Note: Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Introduction -- 1 Climate -- 2 Groundwater Base Levels -- 3 Groundwater Resources -- 4 Salinization and Pollution of the Groundwater System -- References -- The Yarkon-Taninim Basin-An Example of a Major Carbonate Aquifers in Israel -- 1 Background and Purpose of the Article -- 1.1 The Jurassic Arad Group Aquifer -- 1.2 The Eocene Avedat Group Aquifer or Aquitard -- 1.3 The Judea Group Carbonate Aquifer -- 2 Hydrogeology of the Yarkon-Taninim Basin -- 3 Management Issues and Policy -- References -- The Coastal Aquifers of Israel -- Introduction to Studies of Coastal Aquifers of Israel -- General Information and Hydrogeology of the Mediterranean and Dead Sea Coastal Aquifers and Their Relation with Their Base Level -- 1 General Background -- 2 The Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Aquifer -- 3 The Dead Sea Coastal Aquifer -- 4 Seawater Intrusion Monitoring -- References -- Dynamic Relationship Between the Sea and the Aquifer -- 1 Mediterranean Coastal Aquifer -- 2 DS Coastal Aquifer -- 2.1 Current Hydraulic Connection Between the DS and Groundwater -- 3 Past and Future -- 4 The Groundwater System Next to a Stratified Lake -- References -- Geochemical Aspects of Seawater Intrusion into the Mediterranean Coastal Aquifer -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Behavior of Major Ions During Salinization and Freshening Processes -- 4 Behavior of Minor and Trace Elements During Salinization and Freshening Processes -- 5 Behavior of Nutrients During Salinization and Freshening Processes -- 6 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Geochemical Aspects of Groundwater in the Dead Sea Coastal Aquifer -- 1 General Introduction About the Geochemistry of the Dead Sea -- 2 Groundwater Geochemistry and Flow Mechanisms -- 3 Circulation of the Dead Sea Brine in the Aquifer. , 4 14C Evolution and Tritium in the Dead Sea Groundwater -- 5 Oxidation of Organic Matter in the Dead Sea Coastal Aquifer -- 6 The Thermal Brines (Ein Qedem Brine) -- References -- Submarine Groundwater Discharge Along the Israeli Eastern Mediterranean Coast and in Inland Basins -- 1 Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD)-General Background -- 2 Methodology -- 3 The Role of SGD in Oceanic Mass Balances and Water Quality -- 4 SGD Along the Israeli Coast -- 5 SGD in Dor Bay -- 6 SGD in the Mediterranean -- 7 SGD in Inland Basins -- 8 Remaining Questions -- References -- The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer in the Sinai Peninsula and the Negev Desert -- 1 Preface -- 2 The Study of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifers of North Africa -- 3 The Study of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer of the Sinai-Negev Basin -- 3.1 Hydrogeological Background -- 3.2 Evolution of Studies of the NSA -- 4 Epilogue -- References -- The Eastern Dead Sea Rift Continental Groundwater Base Level -- 1 General -- 2 The Hydrogeology of Different Segments of the DSR Base Level -- 2.1 The Hula Basin Segment (HB on Fig. 1) -- 2.2 The Sea of Galilee-Lower Jordan Valley Segment -- 2.3 The Arava Valley Segment (AR on Fig. 1) -- 2.4 The Dead Sea Segment -- References -- Paleohydrogeology of Israel -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Paleohydrogeology of Israel Prior to, and During Neogene Times -- 3 The Paleo-Eastern Mediterranean Sea Base Level -- 4 The Paleo-Eastern DSR Base Level -- 5 Paleo-Salinity, Salinization, and Interface Configuration -- 5.1 The Eastern Mediterranean Base Level -- 5.2 The Eastern DSR Base Level -- 6 Paleo-Groundwater Divide Locations, and Flow Gradients -- 7 The Hydrological Connection Between the Western and Eastern Base Levels -- 8 Paleo-Natural Recharge -- 9 The Paleo-Nubian Sandstone Groundwater System -- References -- Unsaturated-Zone Hydrology in Israel: A Subjective Review. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Recent History of the UZH in Israel -- 3 Organization of the Review -- 4 Groundwater Recharge and Flow in the Unsaturated Zone -- 4.1 Steady-State Annual Recharge Estimates Using Deep Unsaturated-Zone Data -- 4.2 Unsaturated Flow Models, Transient Recharge Estimates and Annual Averages -- 4.3 Recharge Under Ponding Conditions -- 4.4 Matrix Flow Versus Flow Along Preferential Paths in the Unsaturated Zone of the Coastal Aquifer -- 4.5 Unsaturated Zone Flow in Rocky Vadose Zone -- 5 UZH and the Investigation of Aquifer Salinization -- 6 UZH and the Investigation of Aquifer Contamination with Nitrate -- 6.1 UZH Nitrate-Leaching Studies Based on Deep Sampling -- 6.2 UZH Nitrate-Leaching Studies Based on Vadose-Zone Monitoring Systems (VMS) -- 7 UZH and the Investigation of Organic-Compounds Contamination -- 8 Unsaturated-Zone Geochemistry -- 9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Dating of Groundwater in Israeli Aquifers and Determination of Groundwater Flow Velocities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Dating Tools -- 3 Dating of Fresh Groundwater -- 3.1 Radiocarbon and Tritium -- 3.2 Noble Gases -- 3.3 Radon -- 3.4 Artificial Tracers -- 3.5 CFCs and SF6 -- 3.6 Depleted 18O -- 3.7 Uranium Isotopes -- 4 Dating of Saline Groundwater and Brines-Determination of Rate of Seawater Intrusion -- 4.1 General -- 4.2 Radiocarbon and Tritium -- 4.3 Noble Gases -- 4.4 Radium and Radon -- 4.5 Artificial Tracers -- References -- Engineering and Infrastructural Aspects, Related to Groundwater Regime and Processes -- Soil Aquifer Treatment System Performance: Israel's Shafdan Reclamation System as an Ultimate Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Shafdan Plant Main Components -- 3 Hydrogeological Setting and the Related SAT System Structure -- 4 Hydrological Management of the SAT System -- 4.1 Goals and Constrains. , 4.2 Means and Principles for the Shafdan Plant Hydrological Management -- 4.3 Water Balance and Groundwater Levels -- 4.4 Regions of High Hydrological Sensitivity and Relating Production Priorities -- 4.5 Recharged Effluent Migration in the Aquifer -- 4.6 Numerical Modeling as a Management Tool -- 5 Water Quality Performance of the Shafdan SAT System -- 5.1 Overview -- 5.2 Retention Time, Regulation and Water Quality -- 5.3 Suitability of the Shafdan Reclaimed Effluent for Unlimited Irrigation -- References -- Hydrological and Geological Controls on the Evolution of the Dead Sea Sinkholes -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Geological and Hydrological Background of the Dead Sea Region -- 2 The Dead Sea Sinkholes-Mechanism of Formation -- 3 Controls on Rates of Sinkholes Propagation Along the Dead Sea Coast -- 3.1 Control of Sediments Properties and Thickness on Final Sinkhole Occurrence and Technics of Precursors for Sinkhole Collapses -- 3.2 Controls on Dissolution Rates of the Salt Layer Along the Dead Sea Coast-Precipitation in the Judea Mountains (JM) Versus DS Level Drop -- 3.3 Acceleration of Salt Layer Dissolution and Sinkhole