IONIZING PARTICLES -- REFERENCES -- 17 Auroral Kilometric Radiation: Polarization and Spectra Observed Far from Earth -- 17.1. INTRODUCTION -- 17.2. OBSERVATIONS OF AURORAL KILOMETRIC RADIATION NEAR THE MOON -- 17.3. THREE-DIMENSIONAL AKR RAY TRACING TO THE MOON -- 17.4. APPLICATION OF THE RAY TRACING TO BANDED AKR -- 17.5. DISCUSSION -- 17.6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part V: Auroral Models and Predictions -- 18 Auroral Precipitation Models and Space Weather -- 18.1. INTRODUCTION -- 18.2. SOLAR- WIND-DRIVEN PRECIPITATION MODELS -- 18.3. NOWCAST PRECIPITATION MODELS -- 18.4. PRECIPITATION MODELS DRIVEN BY GEOMAGNETIC INDICES -- 18.5. DISCUSSION -- 18.6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 19 Space Weather Products and Tools Used in Auroral Monitoring and Forecasting at CCMC/SWRC -- 19.1. INTRODUCTION -- 19.2. AURORAL MODEL VALIDATION EFFORTS -- 19.3. SPACE WEATHER PRODUCTS RELATED TO AURORA MONITORING AND FORECASTING AT CCMC/SWRC -- 19.3.5. Real-Time Data and Other Resources -- 19.3.6. Products and Tools to Be Implemented -- 19.4. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- End User License Agreement.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Part I The Polar Cap and Auroral Ionosphere -- Chapter 1 Magnetospheric Energy Input to the Ionosphere -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 ENERGY ENTERING THE IONOSPHERE-THERMOSPHERE (IT) SYSTEM -- 1.3 GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS (GCMS) OF MIT COUPLING -- 1.4 MODEL ASSESSMENT -- 1.5 JOULE HEATING -- 1.6 FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- 1.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 High Latitude Ionospheric Convection -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 THE MAGNETOSPHERE-IONOSPHERE SYSTEM -- 2.3 STEADY-STATE MAGNETOSPHERIC/IONOSPHERIC CONVECTION -- 2.4 TIME-DEPENDENT CONVECTION -- 2.5 FURTHER READING -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 Multiscale Dynamics in the High-Latitude Ionosphere -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 CUSP -- 3.3 POLAR CAP -- 3.4 NIGHTSIDE AURORAL OVAL -- 3.5 CROSS-REGIONAL AND GLOBAL INTERACTION PROCESSES -- 3.6 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 Recent Advances in Polar Cap Density Structure Research -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION TO POLAR CAP DENSITY STRUCTURES -- 4.2 STATISTICAL OCCURRENCE RATE OF POLAR CAP PATCHES -- 4.3 PLASMA CHARACTERISTICS WITHIN THE POLAR CAP PATCHES -- 4.4 DYNAMIC EVOLUTION OF POLAR CAP PATCHES -- 4.5 ION UPFLOW ASSOCIATED WITH POLAR CAP HIGH-DENSITY STRUCTURES -- 4.6 OPTICAL EMISSION MECHANISMS AND VARIABILITY OF POLAR CAP PATCHES -- 4.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 Polar Cap O+ Ion Outflow and Its Impact on Magnetospheric Dynamics -- 5.1 POLAR CAP ION OUTFLOW -- 5.2 IMPACTS OF ION OUTFLOW ON MAGNETOSPHERIC DYNAMICS -- 5.3 OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- Part II The Subauroral and Midlatitude Ionosphere -- Chapter 6 Ionospheric Storm-Enhanced Density Plumes -- 6.1 REVIEW OF IONOSPHERIC OBSERVATIONS OF STORM-ENHANCED DENSITY -- 6.2 SED CHARACTERISTICS. , 6.3 SED FORMATION PROCESSES -- 6.4 SED PLASMA IN THE CUSP AND MAGNETOSPHERE -- 6.5 SUMMARY AND CURRENT STATUS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 Ion Outflow and Lobe Density: Interhemispheric Asymmetries -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 ESTIMATING PLASMA DENSITY FROM SPACECRAFT POTENTIAL -- 7.3 OBSERVATIONS AND DATA SET CHARACTERISTICS -- 7.4 NORTH-SOUTH ASYMMETRIES -- 7.5 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 Mesoscale and Small-Scale Structure of the Subauroral Geospace -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 TURBULENT PLASMASPHERE BOUNDARY LAYER -- 8.3 IONOSPHERIC STRUCTURES -- 8.4 DISCUSSION -- 8.5 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part III The Low-Latitude Ionosphere -- Chapter 9 Equatorial Ionospheric Electrodynamics -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES -- 9.3 QUIET-TIME EQUATORIAL PLASMA DRIFTS -- 9.4 STORM-TIME EQUATORIAL ELECTRIC FIELDS -- 9.5 FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 Theory and Modeling of Equatorial Spread F -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 THEORY -- 10.3 MODELING -- 10.4 NEW FINDINGS -- 10.5 SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 Observations of Equatorial Spread F: A Working Hypothesis -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 SOURCES, SEEDING, DRIVERS, AND LOADING -- 11.3 CLIMATOLOGY OF ESF -- 11.4 DAY-TO-DAY VARIABILITY OF ESF -- 11.5 WHAT ABOUT LOW SOLAR ACTIVITY? -- 11.6 DISCUSSION -- 11.7 OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12 The Equatorial Electrojet -- 12.1 HISTORICAL OBSERVATIONS -- 12.2 MAGNETIC SIGNATURES AND CURRENT DENSITY PROFILES -- 12.3 ELECTRODYNAMICS DESCRIPTION AND MODELING OF THE EEJ -- 12.4 CLIMATOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EEJ -- 12.5 TIDAL FEATURES OF THE EEJ -- 12.6 THE COUNTER-ELECTROJET -- 12.7 SUMMARY AND OPEN ISSUES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 13 Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Variations During Geomagnetic Storms -- 13.1 INTRODUCTION -- 13.2 MAJOR MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EQUATORIAL IONOSPHERIC RESPONSE TO THE MAGNETIC STORMS -- 13.3 VARIATIONS OF THE IONOSPHERIC STORM EFFECTS IN THE EQUATORIAL AND LOW LATITUDE REGIONS -- 13.4 CHALLENGES AND UNSOLVED ISSUES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part IV Global Ionospheric Processes -- Chapter 14 Penetration of the Magnetospheric Electric Fields to the Low Latitude Ionosphere -- 14.1 TECHNIQUES TO OBSERVE THE PENETRATION ELECTRIC FIELD -- 14.2 CONVECTION AND SHIELDING ELECTRIC FIELDS -- 14.3 PENETRATION OF ELECTRIC FIELDS DURING SUBSTORMS -- 14.4 PENETRATION OF ELECTRIC FIELDS DURING GEOMAGNETIC STORMS -- 14.5 TRANSMISSION MECHANISM -- 14.6 SUMMARY AND ISSUES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15 Ionosphere and Thermosphere Coupling at Mid- and Subauroral Latitudes -- 15.1 INTRODUCTION -- 15.2 IONOSPHERIC RESPONSES TO THERMOSPHERIC NEUTRAL WINDS -- 15.3 THERMOSPHERIC VARIATIONS DRIVEN BY IONOSPHERIC DYNAMICS -- 15.4 INFLUENCES FROM BELOW -- 15.5 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16 Sudden Stratospheric Warming Impacts on the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System: A Review of Recent Progress -- 16.1 INTRODUCTION -- 16.2 SUDDEN STRATOSPHERIC WARMING EVENTS -- 16.3 SSW EFFECTS ON THE THERMOSPHERE -- 16.4 IONOSPHERIC RESPONSE -- 16.5 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS -- 16.6 OUTSTANDING ISSUES AND CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 17 Ionospheric Dynamics and Their Strong Longitudinal Dependences -- 17.1 INTRODUCTION -- 17.2 MID-LATITUDE IONOSPHERE STRUCTURES -- 17.3 GLOBAL EQUATORIAL IONOSPHERE DYNAMICS AND STRUCTURES -- 17.4 LONGITUDINAL DEPENDENCE OF VERTICAL DRIFT -- 17.5 Summary and Future Directions -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 18 Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances -- 18.1 INTRODUCTION -- 18.2 ELECTRIFIED MEDIUM-SCALE TRAVELING IONOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES -- 18.3 MSTIDS INDUCED BY UPWARD-PROPAGATING GRAVITY WAVES -- 18.4 DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part V Ionospheric Impacts on Applications -- Chapter 19 IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS ON HF RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION -- 19.1 INTRODUCTION -- 19.2 HF PROPAGATION IN THE UNDISTURBED IONOSPHERE -- 19.3 EFFECTS OF IONOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES ON HF INSTRUMENTS -- 19.4 SPORADIC-E -- 19.5 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 20 Ionospheric Scintillation Effects on Satellite Navigation -- 20.1 INTRODUCTION -- 20.2 NAVIGATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CRITERIA -- 20.3 STAND-ALONE GNSS STANDARD POSITIONING SERVICE -- 20.4 SATELLITE-BASED AUGMENTATION SYSTEMS (SBAS) -- 20.5 GROUND-BASED AUGMENTATION SYSTEMS (GBAS) -- 20.6 FINAL COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 21 Ionospheric Disturbances Related to Earthquakes -- 21.1 INTRODUCTION -- 21.2 GNSS-TEC OBSERVATIONS -- 21.3 COSEISMIC IONOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES -- 21.4 PRESEISMIC IONOSPHERIC ANOMALIES -- 21.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 22 Atmospheric and Ionospheric Disturbances Caused by Tsunamis -- 22.1 INTRODUCTION -- 22.2 ACOUSTIC-GRAVITY WAVE THEORY -- 22.3 ATMOSPHERIC WAVE GENERATION BY TSUNAMIS -- 22.4 TID AND AIRGLOW DISTURBANCE THEORY -- 22.5 TID AND AIRGLOW DISTURBANCE OBSERVATIONS -- 22.6 GRAVITY WAVE-TID MODELING -- 22.7 OUTSTANDING ISSUES: CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- 22.8 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- EULA.