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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Riemann Problem for the Transportation Equations in Gas Dynamics. (1999)
    Providence :American Mathematical Society,
    Details
    Keywords: Gas dynamics. ; Conservation laws (Mathematics). ; Riemann-Hilbert problems. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (93 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781470402433
    Series Statement: Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society ; v.137
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=3114397
    DDC: 510 s;515/.353
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Contents -- Chapter I. Introduction -- Chapter II. 1-D Riemann Problem for Transportation Equations in Gas Dynamics -- 2.1 Preliminaries and Solutions Obtained with Characteristic Method -- 2.2 The Existence of Solutions of Viscous System (2.2.1-3) -- 2.3 The Limit of Solutions of System (2.21-3) as Viscosity Vanishes -- 2.3.1 The Case u[sub(-)] > -- u[sub(+)] -- 2.3.2 The Case u[sub(-)] < -- u[sub(+)] -- Chapter III. 2-D Riemann Problem for Transportation Equations in Gas Dynamics -- 3.1 Preliminaries -- 3.2 2-D Pseudo-steady Riemann Problem -- 3.2.1 Preliminaries and Solutions Obtained with Characteristic Method -- 3.2.2 The Existence of Solutions of Viscous System (3.2.16) -- 3.2.3 The Limit of Solutions of Viscous System (3.2.16) as Viscosity Vanishes -- I. The Case U[sub(-)]/V[sub(-)] > -- U[sub(+)]/V[sub(+)] -- II. The Case U[sub(-)]/V[sub(-)] < -- U[sub(+)]/V[sub(+)] -- 3.3 The Case 2J[sup(-)] + 2J[sup(+)] -- 3.4 The Case 4J[sup(-)] -- References.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Two-Dimensional Riemann Problem in Gas Dynamics. (1998)
    Milton :CRC Press LLC,
    Details
    Keywords: Lagrange equations-Numerical solutions. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: The Two-Dimensional Riemann Problem in Gas Dynamics establishes the rigorous mathematical theory of delta-shocks and Mach reflection-like patterns for zero-pressure gas dynamics, clarifies the boundaries of interaction of elementary waves, demonstrates the interesting spatial interaction of slip lines, and proposes a series of open problems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (311 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781351408899
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=6885554
    DDC: 533.20151
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Preliminaries -- 1.1 Geometry of Characteristics and Discontinuities -- 1.2 Riemann Solution Geometry of Conservation Laws -- Chapter 2: Scalar Conservation Laws -- 2.1 One-Dimensional Scalar Conservation Laws -- 2.2 The Generalized Characteristic Analysis Method -- 2.3 The Four-Wave Riemann Problem -- 2.4 Mach-Reflection-Like Configuration of Solutions -- Chapter 3: Zero-Pressure Gas Dynamics -- 3.1 Characteristics and Bounded Discontinuities -- 3.2 Simultaneous Occurrence of Two Blowup Mechanisms -- 3.3 Delta-Shocks, Generalized Rankine-Hugoniot Relations and Entropy Conditions -- 3.4 The One-Dimensional Riemann Problem -- 3.5 The Two-Dimensional Riemann Problem -- 3.6 Riemann Solutions as the Limits of Solutions to Self-Similar Viscous Systems -- Chapter 4: Pressure-Gradient Equations of the Euler System -- 4.1 The One-Dimensional Riemann Problem -- 4.2 Characteristics, Discontinuities, Elementary Waves and Classifications -- 4.3 The Existence of Solutions to a Transonic Pressure-Gradient Equation in an Elliptic Region with Degenerate Datum -- 4.4 The Two-Dimensional Riemann Problem and Numerical Solutions -- Chapter 5: The Compressible Euler Equations -- 5.1 The Concepts of Characteristics and Discontinuities -- 5.2 Planar Elementary Waves and Classification -- 5.3 PSI Approach to Irrotational Isentropic Flow -- 5.4 Analysis of Riemann Solutions and Numerical Results -- 5.5 Two-Dimensional Riemann Solutions with Axisymmetry -- References -- Author Index.
