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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Woodpeckers. (2010)
    London :Bloomsbury Publishing Plc,
    Details
    Keywords: Jynx. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (1513 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781408135044
    Series Statement: Helm Identification Guides
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=624052
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Introduction -- Acknowledgements -- Style and Layout of the Book -- Relationships and Taxonomy -- Distribution -- Morphology and Mechanics -- Plumage and Moult -- Food and Foraging -- Ecological Sexual Dimorphism -- Habitat -- Behaviour -- Reproduction and Sociality -- Woodpeckers and Man -- Systmetic Section -- Eurasian Wryneck Jynx torquilla -- Rufous-necked Wryneck Jynx ruficollis -- Speckled Piculet Picumnus innominatus -- Bar-breasted Piculet Picumnus aurifrons -- Orinoco Piculet Picumnus pumilus -- Lafresnaye's Piculet Picumnus lafresnayi -- Golden-spangled Piculet Picumnus exilis -- Ecuadorian Piculet Picumnus sclateri -- Scaled Piculet Picumnus squamulatus -- White-bellied Piculet Picumnus spilogaster -- Guianan Piculet Picumnus minutissimus -- Spotted Piculet Picumnus pygmaeus -- Speckle-chested Piculet Picumnus steindachneri -- Varzea Piculet Picumnus varzeae -- White-barred Piculet Picumnus cirratus -- Ocellated Piculet Picumnus dorbygnianus -- Ochre-collared Piculet Picumnus temminckii -- White-wedged Piculet Picumnus albosquamatus -- Rusty-necked Piculet Picumnus fuscus -- Rufous-breasted Piculet Picumnus rufiventris -- Tawny Piculet Picumnus fulvescens -- Ochraceous Piculet Picumnus limae -- Mottled Piculet Picumnus nebulosus -- Plain-breasted Piculet Picumnus castelnau -- Fine-barred Piculet Picumnus subtilis -- Olivaceous Piculet Picumnus olivaceus -- Greyish Piculet Picumnus granadensis -- Chestnut Piculet Picumnus cinnamomeus -- African Piculet Sasia africana -- Rufous Piculet Sasia abnormis -- White-browed Piculet Sasia ochracea -- Antillean Piculet Nesoctites micromegas -- White Woodpecker Melanerpes candidus -- Lewis's Woodpecker Melanerpes lewis -- Guadeloupe Woodpecker Melanerpes herminieri -- Puerto Rican Woodpecker Melanerpes portoricensis. , Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erytkrocephalus -- Acorn Woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus -- Black-cheeked Woodpecker Melanerpes pucherani -- Golden-naped Woodpecker Melanerpes chrysauchen -- Yellow-tufted Woodpecker Melanerpes cruentatus -- Yellow-fronted Woodpecker Melanerpes flavifrons -- White-fronted Woodpecker Melanerpes cactorum -- Hispaniolan Woodpecker Melanerpes striatus -- Jamaican Woodpecker Melanerpes radiolatus -- Golden-cheeked Woodpecker Melanerpes chrysogenys -- Grey-breasted Woodpecker Melanerpes hypopolius -- Yucatan Woodpecker Melanerpes pygmaeus -- Red-crowned Woodpecker Melanerpes rubricapillus -- Gila Woodpecker Melanerpes uropygialis -- Red-bellied Woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus -- West Indian Woodpecker Melanerpes superciliaris -- Golden-fronted Woodpecker Melanerpes aurifrons -- Hoffmann's Woodpecker Melanerpes hoffmannii -- Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius -- Red-naped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis -- Red-breasted Sapsucker Sphyrapicus ruber -- Williamson's Sapsucker Sphyrapicus thyroideus -- Cuban Green Woodpecker Xiphidiopicus percussus -- Fine-spotted Woodpecker Campethera punctuligera -- Nubian Woodpecker Campethera nubica -- Bennett's Woodpecker Campethera bennettii -- Reichenow's Woodpecker Campethera scriptoricauda -- Golden-tailed Woodpecker Campethera abingoni -- Mombasa Woodpecker Campethera mombassica -- Knysna Woodpecker Campethera notata -- Little Green Woodpecker Campethera maculosa -- Green-backed Woodpecker Campethera cailliautii -- Tullberg's Woodpecker Campethera tullbergi -- Buff-spotted Woodpecker Campethera nivosa -- Brown-eared Woodpecker Campethera caroli -- Ground Woodpecker