Note: Intro -- Interstellar Molecules -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 History -- 1.1…Prelude -- 1.1.1 The Ancient Mechanical Universe -- 1.1.2 The Dark Ages -- 1.1.3 The Renaissance of Science -- 1.1.4 Discovery of Dark Nebulae -- 1.1.5 Dawn of Spectroscopy -- 1.2…Interstellar Medium (ISM) -- 1.2.1 Atomic and Molecular Hydrogen -- 1.2.2 The 21-cm Line of Neutral Hydrogen -- 1.2.3 Recombination Lines -- 1.2.4 Atomic Fine- and Hyperfine-Structure Lines -- 1.3…Interstellar Molecular Lines -- 1.3.1 Small Molecules -- 1.3.2 Large Molecules -- 1.3.3 Non-polar Molecules -- 1.3.4 Atomic Carbon and CO Molecule -- 1.3.5 Molecular Cloud and Star Formation -- 1.4…Molecular Spectroscopy: An Irreplaceable Tool -- 1.4.1 Scope of Interstellar Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy -- 1.4.2 Terahertz Region: Far--InfraRed Domain -- 1.5…Episodical Appendix -- 1.5.1 Life Story of Fraunhofer -- 1.5.2 Life Story of Herschel -- References -- 2 Molecules Detected in Interstellar Space -- 2.1…Detection of the First Interstellar Molecules -- 2.2…The Habitat of Interstellar Molecules -- 2.3…Metal-Bearing Molecules in the Interstellar Medium -- 2.4…Light Hydrides -- 2.5…Ions -- 2.5.1 Cation -- 2.5.2 Anions -- 2.6…Chain Molecules -- 2.7…Symmetric and Asymmetric Top Molecules -- 2.8…Cyclic Molecules -- 2.9…Complex Molecules -- 2.10…Isotopologues and Deuterated Molecules -- 2.11…Prospects for Future Detections -- References -- 3 Fundamentals of Spectroscopy for Astrophysics -- 3.1…Atoms -- 3.1.1 Hamiltonian for the Hydrogen Atom -- 3.1.2 Schrödinger Equation -- 3.1.3 Angular Wavefunction -- 3.1.4 Radial Wavefunction -- 3.1.5 Atomic Orbit -- 3.1.6 Electron Spin and Fine Structure -- 3.1.7 Nuclear Spin and Hyperfine Structure -- 3.1.8 Atoms with More Than One Electron -- 3.1.8.1 Single Electron Approximation and Shell Structure -- 3.1.8.2 Pauli Principle and Closed Shell. , 3.1.8.3 Alkali Atoms -- 3.1.8.4 Term Symbols -- 3.1.8.5 Building-Up Principle -- 3.1.8.6 Fine Structure -- 3.1.8.7 Nuclear Spin and Hyperfine Structure -- Magnetic Interaction -- Electric Quadrupole Interaction -- 3.2…Diatomic Molecules -- 3.2.1 Hamiltonian for a Diatomic Molecule without Spin -- 3.2.1.1 Separation of Nuclear and Electron Variables -- 3.2.1.2 Born--Oppenheimer Approximation -- 3.2.2 Hamiltonian for a Diatomic Molecule without Electronic Angular Momentum -- 3.2.2.1 Nuclear Motions -- 3.2.2.2 Vibrational Energy -- 3.2.2.3 Rotational Energy -- 3.2.2.4 Dunham Expansion -- 3.2.3 Hamiltonian for a Diatomic Molecule with Electronic Angular Momentum -- 3.2.3.1 Vector Model and Hund's Coupling Cases -- 3.2.3.2 Hund's Coupling Case ({{\usertwo a}}) -- 3.2.3.3 Rotational Energy in Case ({{\usertwo a}}) -- 3.2.3.4 Hund's Coupling Case ({{\usertwo b}}) -- 3.2.3.5 Other Fine Structure Interactions -- 3.2.4 Hyperfine Structure -- 3.2.4.1 Magnetic Interaction -- 3.2.4.2 Electric Quadrupole Interaction -- 3.3…Polyatomic Molecules -- 3.3.1 The Born--Oppenheimer Approximation -- 3.3.2 The Choice of Rotation--Vibration Coordinates -- 3.3.2.1 Translation -- 