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  • 3
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    Temperature Dependent Effects of Elevated CO2 on Shell Composition and Mechanical Properties of Hydroides elegans: Insights from a Multiple Stressor Experiment (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Chan, B S Vera; Thiyagarajan, Vengatesen; Lu, Xingwen; Zhang, Tong; Shih, Kaimin (2013): Temperature Dependent Effects of Elevated CO2 on Shell Composition and Mechanical Properties of Hydroides elegans: Insights from a Multiple Stressor Experiment. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e78945, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078945
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: The majority of marine benthic invertebrates protect themselves from predators by producing calcareous tubes or shells that have remarkable mechanical strength. An elevation of CO2 or a decrease in pH in the environment can reduce intracellular pH at the site of calcification and thus interfere with animal's ability to accrete CaCO3. In nature, decreased pH in combination with stressors associated with climate change may result in the animal producing severely damaged and mechanically weak tubes. This study investigated how the interaction of environmental drivers affects production of calcareous tubes by the serpulid tubeworm, Hydroides elegans. In a factorial manipulative experiment, we analyzed the effects of pH (8.1 and 7.8), salinity (34 and 27), and temperature (23°C and 29°C) on the biomineral composition, ultrastructure and mechanical properties of the tubes. At an elevated temperature of 29°C, the tube calcite/aragonite ratio and Mg/Ca ratio were both increased, the Sr/Ca ratio was decreased, and the amorphous CaCO3 content was reduced. Notably, at elevated temperature with decreased pH and reduced salinity, the constructed tubes had a more compact ultrastructure with enhanced hardness and elasticity compared to decreased pH at ambient temperature. Thus, elevated temperature rescued the decreased pH-induced tube impairments. This indicates that tubeworms are likely to thrive in early subtropical summer climate. In the context of climate change, tubeworms could be resilient to the projected near-future decreased pH or salinity as long as surface seawater temperature rise at least by 4°C.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Animalia; Annelida; Aragonite saturation state; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite/Aragonite ratio; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Coast and continental shelf; Elasticity; EXP; Experiment; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Hardness; Hong_Kong; Hydroides elegans; Laboratory experiment; Magnesium/Calcium ratio; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Ratio; Salinity; Single species; Species; Strontium/Calcium ratio; Temperature; Temperature, water; Treatment; Tropical
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 748 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 4
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    CO2-driven ocean acidification alters and weakens integrity of the calcareous tubes produced by the serpulid tubeworm, Hydroides elegans (2012)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Chan, B S Vera; Li, Chaoyi; Lane, Ackley Charles; Wang, Yanchun; Lu, Xingwen; Shih, Kaimin; Zhang, Tong; Thiyagarajan, Vengatesen (2012): CO2-Driven Ocean Acidification Alters and Weakens Integrity of the Calcareous Tubes Produced by the Serpulid Tubeworm, Hydroides elegans. PLoS ONE, 7(8), e42718, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042718
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: As a consequence of anthropogenic CO2-driven ocean acidification (OA), coastal waters are becoming increasingly challenging for calcifiers due to reductions in saturation states of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals. The response of calcification rate is one of the most frequently investigated symptoms of OA. However, OA may also result in poor quality calcareous products through impaired calcification processes despite there being no observed change in calcification rate. The mineralogy and ultrastructure of the calcareous products under OA conditions may be altered, resulting in changes to the mechanical properties of calcified structures. Here, the warm water biofouling tubeworm, Hydroides elegans, was reared from larva to early juvenile stage at the aragonite saturation state (Omega A) for the current pCO2 level (ambient) and those predicted for the years 2050, 2100 and 2300. Composition, ultrastructure and mechanical strength of the calcareous tubes produced by those early juvenile tubeworms were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nanoindentation. Juvenile tubes were composed primarily of the highly soluble CaCO3 mineral form, aragonite. Tubes produced in seawater with aragonite saturation states near or below one had significantly higher proportions of the crystalline precursor, amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and the calcite/aragonite ratio dramatically increased. These alterations in tube mineralogy resulted in a holistic deterioration of the tube hardness and elasticity. Thus, in conditions where Omega A is near or below one, the aragonite-producing juvenile tubeworms may no longer be able to maintain the integrity of their calcification products, and may result in reduced survivorship due to the weakened tube protection.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Animalia; Annelida; Aragonite saturation state; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite/Aragonite ratio; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Coast and continental shelf; Elasticity; EXP; Experiment; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Hardness; Hong_Kong_OA; Hydroides elegans; Laboratory experiment; Magnesium/Calcium ratio; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Ratio; Salinity; Single species; Species; Temperature, water; Treatment; Tropical
