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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salt-tolerance in plants. I. Ions, compatible organic solutes and the stability of plant ribosomes (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polysomes and ribosomes recovered from a number of plant species were tested for stability when incubated at 25°C in salt solutions in the absence of ATP and initiation factors. Stability was assessed by sucrose density gradient analysis. The stability was inversely proportional to salt concentrations above 125 mol m−3 KCl. Polysomes were less stable in the presence of Na+ than K+ salts, and were much less stable in Cl− than in acetate salts. Polysomes from Triticum aestivum. Hordeum vulgare, Capsicum annuum, Helianthus annuus. Pisum sativum, Atriplex nummularia, Beta vulgaris, Cladophora sp., Enteromorpha sp. and Corallina cuvieri were similarly sensitive to KCl. Polysomes from Ulva lactuca were more sensitive than the other species. Cytoplasmic and plastid polysomes from T. aestivum were similarly unstable in 500 mol m−3 KCl. Unprogrammed ribosomal subunit couples from T. aestivum, B. vulgaris and U. lactuca showed Mg2+-dependent conformational instability and dissociation in KCl. Slight differences in ribosomal stability were observed between species, but these were unrelated to the salt tolerances of the plants. The ‘compatible’ organic solutes, glycinebetaine and proline, failed to reduce ion-induced instability. Ribosome yield and polysome profiles were similar in leaves of B. vulgaris containing significantly different levels of both Na+ and Cl− after growth in media containing 50 or 200 mol m−3 NaCl. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that plants maintain a cytoplasmic solute environment that is compatible with ribosomal stability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11591840
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf Diffusive Conductance and Tap Root Cell Turgor Pressure of Sugarbeet (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 10 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The interrelationships of leaf diffusive conductance, tap root cell turgor pressure and the diameter of the tap root of sugarbeet were studied. The study was conducted on well-watered plants growing in pots under artificial light in the glasshouse. In a typical experiment, on illumination (400 μmol m−2 s−1) leaf conductance increased from 0.6 to 7.4 mm s−1. Cell turgor pressure in the tap root decreased from 0.8 MPa to 0.45 MPa and the root diameter (9.0 cm) contracted by 145μm. Removal of light resulted in the reversal of each of the above parameters to their previous values. Quantitively similar results were obtained when sugar beet plants were uprooted and the response of each of the parameters was measured. The sequence of events however was different. On stimulation by light, changes in leaf diffusive conductance preceded the turgor and root diameter changes (which were simultaneous) by some 15–20min. In contrast, on uprooting the simultaneous changes in root turgor pressure and diameter preceded the changes in leaf conductance. The lag times between changes in diffusive conductance and turgor pressure in the root were between 20 and 30 min.Tap root turgor pressure and diameter correlated strongly and permitted the calculation of an apparent whole root volumetric elastic modules (55–63 MPa). The small changes in tissue volume relative to the transpiration rate suggest that the tap root is not a significant source of transpirational water during the day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11604755
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of salinity on the yield and composition of Diplachne fusca (Kallar grass) (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 4 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Aspects of the response of Kallar grass (Diplachne fusca) to root salinity have been studied. Field observation on the high level of tolerance of this species have been mirrored in pot trials and a 50% yield (dry matter) was obtained at ECe 22.3. While salt stress led to Na and Cl uptake, most of these ions appeared to be secreted selectively from the leaves. The shoot K+ content on a tissue water basis remained unaffected by salt stress and the shoot tissue had a high K+ selectivity. Osmotic adaptation was mainly brought about by tissue dehydration and not net salt accumulation although the compatible solute glycinebetaine was accumulated in fairly high concentrations.The organic and inorganic chemical composition of the shoots, including the trace elements Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn, is such as to make this species a highly promising plant for the exploitation of saline soils which might otherwise not be amenable to agriculture use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1981.tb01040.