3.3.2.2 Rotation and Vibration -- 3.3.2.3 The Standard Coordinates -- 3.3.3 The Eckart Equations -- 3.3.4 Normal Coordinates -- 3.3.5 Molecular Rotation--Vibration Energies -- 3.3.5.1 The Watson Hamiltonian -- 3.3.5.2 The Zero-Order Hamiltonian -- 3.3.6 The Rigidly Rotating Molecule -- 3.3.6.1 Rigid Symmetric Top Eigenfunctions -- 3.3.6.2 Spherical Tops -- 3.3.6.3 Symmetric Tops -- 3.3.6.4 Asymmetric Tops -- 3.3.6.5 Linear Rotors -- 3.3.7 The Harmonically Vibrating Molecule -- 3.3.7.1 Asymmetric Tops -- 3.3.7.2 Linear Rotors -- 3.3.7.3 Symmetric Tops -- 3.3.7.4 Spherical Tops -- 3.3.8 Effective Hamiltonians -- 3.3.8.1 The Contact Transformation -- 3.3.8.2 The Watsonian -- 3.3.9 Molecular Symmetry. , 3.3.9.1 Symmetry and Symmetry Groups -- The Symmetry of \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} -- The Symmetry of \hbox{PH}_3 -- 3.3.9.2 Selection Rules for Optical Transitions -- 3.3.10 Appendix to 3.3 -- 3.3.10.1 Rotational Spectra of Linear Molecules -- 3.3.10.2 Asymmetry Parameters -- 3.3.10.3 Rotational Energy Level Diagram: {\bf H}_{\bf 2}\bf{CO} as an Example -- 3.3.10.4 Rotational Energy Level Diagram: \bf{H}_{\bf 2}\bf{O} as an Example -- 3.3.10.5 Pure Rotational Spectra of an Asymmetric Top Molecule: HNCO as an Example -- 3.3.10.6 Effective B Plots -- 3.3.10.7 Rovibrational Spectra of an Asymmetric Top Molecule: An a-Type Band of a Near Prolate Top -- 3.3.10.8 Rovibrational Spectra of an Asymmetric Top Molecule: A b-Type Band of a Near Prolate Top -- 3.4…Molecules with Internal Rotation -- 3.4.1 Molecule with One Methyl Internal Rotor -- 3.4.1.1 Torsion--Rotation Hamiltonian Operator -- Principal Axis Methods -- Rho Axis Method -- Internal Axis Method -- 3.4.1.2 Permutation--Inversion (PI) Group and Transformation Properties of Variables Under Permutation--Inversion Operations -- {\usertwo C}_1({\usertwo G}_3) Case -- {\usertwo C}_s({\usertwo G}_6) Case -- {\usertwo C}_s({\usertwo G}_{12}) Case -- 3.4.1.3 Qualitative Understanding of Pure Internal-Rotation Energy Levels for the {\usertwo C}_1({\usertwo G}_3) and {\usertwo C}_s({\usertwo G}_6) Cases -- Barrier Height Parameter and Mathieu Equation -- Energy Level Patterns in Extreme Cases -- Qualitative Interpretation of Internal-Rotation Energy Level Patterns for a High Barrier Case Based on Tunneling Matrix Idea -- 3.4.1.4 Qualitative Understanding of Pure Internal-Rotation Energy Levels for {\usertwo C}_s({\usertwo G}_{12}) Case -- 3.4.1.5 Construction of Hamiltonian Matrix with the Use of Free Rotor Wavefunctions -- {\usertwo C}_1({\usertwo G}_3) Case -- {\usertwo C}_s({\usertwo G}_6) Case. , {\usertwo C}_s({\usertwo G}_{12}) Case -- 3.4.1.6 An Approximate Expression of Torsional--Rotational Energy -- 3.4.1.7 Perturbation Treatment and Effective Rotational Hamiltonian Operator -- 3.4.1.8 Tunneling Matrix Formulation of the Torsional--Rotational Problem -- Basis Set Functions -- Expressions of Hamiltonian Matrix Elements -- Note on a Least Square Analysis with the Tunneling Matrix Formulation -- Comparison with the Perturbation Treatment in the Traditional Formulation -- 3.4.1.9 Transition Selection Rules -- 3.4.2 Two-Top Internal-Rotation Problem -- 3.4.2.1 Case of a Molecule with Two Inequivalent Methyl Internal Rotors -- Group Theoretical Treatment -- 3.4.2.2 Energy Level Splitting Pattern -- 3.4.2.3 Hamiltonian Operator -- 3.4.2.4 Basis Set Wavefunctions and Hamiltonian Matrix Elements -- Basis Set Functions for the C_1(G_9) Case -- Basis Set Functions for Case {\usertwo C}_s({\usertwo G}_{18}) -- Hamiltonian Matrix Elements -- 3.4.3 Case of a Molecule with Two Equivalent Methyl Internal Rotors -- 3.4.3.1 Group Theory -- Character Table -- Transition Selection Rules -- Coordinate System and Transformation Properties of Variables -- 3.4.3.2 J = K =0 Energy Level Splitting Pattern -- 3.4.3.3 Hamiltonian Operator, Basis Set Functions and Hamiltonian Matrix -- Hamiltonian Operator -- Basis Set Functions -- Hamiltonian Matrix Elements -- 3.4.4 Tunneling Matrix Formulation for Molecules with Two Methyl Internal Rotors -- 3.4.4.1 Case {\usertwo C}_1({\usertwo G}_9) of a Molecule with Inequivalent Two Methyl Tops -- Vibrational Framework Functions and Basis Functions Belonging to Each Symmetry Species -- Phenomenological Hamiltonian Operator and Hamiltonian Matrix Element Expressions -- 3.4.4.2 Case {\usertwo C}_s({\usertwo G}_{18}) of a Molecule with Equivalent Two Methyl Tops -- 3.4.5 Appendix to 3.4 -- 3.4.5.1 Mathematical Relation 1. , 3.4.5.2 Mathematical Relation 2 -- 3.4.5.3 Mathematical Relation 3 -- 3.4.5.4 Permutation--Inversion Group -- 3.4.5.5 Framework Functions Defined so as to be Orthogonalized with Each Other -- References -- 4 Laboratory Experimental Methods -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.1.1 Molecules Relevant to Laboratory Astrophysics -- 4.1.2 Spectral Line Widths and Intensities -- 4.2…Monochromatic Radiation Sources for High Resolution Absorption Spectroscopy -- 4.2.1 Overview -- 4.2.2 Terahertz Backward-Wave Oscillators -- 4.2.2.1 Principle and Performance of BWOs -- 4.2.2.2 Principle of Phase-Lock Loops -- 4.2.3 BWO Terahertz Spectrometers -- 4.2.4 Sub-Doppler Spectroscopy -- 4.2.5 Multiplier-Spectrometer -- 4.2.6 Planar Schottky Multipliers -- 4.2.7 Monolithic Membrane Diodes -- 4.2.8 COSSTA: Cologne Sideband Spectrometer for THz Applications -- 4.3…Spectroscopy in Supersonic Jets -- 4.3.1 General Remarks -- 4.3.2 SuJeSTA -- 4.3.2.1 Electrical Discharge Sources -- 4.3.2.2 Laser Ablation Sources -- 4.3.3 OROTRON -- 4.3.3.1 Two-Photon-Pump-Probe Experiments -- 4.3.3.2 Two-Photon Absorption Spectroscopy -- 4.4…Heterodyne Mixers for High Resolution Spectroscopy of Interstellar Molecules -- 4.4.1 Heterodyne Detection -- 4.4.2 SIS Mixers -- 4.4.2.1 Physical Principles and Frequency Limits -- 4.4.3 SIS Mixer Device Design and Fabrication -- 4.4.3.1 SIS Tunnel Junctions -- 4.4.3.2 RF Properties of SIS Junctions -- 4.4.3.3 Integrated Matching Circuits -- 4.4.3.4 Waveguide Mixers -- 4.4.4 Superconducting Hot-Electron Bolometers -- References -- 5 List of Molecules Observed in Interstellar Space -- Index.

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