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 741 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 5
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and the intrinsic and extrinsic phenotypic characteristics and the survival of important calcifiers, the edib oysters Crassostrea angulata and C. hongkongensis (2023)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Ocean acidification (OA) has important effects on the intrinsic phenotypic characteristics of many marine organisms. Concomitantly, OA can alter the extended phenotypes of these organisms by perturbing the structure and function of their associated microbiomes. It is unclear, however, the extent to which interactions between these levels of phenotypic change can modulate the capacity for resilience to OA. Here, we explored this theoretical framework assessing the influence of OA on intrinsic (immunological responses and energy reserve) and extrinsic (gut microbiome) phenotypic characteristics and the survival of important calcifiers, the edible oysters Crassostrea angulata and C. hongkongensis. After one-month exposure to experimental OA (pH 7.4) and control (pH 8.0) conditions, we found species-specific responses characterised by elevated stress (hemocyte apoptosis) and decreased survival in the coastal species (C. angulata) compared with the estuarine species (C. hongkongensis). Phagocytosis of hemocytes was not affected by OA but in vitro bacterial clearance capability decreased in both species. Gut microbial diversity decreased in C. angulata but not in C. hongkongensis. Overall, C. hongkongensis was capable of maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system and energy supply under OA. In contrast, C. angulata's immune function was suppressed, and the energy reserve was imbalanced, which might be attributed to the declined microbial diversity and the functional loss of essential bacteria in the guts. This study highlights a species-specific response to OA determined by genetic background and local adaptation, shedding light on the understanding of host-microbiota-environment interactions in future coastal acidification.
    Keywords: Abundance; Abundance, standard deviation; Albumin; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Apoptosis cells; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Bacteria clearance in hemocytes; Benthic animals; Bicarbonate ion; Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or 〈 1 m**2); Crassostrea angulata; Crassostrea hongkongensis; Figure; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Glycogen; Immunology/Self-protection; Laboratory experiment; Laboratory strains; Mollusca; Mortality/Survival; Not applicable; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Other studied parameter or process; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; pH, standard deviation; Phagocytosis rate; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Replicates; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Single species; Species, unique identification; Species, unique identification (Semantic URI); Species, unique identification (URI); Strain; Survival; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Time in days; Treatment; Triglycerides; Type of study
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 21357 data points
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of an edge dislocation with an interfacial crack (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 72 (1992), S. 2215-2226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The stress and displacement fields of an edge dislocation near a semi-infinite or a finite interfacial crack are formulated by using the complex potential theory of Muskhelishvili's elasticity treatment of plane strain problems. The image forces exerted on the dislocation have an oscillatory character (with respect to the dislocation position) if the dislocation is originated elsewhere and moves to the vicinity of a finite interfacial crack. There is no such oscillation of image forces if the edge dislocation is emitted from the finite interfacial crack or if the crack is semi-infinite. The stress intensity factors produced by the edge dislocation also have an oscillatory character for both semi-infinite and finite interfacial cracks. They also depend on whether the dislocation is emitted from the crack or comes from elsewhere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.351614