Appearance in Stream Tributaries by Penetration of Floodwater Through Existing Sinkholes -- 4 Summary -- References -- Geoelectric, Geoelectromagnetic and Combined Geophysical Methods in Groundwater Exploration in Israel -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 The DC Resistivity Soundings -- 2.2 The Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) -- 2.3 The Time Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) Method -- 2.4 The Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SNMR) Method -- 3 Geoelectric Characterization of Groundwater Salinity in Clastic Coastal Aquifers -- 3.1 The Mediterranean Coastal Aquifer -- 3.2 The Gulf of Eilat (Aqaba) Coastal Aquifer. , 4 Geoelectric Characterization of Groundwater Salinity Along and Close to the Dead Sea Rift (DSR) -- 4.1 The Sea of Galilee -- 4.2 The Dead Sea Coast -- 4.3 Geophysical Delineation of Sinkhole Development in the Dead Sea Coastal Plain -- 5 Integrated Geophysical Surveys in the Mediterranean and Dead Sea Coastal Aquifers -- 5.1 SNMR-TDEM -- 5.2 Reflection Seismics-TDEM -- 6 TDEM Characterization of Groundwater Salinity in Deep Carbonate Aquifers -- 6.1 Mount Carmel-Central Coastal Plain Area -- 6.2 Mediterranean Sea-Northern DSR Traverse -- 6.3 Mediterranean-Dead Sea Traverse -- 6.4 Dead Sea-Gulf of Eilat Traverse -- 7 Evaluating Porosity/Storativity of Saline Ground Water-Saturated Aquifers Using TDEM Method -- 7.1 General -- 7.2 Porosity Calculations -- References -- Numerical Modeling of Groundwater in Israel -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Survey of Models -- 3 Regional Aquifers Management -- 4 Groundwater Salinization -- 4.1 Sharp Interface Models -- 4.2 Models Taking into Account Transport -- 5 Contaminant Fate and Transport -- 6 Vadoze Zone -- 7 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Hydrogeology in Archeological Perspective: What Did People in Ancient Times Know About Hydrogeology? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Coastal Plain -- 2.1 The Hydrogeology of the Coastal Aquifer -- 2.2 Submerged Neolithic Settlements off the Carmel Coast -- 2.3 The Submerged Pottery Neolithic Wells -- 2.4 Coastal Wells from the Historical Periods -- 2.5 The Mawasi Agriculture in Coastal Areas -- 3 The Inland Zone -- 3.1 Spring Flow Tunnels of the Iron Age II -- 3.2 Inland Wells -- 4 The Southern Part of Israel-The Negev Wells -- 4.1 Abu Hof Site (Fig. 1) (Between Kibutz Lahav and Lehavim) -- 4.2 Tel Beer Sheba (Fig. 1) -- 4.3 Tel Arad (Fig. 1) -- 4.4 Water Wells in the Negev During the Roman and Byzantine Periods -- 5 Qanats in the Jordan and Arava Valleys -- 6 Discussion. , 7 Summary.

Note: Intro -- Groundwater Base Level Changes and Adjoining Hydrological Systems -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- References -- Chapter 2 The Main Types of Groundwater Base-Level -- Chapter 3 Factors Controlling Base-Level Elevation Changes -- 3.1 General -- 3.2 Global, Regional and Local Climate Changes -- 3.3 Tectonic Movements -- 3.4 Isostatic and Glacio-Isostatic Movements -- 3.5 Land Subsidence Through Compaction and Dewatering -- 3.6 Groundwater Cones of Depression Caused by Natural Processes of Evapotranspiration -- 3.7 Groundwater Cones of Depression Caused by Groundwater Exploitation -- References -- Chapter 4 Methods and Techniques to Define Base-Level Elevation and to Measure and Assess the Effect of Their Variation on Adjoining Groundwater Systems -- 4.1 Base-Level Elevation -- 4.1.1 