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sodium transport measured in plasma membrane vesicles isolated from wheat genotypes with differing K+/Na+ discrimination traits (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 18 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Right-side-out plasma membrane vesicles were isolated from wheat roots using an aqueous polymer two-phase system. The purity and orientation of the vesicles were confirmed by marker enzyme analysis. Membrane potential (Ψ)-dependent 22Na+ influx and sodium/proton (Na+/ H+) antiport-mediated efflux across the plasma membrane were studied using these vesicles. Membrane potentials were imposed on the vesicles using either K+ gradients in the presence of valinomycin or H+ gradients. The ΔΨ was quantified by the uptake of the lipophilic cation tetraphenylphosphonium. Uptake of Na+ into the vesicles was stimulated by a negative ΔΨ and had a Km for extrav-esicular Na+ of 34.8 ± 5.9 mol m3. The ΔΨ-dependent uptake of Na+ was similar in vesicles from roots of hexaploid (cv. Troy) and tetraploid (cv. Langdon) wheat differing in a K+/Na+ discrimination trait, and was also unaffected by growth in 50 mol m−3 NaCl. Inhibition of ΔΨ-dependent Na+ uptake by Ca2+ was greater in the hexaploid than in the tetraploid.Sodium/proton antiport was measured as Na+-dependent, amiloride-inhibited pH gradient formation in the vesicles. Acidification of the vesicle interior was measured by the uptake of 14C-methylamine. The Na+/H+ antiport had a Km, for intravesicular Na+ of between 13 and 19 mol m−3. In the hexaploid, Na+/H+ antiport activity was greater when roots were grown in the presence of 50 mol m−3NaCl, and was also greater than the activity in salt-grown tetraploid wheat roots. Antiport activity was not increased in a Langdon 4D chromosome substitution line which carries a trait for K+/Na+ discrimination. It is concluded that neither of the transport processes measured is responsible for the Na+/K+ discrimination trait located on the 4D chromosome of wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00344.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical composition of salt-marsh plants from Ynys Môn (Anglesey): the concept of physiotypes (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 3 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chemical compositions of a number of halophytes from salt marshes on Ynys Môn (Anglesey), Wales, and of some related mesophytes and sand dune plants have been determined. Analyses of the inorganic ions broadly confirmed the existence of a characteristic chemical composition of many monoco-tyledonous salt-marsh plants in that they contain high levels of potassium and relatively low levels of sodium. In contrast to most dicotyledonous halophytes, especially members of the Chenopodiacease, the monocots restrict the entry of inorganic ions and use high levels of soluble sugars to maintain an adequate solute potential. Low calcium levels were not found to be a feature of these plants, as was previously reported. The large amounts of sugars found in the monocotyle-donous plants suggested that they must be located mainly in the vacuoles, in contrast to glycinebetaine which is thought to accumulate principally in the cytoplasm of the salt accumulating Chenopodiaceae. The monocotyledonous halophytes which accumulate proline differ from the normal monocotyledonous physiotype in the accumulation of larger quantities of sodium. Triglochin maritima is one species of this type, and Puccinellia maritima a less extreme example. Spartina spp. accumulating glycinebetaine and β-dimethyl-sulphoniopropionate also have unusually high inorganic ion contents for monocots. Several salt marsh plants contained large quantities of amino acids other than proline. As with ionic composition, the nature of the organic solutes broadly followed taxonomic lines. The usefulness of the physiotype concept is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11581858
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-molecular-weight carbohydrates in some salt-stressed plants (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 53 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A study was made of the effects of salinity on the concentrations of free sugars, glycinebetaine, proline and other chemical components of Aster tripolium L., Daucus carota L., Honkenya peploides (L.) Ehr. and Plantago coronopus L. (Dicotyledones); and Carex extensa Good., Eleocharis uniglumis (Link) Schutt., Juncus maritima Lam. and Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmel.) Palla (Monocotyledones) grown in the laboratory. In Plantago coronopus the level of the polyol sorbitol increased when the plants were subjected to NaCl stress, while in Honkenya peploides the cyclitol pinitol accumulated. No consistent pattern emerged with respect to the changes in free sugar contents in either the monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plants, though the monocotyledonous plants generally had higher sugar contents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1981.tb05040.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taxonomic and ecological aspects of the distribution of glycinebetaine and related compounds in plants (1977)
    Springer