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mode-III cracks in piezoelectric materials (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 5865-5870 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The stress and electric fields around a mode-III crack containing a dielectric medium are formulated. Mechanical equilibrium requires that the crack surfaces be traction free. Previous solutions have used the electrical boundary condition that the electric displacement component perpendicular to the crack surfaces should be zero. However, cracks that are filled with a dielectric medium, such as vacuum or air, require that the electric displacement be continuous across the crack faces. Using the boundary condition appropriate for an insulating crack, the stress, strain, and electric-field strength are found to exhibit r−1/2 singularities while the electric displacement does not. The singularity in the electric-field strength arises from piezoelectricity. The driving force for crack growth is only related to the effective level of applied stress. Under constant displacement, the applied field may increase or decrease the effective applied stress depending on its direction. As a result the electric field may promote or retard the crack propagation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.350483
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An edge dislocation near a macrocrack with a microcrack (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 6079-6087 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The elastic interaction between an edge dislocation and a macrocrack with a microcrack has been investigated by means of the Muskhelishvili potential method. The stress and displacement fields were obtained. From the stress field, we derived the stress intensity factor at each crack tip and the image force on the dislocation. The effects of the distance between two cracks on the crack shielding and of the image force on the edge dislocation were examined. The effects of the microcrack length on the shielding of the macrocrack and of the image force of the dislocation were also considered. The dislocations in the microcrack play an important role in fracture. Two conditions, an edge dislocation emitting from the microcrack and originating from elsewhere, are discussed. We compare the mechanical behavior between edge and screw dislocations near the macrocrack with the microcrack. Newton's third law is satisfied for this system. Two special cases are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355192
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of a screw dislocation with an interface crack (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 744-751 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The interaction between a screw dislocation and an interface cylindrical hole is found to depend on the source and location of the screw dislocation. When a screw dislocation is inside one of the media it has one image in the other medium. If the real dislocation is emitted from the hole which is originally stress free, it has only two images inside the hole. However, if the real dislocation is emitted from elsewhere and moves to the vicinity of the hole, there is a third image at the center of the hole to keep the total Burgers vector of the images in the hole zero. These considerations were used to study the interaction of a screw dislocation with an interface crack (or elliptical hole) by means of conformal mapping. The effect of the screw dislocation on the stress intensity factor at the crack tip is continuous when the screw dislocation moves from one medium across the interface to the other medium. The image force can be divided into two parts. One part is due to the interface and the other is due to the interface crack. The composite solid behaves like a homogeneous solid with an effective shear modulus when the dislocation is in the interface. The interaction between two or more screw dislocations in the presence of an interface crack is studied also. The latter result can be used to study the emission of an array of screw dislocations from an interface crack.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.349630
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of absorption and desorption on the chemical stress field (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 2002-2008 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The present work studies the effects of absorption and desorption on the chemical stress field in a membrane during permeation or both-side charging of a diffusing species. The permeation and both-side charging processes are analyzed with the consideration of the absorption and desorption processes, wherein the flux continuity boundary conditions are adopted. The results show that the chemical stresses are compressive near the surfaces and tensile in the center of the membrane. The maximum magnitude of stress occurs at the entry surface for the permeation process and at both surfaces for the both-side charging process. For the permeation process, the compressive stress at the entry surface increases with time to a maximum and then decreases with time gradually to zero. A similar phenomenon is found at both surfaces in the both-side charging process. In both processes, the stress magnitude depends upon the ratio of the drift velocity through surface to the drift velocity through bulk. When this ratio approaches infinity, the flux continuity boundary conditions reduce to the concentration boundary condition and the highest chemical stress field will be produced. Therefore, reducing the drift velocity through surface would be an efficient means to reduce the strength of the chemical stress. In general, designed surface alloying can introduce diffusing species traps at the surfaces of a membrane, which may efficiently decrease the drift velocity through surface. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1433177
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