Geocolaptes olivaceus -- Little Grey Woodpecker Dendropicos elachus -- Speckle-breasted Woodpecker Dendropicos poecilolaemus -- Abyssinian Woodpecker Dendropicos abyssinicus. , Cardinal Woodpecker Dendropicos fuscescens -- Melancholy Woodpecker Dendropicos lugubris -- Gaboon Woodpecker Dendropicos gabonensis -- Stierling's Woodpecker Dendropicos stierlingi -- Bearded Woodpecker Dendropicos namaquus -- Fire-bellied Woodpecker Dendropicos pyrrhogaster -- Golden-crowned Woodpecker Dendropicos xantholophus -- Elliot's Woodpecker Dendropicos elliotii -- Grey Woodpecker Dendropicos goertae -- Grey-headed Woodpecker Dendropicos spodocephalus -- Olive Woodpecker Dendropicos griseocephalus -- Brown-backed Woodpecker Picoides obsoletus -- Sulawesi Woodpecker Picoides temminckii -- Philippine Woodpecker Picoides maculatus -- Brown-capped Woodpecker Picoides moluccensis -- Grey-capped Woodpecker Picoides canicapillus -- Pygmy Woodpecker Picoides kizuki -- Lesser Spotted Woodpecker Picoides minor -- Brown-fronted Woodpecker Picoides auriceps -- Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker Picoides macei -- Stripe-breasted Woodpecker Picoides atratus -- Yellow-crowned Woodpecker Picoides mahrattensis -- Arabian Woodpecker Picoides dorae -- Rufous-bellied Woodpecker Picoides hyperythrus -- Crimson-breasted Woodpecker Picoides cathpharius -- Darjeeling Woodpecker Picoides darjellensis -- Middle Spotted Woodpecker Picoides medius -- White-backed Woodpecker Picoides leucotos -- Great Spotted Woodpecker Picoides major -- Syrian Woodpecker Picoides syriacus -- White-winged Woodpecker Picoides leucopterus -- Sind Woodpecker Picoides assimilis -- Himalayan Woodpecker Picoides himalayensis -- Striped Woodpecker Picoides lignarius -- Checkered Woodpecker Picoides mixtus -- Nuttall's Woodpecker Picoides nuttallii -- Ladder-backed Woodpecker Picoides scalaris -- Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens -- Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis -- Strickland's Woodpecker Picoides stricklandi -- Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus. , White-headed Woodpecker Picoides albolarvatus -- Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus -- Black-backed Woodpecker Picoides arcticus -- Scarlet-backed Woodpecker Veniliornis callonotus -- Yellow-vented Woodpecker Veniliornis dignus -- Bar-bellied Woodpecker Veniliornis nigriceps -- Smoky-brown Woodpecker Veniliornis fumigatus -- Little Woodpecker Veniliornis passerinus -- Dot-fronted Woodpecker Veniliornis frontalis -- White-spotted Woodpecker Veniliornis spihgaster -- Blood-coloured Woodpecker Veniliornis sanguineus -- Red-rumped Woodpecker Veniliornis kirkii -- Choco Woodpecker Veniliornis chocoensis -- Golden-collared Woodpecker Veniliornis cassini -- Red-stained Woodpecker Veniliornis affinis -- Yellow-eared Woodpecker Veniliornis maculifrons -- Rufous-winged Woodpecker Picidus simplex -- Stripe-cheeked Woodpecker Piculus callopterus -- Lita Woodpecker Picidus litae -- White-throated Woodpecker Piculus leucolaemus -- Yellow-throated Woodpecker Picidus flavigula -- Golden-green Woodpecker Piculus chrysochloros -- Yellow-browed Woodpecker Piculus aurulentus -- Grey-crowned Woodpecker Piculus auricularis -- Golden-olive Woodpecker Piculus rubiginosus -- Crimson-mantled Woodpecker Picidus rivolii -- Black-necked Woodpecker Colaptes atricollis -- Spot-breasted Woodpecker Colaptes punctigula -- Green-barred Woodpecker Colaptes melanochloros -- Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus -- Gilded Flicker Colaptes chrysoides -- Fernandina's Flicker Colaptes fernandinae -- Chilean Flicker Colaptes pitius -- Andean Flicker Colaptes rupicola -- Campo Flicker Colaptes campestris -- Rufous Woodpecker Celeus brachyurus -- Cinnamon Woodpecker Celeus loricatus -- Scaly-breasted Woodpecker Celeus grammicus -- Waved Woodpecker Celeus undatus -- Chestnut-coloured Woodpecker Celeus castaneus -- Chestnut Woodpecker Celeus elegans -- Pale-crested Woodpecker Celeus lugubris. , Blond-crested Woodpecker Celeus flavescens -- Cream-coloured Woodpecker Celeus flavus -- Rufous-headed Woodpecker Celeus spectabilis -- Ringed Woodpecker Celeus torquatus -- Helmeted Woodpecker Dryocopus galeatus -- Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus -- Lineated Woodpecker Dryocopus lineatus -- Black-bodied Woodpecker Dryocopus schulzi -- White-bellied Woodpecker Dryocopusjavensis -- Andaman Woodpecker Dryocopus hodgei -- Black Woodpecker Dryocopus martius -- Powerful Woodpecker Campephilus pollens -- Crimson-bellied Woodpecker Campephilus haematogaster -- Red-necked Woodpecker Campephilus rubricollis -- Robust Woodpecker Campephilus robustus -- Pale-billed Woodpecker Campephilus guatemalensis -- Crimson-crested Woodpecker Campephilus melanoleucos -- Guayaquil Woodpecker Campephilus gayaquilensis -- Cream-backed Woodpecker Campephilus leucopogon -- Magellanic Woodpecker Campephilus magellanicus -- Imperial Woodpecker Campephilus imperialis -- Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis -- Banded Woodpecker Picus miniaceus -- Lesser Yellownape Picus chlorolophus -- Crimson-winged Woodpecker Picus puniceus -- Greater Yellownape Picus flavinucha -- Checker-throated Woodpecker Picus mentalis -- Streak-breasted Woodpecker Picus viridanus -- Laced Woodpecker Picus vittatus -- Streak-throated Woodpecker Picus xanthopygaeus -- Scaly-bellied Woodpecker Picus squamatus -- Japanese Woodpecker Picus awokera -- Eurasian Green Woodpecker Picus viridis -- Red-collared Woodpecker Picus rabieri -- Black-headed Woodpecker Picus erythropygius -- Grey-faced Woodpecker Picus canus -- Olive-backed Woodpecker Dinopium rafflesii -- Himalayan Woodpecker Dinopium shorii -- Common Flameback Dinopium javanense -- Black-rumped Flameback Dinopium benghalense -- Greater Flameback Chrysocolaptes lucidus -- White-naped Woodpecker Chrysocolaptes festivus. , Pale-headed Woodpecker Gecinulus grantia.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Woodpeckers. (1995)
    London :Bloomsbury Publishing Plc,
    Details
    Keywords: Woodpeckers. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (417 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781408135037
    Series Statement: Helm Identification Guides
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=738762
    Language: English
    Note: COVER -- CONTENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- STYLE AND LAYOUT OF THE BOOK -- RELATIONSHIPS AND TAXONOMY -- DISTRIBUTION -- MORPHOLOGY AND MECHANICS -- PLUMAGE AND MOULT -- FOOD AND FORAGING -- ECOLOGICAL SEXUAL DIMORPHISM -- HABITAT -- BEHAVIOUR -- REPRODUCTION AND SOCIALITY -- WOODPECKERS AND MAN -- Eurasian Wryneck: Jynx torquilla -- Rufous-necked Wryneck: Jynx ruficollis -- Speckled Piculet: Picumnus innominatus -- Bar-breasted Piculet: Picumnus aurifrons -- Orinoco Piculet: Picumnus pumilus -- Lafresnaye's Piculet: Picumnus lafresnayi -- Golden-spangled Piculet: Picumnus exilis -- Ecuadorian Piculet: Picumnus sclateri -- Scaled Piculet: Picumnus squamulatus -- White-bellied Piculet: Picumnus spilogaster -- Guianan Piculet: Picumnus minutissimus -- Spotted Piculet: Picumnus pygmaeus -- Speckle-chested Piculet: Picumnus steindachneri -- Varzea Piculet: Picumnus varzeae -- White-barred Piculet: Picumnus cirratus -- Ocellated Piculet: Picumnus dorbygnianus -- Ochre-collared Piculet: Picumnus temminckii -- White-wedged Piculet: Picumnus albosquamatus -- Rusty-necked Piculet: Picumnus fuscus -- Rufous-breasted Piculet: Picumnus rufiventris -- Tawny Piculet: Picumnus fulvescens -- Ochraceous Piculet: Picumnus limae -- Mottled Piculet: Picumnus nebulosus -- Plain-breasted Piculet: Picumnus castelnau -- Fine-barred Piculet: Picumnus subtilis -- Olivaceous Piculet: Picumnus olivaceus -- Greyish Piculet: Picumnus granadensis -- Chestnut Piculet: Picumnus cinnamomeus -- African Piculet: Sasia africana -- Rufous Piculet: Sasia abnormis -- White-browed Piculet: Sasia ochracea -- Antillean Piculet: Nesoctites micromegas -- White Woodpecker: Melanerpes candidus -- Lewis's Woodpecker: Melanerpes lewis -- Guadeloupe