    Oecologia 27 (1977), S. 319-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The concentrations of the major inorganic ions and glycinebetaine, choline and proline and the osmotic pressure of extract sap have been determined in eight salt marsh species and four sand dune species from local habitats. These results together with those previously reported on hydroponically grown plants and data assembled from the literature show that glycinebetaine accumulation is a feature of members of the Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae, many Gramineae and some members of the Solanaceae and Compositae, particularly when exposed to conditions of low soil water potential. It is suggested that in these families betaine is employed as a non-toxic cytoplasmic osmoticum when decreased osmotic potentials are required. In some other plant species proline may fulfil a similar function. Another quaternary ammonium compound may be accumulated in the Plumbaginaceae in addition to proline. Some evidence suggests that the differences in the organic osmoticum used may relate to the different inorganic ion contents of the plants. The accumulation of nitrogen dipoles as cytoplasmic osmotica may make heavy demands on the nitrogen economy of the plants and this problem is discussed briefly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345565
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Osmotic adaptation in Ulva lactuca under fluctuating salinity regimes (1982)
    Springer
    Planta 155 (1982), S. 409-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Dimethylsulphoniopropionate ; Osmotic adaptation ; Salinity (fluctuating) ; Ulva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study has been made of the osmotic responses of the green intertidal alga, Ulva lactuca, under two fluctuating salinity regimes; sinusoidal and square-wave fluctuations between 30 and 100% sea water in a 12 h cycle. These regimes closely resemble the tidal fluctuation of salinity encountered by the alga in its natural estuarine habitat. Data on changes in the inorganic ions, potassium, sodium, chloride and sulphate; in the organic solute, dimethylsulphoniopropionate; in the total sugar levels and estimated osmotic and turgor pressures under the two salinity regimes are reported. Significant differences in the solute responses under these different conditions were detected. In general, better control of ion fluxes appeared to be exercised under the sinusoidal conditions which also buffered changes in dimethylsulphoniopropionate levels. Influxes of potassium were highly light-dependent. Chloride levels conspicuously failed to reach the steady-state levels in the 6-h-hyper-osmotic part of either the abrupt or gradual cycle. The possible significance of these data, which may better reflect osmotic changes in the natural environment, and some of the problems encountered, particularly in accounting for charge balance under some conditions, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394469
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of wheat root growth. The effects of excision on growth, wall rheology and root anatomy (1988)
    Springer
    Planta 176 (1988), S. 399-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Growth (root, excision) ; Pressure probe ; Root growth (excision effects) ; Triticum (root growth) ; Turgor pressure ; Wall extensibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Excision and subsequent incubation of the apices (1 cm) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedling roots in simple media severely reduced elongation from 28 mm·(24 h)-1 in intact roots to a maximum of 2 mm·(24 h)-1 in excised roots. The reduction in growth was accompanied by a loss of cell turgor in the growing zone but was correlated with a hardening of the cell walls in this region. Rheological properties were measured as percent extensibility (both plastic and elastic) using a tensiometer, and as instantaneous volumetric elastic modulus (ε i) using the pressure probe. Excision decreased plastic and elastic properties with a half-time of some 60 min. Plastic extension was reduced from 2.5% to 0.9% and elastic from 4.8% to 2.6% for an 8-g load. By contrast, ε i was increased by excision. The observed reduction in root elongation rate was accompained by a reduction in mature cell length from 240 μm to 40 μm and a shortening of the zone of cell expansion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395421
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon dioxide fixation by chloroplasts isolated in glycinebetaine (1979)
    Springer
    Planta 145 (1979), S. 393-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chloroplasts and CO2 fixation ; glycinebetaine ; Proline ; Spinacea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spinach chloroplasts capable of high rates of CO2 fixation have been isolated in glycinebetaine as an alternative osmoticum to sorbitol and found to be very stable. Proline was a less satisfactory alternatine. The possible significance of the use of glycinebetaine is discussed as this solute may be the physiological cytoplasmic osmoticum in members of the Chenopodiaceae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388367
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