Current Ground Level Measurements -- 4.1.1.1 Precise Geodetic Leveling -- 4.1.1.2 The GPS Technique -- 4.1.1.3 The INSAR Technique -- 4.1.2 Current Sea and Lake Level Measurements -- 4.1.3 Paleo- and Historic Shorelines -- 4.1.3.1 Near-Shore Marine Terraces -- 4.1.3.2 Karstification and Cave Formation -- 4.1.3.3 Erosional and Other Geomorphological Evidence -- 4.1.3.4 Sedimentological Indicators -- 4.1.3.5 Submerged Archaeological Sites -- 4.2 Methods to Determine Groundwater Systems´ Response to Base-Level Changes -- 4.2.1 Current Field Measurement -- 4.2.2 Indirect Estimation -- 4.2.3 Hydrological Simulations -- References -- Chapter 5 Capturing of Groundwater Basins and Shifts of Divides -- 5.1 General -- 5.2 Climate Changes -- 5.3 Tectonically Induced Elevation Changes of Base-Levels -- 5.4 Karst Systems -- 5.5 Stream Piracy by Groundwater Sapping -- 5.6 Groundwater Exploitation -- References -- Chapter 6 Salinity, Salination and Freshening of the Different Base-Levels and Their Adjoining Groundwater Sytems -- 6.1 General. , 6.2 The Global Marine Base-Level -- 6.2.1 Base-Level Salinity -- 6.2.2 Adjoining Groundwater Systems Salinity -- 6.3 Continental Endorheic Base-Levels Distant from the Sea -- 6.3.1 Base-Level Salinity -- 6.3.2 Adjoining Groundwater Systems Salinity -- 6.4 Flow-Through, Intermediate, Base-Levels -- 6.4.1 Base-Level Salinity -- 6.4.2 Adjoining Groundwater Systems Salinity -- 6.5 Salinity of Endorheic Base-Levels Below Sea Level, Close to the Sea -- 6.6 Freshening of Coastal Aquifers -- References -- Chapter 7 Paleo, Current and Future Marine Base-Levels -- 7.1 General -- 7.2 The Neogene Marine Mediterranean Base-Level -- 7.3 The Black Sea Neogene to Holocene Base-Levels -- 7.4 Quaternary and Holocene Marine Base-Levels -- 7.5 Current and Future Marine Base-Levels -- References -- Chapter 8 Characteristics of Current Continental Endorheic Base-Levels -- References -- Chapter 9 Current Continental Base-Levels Above Sea Level -- 9.1 General -- 9.2 Lake Chad Basin -- 9.3 The Great Salt Lake Basin -- 9.4 The Andean Altiplano Basin -- 9.5 The Aral Sea Basin -- 9.6 The Mono Lake Basin, California -- 9.7 The Main Ethiopian Rift Basin -- References -- Chapter 10 Current Continental Base-Levels Below Sea Level and Distant from the Sea -- 10.1 General -- 10.2 The Great Artesian Basin and Lake Eyre Basin, Australia -- 10.3 The Death Valley Basin -- 10.4 Central Asia Closed Endorheic Basins -- 10.5 The Caspian Sea-Kara Bogaz Gol Basin -- References -- Chapter 11 Current Continental Base-Levels Below Sea Level, Located Close to the Sea -- 11.1 General -- 11.2 The Dead Sea Rift Endorheic Base-Level -- 11.2.1 General -- 11.2.2 Structure and Tectonics -- 11.2.3 The Hydrological History of the DSR Base-Level -- 11.2.4 Current Groundwater Flow Regime -- 11.2.5 Water Salinities of the DSR Base-Levels and Their Adjoining Groundwater Systems. , 11.2.6 The Response of the Groundwater System to the DSR Base-Level Changes -- 11.2.6.1 General -- 11.2.6.2 Paleo-Groundwater System -- 11.2.6.3 Current Groundwater System -- 11.2.6.4 Future Groundwater System -- 11.3 The Afar Depression-Lake Asal -- 11.4 The Qattara Depression -- 11.5 The Salton Trough Base-Level -- 11.6 The Chotts of Tunisia and Algeria -- 11.7 Sabkhat Ghuzayyil, Sirte Basin, Libya -- 11.8 Lago Enriquillo, Dominican Republic -- 11.9 The Argentine Salinas Close to the Atlantic Coast -- 11.10 Sebkha Paki Tah, Morocco -- 11.11 Salination Mechanism -- References -- Index.