Woodpecker: Melanerpes herminieri -- Puerto Rican Woodpecker: Melanerpes portoricensis. , Red-headed Woodpecker: Melanerpes erythrocephalus -- Acorn Woodpecker: Melanerpes formicivorus -- Black-cheeked Woodpecker: Melanerpes pucherani -- Golden-naped Woodpecker: Melanerpes chrysauchen -- Yellow-tufted Woodpecker: Melanerpes cruentatus -- Yellow-fronted Woodpecker: Melanerpes flavifrons -- White-fronted Woodpecker: Melanerpes cactorum -- Hispaniolan Woodpecker: Melanerpes striatus -- Jamaican Woodpecker: Melanerpes radiolatus -- Golden-cheeked Woodpecker: Melanerpes chrysogenys -- Grey-breasted Woodpecker: Melanerpes hypopolius -- Yucatan Woodpecker: Melanerpes pygmaeus -- Red-crowned Woodpecker: Melanerpes rubricapillus -- Gila Woodpecker: Melanerpes uropygialis -- Red-bellied Woodpecker: Melanerpes carolinus -- West Indian Woodpecker: Melanerpes superciliaris -- Golden-fronted Woodpecker: Melanerpes aurifrons -- Hoffmann's Woodpecker: Melanerpes hoffinannii -- Yellow-bellied Sapsucker: Sphyrapicus varius -- Red-naped Sapsucker: Sphyrapicus nuchalis -- Red-breasted Sapsucker: Sphyrapicus ruber -- Williamson's Sapsucker: Sphyrapicus thyroideus -- Cuban Green Woodpecker: Xiphidiopicus percussus -- Fine-spotted Woodpecker: Campethera punctuligera -- Nubian Woodpecker: Campethera nubica -- Bennett's Woodpecker: Campethera bennettii -- Reichenow's Woodpecker: Campethera scriptoricauda -- Golden-tailed Woodpecker: Campethera abingoni -- Mombasa Woodpecker: Campethera mombassica -- Knysna Woodpecker: Campethera notata -- Little Green Woodpecker: Campethera maculosa -- Green-backed Woodpecker: Campethera cailliautii -- Tullberg's Woodpecker: Campethera tullbergi -- Buff-spotted Woodpecker: Campethera nivosa -- Brown-eared Woodpecker: Campethera caroli -- Ground Woodpecker: Geocolaptes olivaceus -- Little Grey Woodpecker: Dendropicos elachus -- Speckle-breasted Woodpecker: Dendropicos poecilolaemus -- Abyssinian Woodpecker: Dendropicos abyssinicus. , Cardinal Woodpecker: Dendropicos fuscescens -- Melancholy Woodpecker: Dendropicos lugubris -- Gaboon Woodpecker: Dendropicos gabonensis -- Stierling's Woodpecker: Dendropicos stierlingi -- Bearded Woodpecker: Dendropicos namaquus -- Fire-bellied Woodpecker: Dendropicos pyrrhogaster -- Golden-crowned Woodpecker: Dendropicos xantholophus -- Elliot's Woodpecker: Dendropicos elliotii -- Grey Woodpecker: Dendropicos goertae -- Grey-headed Woodpecker: Dendropicos spodocephalus -- Olive Woodpecker: Dendropicos griseocephalus -- Brown-backed Woodpecker: Picoides obsoletus -- Sulawesi Woodpecker: Picoides temminckii -- Philippine Woodpecker: Picoides maculatus -- Brown-capped Woodpecker: Picoides moluccensis -- Grey-capped Woodpecker: Picoides canicapillus -- Pygmy Woodpecker: Picoides kizuki -- Lesser Spotted Woodpecker: Picoides minor -- Brown-fronted Woodpecker: Picoides auriceps -- Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker: Picoides macei -- Stripe-breasted Woodpecker: Picoides atratus -- Yellow-crowned Woodpecker: Picoides mahrattensis -- Arabian Woodpecker: Picoides dorae -- Rufous-bellied Woodpecker: Picoides hyperythrus -- Crimson-breasted Woodpecker: Picoides cathpharius -- Darjeeling Woodpecker: Picoides darjellensis -- Middle Spotted Woodpecker: Picoides medius -- White-backed Woodpecker: Picoides leucotos -- Great Spotted Woodpecker: Picoides major -- Syrian Woodpecker: Picoides syriacus -- White-winged Woodpecker: Picoides leucopterus -- Sind Woodpecker: Picoides assimilis -- Himalayan Woodpecker: Picoides himalayensis -- Striped Woodpecker: Picoides lignarius -- Checkered Woodpecker: Picoides mixtus -- Nuttall's Woodpecker: Picoides nuttallii -- Ladder-backed Woodpecker: Picoides scalaris -- Downy Woodpecker: Picoides pubescens -- Red-cockaded Woodpecker: Picoides borealis -- Strickland's Woodpecker: Picoides stricklandi -- Hairy Woodpecker: Picoides villosus. , White-headed Woodpecker: Picoides albolarvatus -- Three-toed Woodpecker: Picoides tridactylus -- Black-backed Woodpecker: Picoides arcticus -- Scarlet-backed Woodpecker: