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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combined Effects of Contaminant Desorption and Toxicity on Risk from PAH Contaminated Sediments (2004)
    350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 , USA , and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2DQ , UK . : Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
    Risk analysis 24 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A strong inverse correlation was observed between the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mass fraction desorbed, a surrogate measure of bioavailability, and relative carcinogenicity, as quantified by potency equivalency factors (PEFs), for two study sediments from the New York/New Jersey Harbor estuary. Because compounds with the highest toxicity, such as dibenz(a,h)anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene (BAP), also tended to be the least rapidly and least extensively desorbed, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) default guidance may dramatically overestimate risk from exposure to PAH-contaminated soils or sediments. A “relative risk index” (RRI) was developed to account for the combined effects of compound-specific bioavailability and toxic potency in estimating excess cancer risk. Using this approach, estimated excess cancer risk may be diminished by as much as a factor of 159 times versus default EPA guidance. Also, the hierarchy of estimated risk between study sediments and among treatment fractions of study sediments differed using the two approaches, implying that the default approach may inaccurately determine site clean-up priorities. The percentage contribution of each potentially carcinogenic priority PAH to total excess cancer risk was computed under various scenarios. In each case, the contribution of BAP to total excess cancer risk was remarkably invariable, for example, ranging from 48% to 52% in one sediment, and 44% to 54% in the other, over four different exposure durations. These results suggest that BAP may be an excellent indexing compound for gauging relative exposure risk across sediments. Other important contributors to total excess cancer risk were benz(a)anthracene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene. Together, these three compounds comprised nearly 90% of total excess cancer risk from all PAHs in every scenario. This integrated RRI approach may enable regulators to more accurately gauge relative risks and make more informed sediment management decisions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00513.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particulate matter. Its association with microorganisms and trace metals in an estuarine salt marsh microlayer (1979)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Environmental science & technology 13 (1979), S. 1522-1525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es60160a011
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dehalogenation of lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) by anaerobic bacteria from marine sediments and by sulfate-reducing bacteria (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 29 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Marine sediments from around burrows of Saccoglossus kowalevskii, a tribromopyrrole-producing marine hemichordate, were used to develop anaerobic enrichment cultures supplemented with lindane and a mixture of short chain fatty acids. These enrichments consumed lindane and both monochlorobenzene and benzene were detected as transformation products. Cultures transferred to sediment-free media containing citrate, lactate, yeast extract and sulfate also dehalogenated lindane. Lindane transformation was inhibited by the addition of molybdate. Lindane loss was not observed when the enrichment was cultured on lactate and citrate in the absence of sulfate, suggesting that sulfate-reducing bacteria transform lindane. Monochlorobenzene and benzene were identified as two transformation products in the lactate, citrate and sulfate enrichment culture. Pure cultures were used in order to confirm the ability of sulfate-reducing bacteria to dehalogenate lindane. Cell suspensions of Desulfovibrio gigas ATCC 19364, Desulfovibrio africanus ATCC 19997 and Desulfococcus multivorans ATCC 33890 were also able to dehalogenate lindane to benzene and monochlorobenzene. Actively growing and autoclaved cell suspensions of Desulfovibrio gigas were capable of lindane transformation while filter-sterilized cultures were not.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00628.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in four different marine and estuarine sediments: effects of sulfate, hydrogen and acetate on dehalogenation and side-chain cleavage (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 29 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Enrichments initiated with marine and estuarine sediments from the Arthur Kill (NY/NJ estuary) and Paleta Creek (San Diego Bay, CA), transformed 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid to 4-chlorophenol in the presence of sulfate (25 mM). Transformation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was not observed with two other marine sediments from Tuckerton, NJ and Flax Pond (Stony Brook, NY). The lag period prior to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid loss or the time required for 50% removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (t50) in Arthur Kill and San Diego enrichments was not affected by the presence of sulfate, although the addition of hydrogen and acetate decreased the lag periods and t50 values in these enrichments. The first step in the transformation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was side-chain removal forming 2,4-dichlorophenol which was then dechlorinated to 4-chlorophenol. Second-generation Arthur Kill cultures dechlorinated 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid to 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. This dechlorination occurred both in the presence and absence of sulfate (25 mM); however, sulfate reduced the rate of dechlorination by approximately 50%. Second-generation cultures inoculated with the sulfate-amended enrichments consumed sulfate and dechlorinated 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid to 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid concurrently when supplied with hydrogen and acetate; the rate of dechlorination was twice that of cultures that did not receive hydrogen and acetate. Sulfate consumption occurred only in cultures supplemented with hydrogen and acetate. These results indicate that dechlorination of an organochlorine pesticide in marine and estuarine sediments occurs in the presence of sulfate and the addition of readily utilizable carbon and electron donors can stimulate dechlorinating activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00602.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular characterization of a sulfate-reducing consortium which mineralizes benzene (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 27 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A stable and sediment-free, benzene mineralizing, sulfate-reducing culture that resisted repeated attempts at isolation was examined using molecular approaches such as traditional cloning and sequencing and a direct PCR fingerprinting method for 16S rRNA genes. Despite the culture's long exposure to benzene as the only carbon and energy source (over 3 years) and repeated dilutions of the original enrichment, this consortium has remained relatively complex. Cloning and sequence analysis identified 12 unique small subunit rRNA genes. The 16S rRNA genes belong to different eubacterial phyla, including Proteobacteria, Cytophagales and Gram-positives. There is one deeply branching clone which is not closely related to any known, sequenced, bacterium. A different clone, however, is closely related to a known sulfidogenic, aromatic hydrocarbon degrader. To assess 16S rRNA gene cloning efficiency, a fingerprinting method based on fluorescent, end-labeling of PCR product (16S rRNA genes) and screening by restriction length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) was employed. The data obtained indicated that we had cloned and characterized nearly all of the eubacterial 16S rRNA genes amplified from the consortia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00543.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic degradation of benzene in BTX mixtures dependent on sulfate reduction (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 145 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Enrichment cultures from marine sediments mineralized benzene while using sulfate as the terminal electron acceptor. Parallel cultures using river marsh sediment displayed no activity. Mineralization was confirmed by release of 14CO2 from radiolabeled benzene. The dependence on sulfate reduction was demonstrated by stoichiometric balances and the use of specific inhibitors. This work supports recent observations that anaerobic benzene degradation takes place coupled to sulfate reduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08612.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic degradation of halogenated benzoic acids coupled to denitrification observed in a variety of sediment and soil samples (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 144 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Denitrifying enrichment cultures utilizing monochlorinated benzoic acids as a carbon source were established using sediments and soils from a variety of sources as inocula. Enrichment cultures from most of the sites readily degraded 3- and 4chlorobenzoate within 2–4 weeks. Upon refeeding, 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate were rapidly depleted, and stable denitrifying cultures were obtained by repeated dilution and refeeding of the substrates. 2-Chlorobenzoate, however, was only slowly metabolized and this activity was only observed in a few sites. Denitrifying consortia were maintained on either 3- or 4chlorobenzoate as the sole source of carbon and energy and chlorobenzoate utilization was dependent on denitrification. These cultures were also capable of utilizing the corresponding brominated and iodinated benzoic acids, but the activity was specific to the position of the halogen substituent. Removal of halogen was stoichiometric, indicating that dehalogenation occurred at some step in metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08533.x
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