Veniliornis callonotus -- Yellow-vented Woodpecker: Veniliornis dignus -- Bar-bellied Woodpecker: Veniliornis nigriceps -- Smoky-brown Woodpecker: Veniliornis fumigatus -- Little Woodpecker: Veniliornis passerinus -- Dot-fronted Woodpecker: Veniliornis frontalis -- White-spotted Woodpecker: Veniliornis spilogaster -- Blood-coloured Woodpecker: Veniliornis sanguineus -- Red-rumped Woodpecker: Veniliornis kirkii -- Choco Woodpecker: Veniliornis chocoensis -- Golden-collared Woodpecker: Veniliornis cassini -- Red-stained Woodpecker: Veniliornis affinis -- Yellow-eared Woodpecker: Veniliornis maculifrons -- Rufous-winged Woodpecker: Piculus simplex -- Stripe-cheeked Woodpecker: Piculus cattopterus -- Lita Woodpecker: Piculus litae -- White-throated Woodpecker: Piculus leucolaemus -- Yellow-throated Woodpecker: Piculus flavigula -- Golden-green Woodpecker: Piculus chrysochloros -- Yellow-browed Woodpecker: Piculus aurulentus -- Grey-crowned Woodpecker: Piculus auricularis -- Golden-olive Woodpecker: Piculus rubiginosus -- Crimson-mantled Woodpecker: Piculus rivolii -- Black-necked Woodpecker: Colaptes atricollis -- Spot-breasted Woodpecker: Colaptes punctigula -- Green-barred Woodpecker: Colaptes melanochloros -- Northern Flicker: Colaptes auratus -- Gilded Flicker: Colaptes chrysoides -- Fernandina's Flicker: Colaptes fernandinae -- Chilean Flicker: Colaptes pitius -- Andean Flicker: Colaptes rupicola -- Campo Flicker: Colaptes campestris -- Rufous Woodpecker: Celeus brachyurus -- Cinnamon Woodpecker: Celeus loricatus -- Scaly-breasted Woodpecker: Celeus grammicus -- Waved Woodpecker: Celeus undatus -- Chestnut-coloured Woodpecker: Celeus castaneus -- Chestnut Woodpecker: Celeus elegans. , Pale-crested Woodpecker: Celeus lugubris -- Blond-crested Woodpecker: Celeus flavescens -- Cream-coloured Woodpecker: Celeus flavus -- Rufous-headed Woodpecker: Celeus spectabilis -- Ringed Woodpecker: Celeus torquatus -- Helmeted Woodpecker: Dryocopus galeatus -- Pileated Woodpecker: Dryocopus pileatus -- Lineated Woodpecker: Dryocopus lineatus -- Black-bodied Woodpecker: Dryocopus schulzi -- White-bellied Woodpecker: Dryocopus javensis -- Andaman Woodpecker: Dryocopus hodgei -- Black Woodpecker: Dryocopus martius -- Powerful Woodpecker: Campephilus pollens -- Crimson-bellied Woodpecker: Campephilus haematogaster -- Red-necked Woodpecker: Campephilus rubricollis -- Robust Woodpecker: Campephilus robustus -- Pale-billed Woodpecker: Campephilus guatemalensis -- Crimson-crested Woodpecker: Campephilus melanoleucos -- Guayaquil Woodpecker: Campephilus gayaquilensis -- Cream-backed Woodpecker: Campephilus leucopogon -- Magellanic Woodpecker: Campephilus magellanicus -- Imperial Woodpecker: Campephilus imperialis -- Ivory-billed Woodpecker: Campephilus principalis -- Banded Woodpecker: Picus miniaceus -- Lesser Yellownape: Picus chlorolophus -- Crimson-winged Woodpecker: Picus puniceus -- Greater Yellownape: Picus flavinucha -- Checker-throated Woodpecker: Picus mentalis -- Streak-breasted Woodpecker: Picus viridanus -- Laced Woodpecker: Picus vittatus -- Streak-throated Woodpecker: Picus xanthopygaeus -- Scaly-bellied Woodpecker: Picus squamatus -- Japanese Woodpecker: Picus awokera -- Eurasian Green Woodpecker: Picus viridis -- Red-collared Woodpecker: Picus rabieri -- Black-headed Woodpecker: Picus erythropygius -- Grey-faced Woodpecker: Picus canus -- Olive-backed Woodpecker: Dinopium rafflesii -- Himalayan Woodpecker: Dinopium shorii -- Common Flameback: Dinopium javanense -- Black-rumped Flameback: Dinopium benghalense. , Greater Flameback: Chrysocolaptes lucidus.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Secretogranin II: Relative Amounts and Processing to Secretoneurin in Various Rat Tissues (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 66 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Secretoneurin is a 33-amino-acid peptide produced in vivo from secretogranin II. An antiserum raised against this peptide recognizes both the free peptide and its precursors. By HPLC and radioimmunoassay we characterized the immunoreactive molecules and determined the levels of immunoreactivity in various rat organs. In adrenal medulla and to a lesser degree in the anterior pituitary processing of secretogranin II to secretoneurin was very limited, whereas in all other organs studied (brain, intestine, endocrine pancreas, thyroid gland, and posterior pituitary) a high degree of processing was apparent. Thus, practically all of the immunoreactivity was present as free secretoneurin. This was also true for serum. When the total amount of secretoneurin immunoreactivity was calculated for the various organs, the largest pools in descending order were in the intestine, CNS, anterior pituitary, pancreas, and adrenal gland. This makes it likely that secretoneurin in serum is mainly derived from the intestine. The high degree of processing of secretogranin II in most organs is consistent with the concept that this protein acts as a precursor of a functional peptide, i.e., secretoneurin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66031312.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Secretogranin II Is Synthesized and Secreted in Astrocyte Cultures (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 60 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Astrocyte cultures from rat brain were analyzed for their ability to synthesize and secrete secretogranin II (chromogranin C). Northern blot analysis of polyA-selected RNA established the presence of secretogranin II mRNA in these cells. By radioimmunoassay, 11.6 fmol/106 astrocytes of secretogranin II was found in these cells. About twice the amount was released into the medium within 3 days. Secretogranin II within the astrocytes was practically unprocessed, as shown by HPLC. These results establish for the first time that astrocytes in vitro synthesize and sec rete a protein of the acidic chromogranin family.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03520.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromogranin C: A Third Component of the Acidic Proteins in Chromaffin Granules (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 47 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We characterized a group of acidic proteins of bovine chromaffin granules with an antiserum raised against a protein described by Rosa and Zanini [Eur. J. Cell Biol. 31, 94–98 (1983)] in pituitary gland. In adrenal medulla the proteins reacting with this antiserum are confined to chromaffin granules. Their largest component has a Mr of 86,000 and a pl of 5.0. In addition six proteins of lower molecular weight are recognized by this antiserum. In a cell-free system only one protein is synthesized that can be precipitated with this antiserum. The properties of these proteins are very similar to those of the previously described chromogranins A and B; however, there is no immunological cross-reaction between these protein groups. We suggest this third group of acidic proteins of chromaffin granules be named chromogranins C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb02865.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Messenger RNA Levels of Chromogranin B, Secretogranin II, and VGF in Rat Brain After AF64A-Induced Septohippocampal Cholinergic Lesions (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 61 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— The mRNA levels of secretogranin II, chromo-granin B, and VGF were compared in brains of control and AF64A-treated rats. This toxin induces specific lesions of the septohippocampal cholinergic pathway. As a consequence of this treatment, the Chromogranin B message was elevated in the dentate gyrus granule cells of the hippocampus. In the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, a concomitant elevation of the messages of secretogranin II and corticotropin-releasing factor occurred in the parvocellular neurons, and an increase of those of secretogranin II and VGF occurred in a subgroup of magnocellular neurons. Further increases for secretogranin II were seen in the amygdaloid nuclei and the reticular thalamic nuclei and increases for Chromogranin B in the temporal cortex, substantia nigra compacta, and ventral tegmental area. These results indicate that the toxin-induced lesion of the cholinergic pathway innervating the hippocampus apparently leads to the stimulation of several defined groups of neurons that react with an increase in the mRNA levels of their secretory peptides. We suggest that changes in mRNA expression of these peptides are useful parameters for defining neurons under chronic stimulation. Key Words: Secretory peptides—Large dense core vesicles—Corticotropin releasing factor—Septohippocampal cholinergic system—Hippocampus—AF64A.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb09799.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In Adrenal Medulla Synaptophysin (Protein p38) Is Present in Chromaffin Granules and in a Special Vesicle Population (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 51 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: We have analyzed the properties and subcellular localization of synaptophysin (protein p38) in bovine adrenal medulla. In one-dimensional immunoblotting the adrenal antigen appears identical to synaptophysin of rat synaptic vesicles. In two-dimensional immunoblotting it migrates as a heterogeneous band varying in pI from 4.5 to 5.8. Subcellular fractionation by various sucrose gradients revealed that synaptophysin was present in two different cell particles. More than half of the antigens present in adrenal medulla were confined to special membranes that sedimented both with the “large granules” and with microsomal elements. These membranes could be removed from the large granule sediment by washing. In gradients it equilibrated in regions of low sucrose density. These membranes did not contain any markers for chromaffin granules. Less than half of the amount of synaptophysin present in adrenal medulla copurified with chromaffin granules. Despite several variations in the fractionation scheme synaptophysin could not be removed from chromaffin granules. After washing of granule membranes with alkaline solution synaptophysin still cosedimented in gradients with typical granule markers. The concentration of synaptophysin in membranes of chromaffin granules is low (〈10%) when compared with synaptic vesicles. It is concluded that in adrenal medulla synaptophysin is present in special membranes, probably in high concentration, and in membranes of chromaffin granules, either in a low concentration in all or in a higher concentration in some of them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb01127.x
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  • 8
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    Phylogenetic Distribution of Peptides Related to Chromogranins A and B (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 50 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The presence of chromogranin-related peptides in a wide range of species was investigated by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting. Antisera against bovine chromogranins A and B and the peptide WE-14 (chromogranin A316–329) were used. Chromogranins were identified by their heat stability, by their electrophoretic behavior, and by immunological cross-reaction with antisera. In all species investigated ranging from mammals to birds, amphibians, fish, and arthropods, chromogranin A- and B-like proteins could be demonstrated. For all species, there was an immunological cross-reaction with antisera against bovine chromogranins. The molecular sizes and isoelectric points of the chromogranins were similar in all species. The antiserum against WE-14 cross-reacted with pig, rat, and chicken chromogranins. It is concluded that the chromogranins A and B have a widespread phylogenetic distribution with a significant conservation of molecular size, isoelectric points, and immunological epitopes. This is consistent with the concept that these peptides have a specific function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb10574.x
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  • 9
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    Electronic Resource
    Large Dense-Core Vesicles in Rat Adrenal After Reserpine: Levels of mRNAs of Soluble and Membrane-Bound: Constituents in Chromaffin and Ganglion Cells Indicate a Biosynthesis of Vesicles with Higher Secretory Quanta (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 62 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Rats were injected with a large dose of reserpine known to stimulate the adrenal medulla. Various times after drug treatment the mRNA levels of several constituents of large dense-core vesicles were determined by northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. The latter method allowed detection of changes in mRNA levels not only in chromaffin cells, but also in the ganglion cells found in adrenal medulla. Levels of the mRNAs of secretory components of large dense-core vesicles (chromogranins A and B., secretogranin II, VGF, and neuropeptide Y) increased in chromaffin cells by 215–857% after 1–3 days of drug treatment. For partly membrane-bound components (dopamine β-hydroxylase, prohormone convertase 2, carboxypeptidase H., and peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase) the changes ranged from 182 to 315%, whereas for glycoprotein III and for intrinsic membrane proteins (cytochrome b661 and vesicle monoamine transporter 2) no change occurred. In ganglion cells the mRNAs that could be detected for VGF, neuropeptide Y., secretogranin II, carboxypeptidase H., and vesicle monoamine transporter 1 showed an analogous pattern of change, with significant increases for the secretory proteins and no change for the membrane components. From these and previous results we suggest the following concept: Long-lasting stimulation of chromaffin cells or neurons does not induce the biosynthesis of a larger number of vesicles but rather leads to the formation of vesicles containing higher secretory quanta of chromogranins and neuropeptides. Key Words: ChromograninSecretogranin II—Monoamine transporter—Prohormone convertase 2—Carboxypeptidase H—Cytochrome b661-Clusterin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.62062448.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proteolytic Processing of Chromogranin B and Secretogranin II by Prohormone Convertases (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 70 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Two experimental approaches were used to study the processing of chromogranin B and secretogranin II by prohormone convertases. In GH3 cells various prohormone convertases were overexpressed together with the substrate chromogranin B by use of a vaccinia virus infection system. PC1 appeared to be by far the most active enzyme and converted chromogranin B to several smaller molecules, including the peptide PE-11. In brain this peptide is cleaved physiologically from chromogranin B. Some processing of chromogranin B and formation of free PE-11 were also observed with PC2 and PACE4. Furin produced larger fragments, whereas PC5-A and PC5-B had negligible effects. As a second model, PC12 cells were stably transfected with PC1 or PC2 to investigate the processing of endogenous chromogranins. Both enzymes effectively cleaved chromogranin B and secretogranin II, liberating the peptides PE-11 and secretoneurin, respectively. However, in transfection experiments the ability to generate the free peptides was more pronounced with PC2 than with PC1. The extent of proprotein processing achieved by prohormone convertases apparently differed depending on the experimental system applied. This suggests that in vivo mechanisms to support and fine-tune the activity of the processing enzymes exist, which might be overlooked by using only one methodological approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70010374.x
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