Note: Front Cover -- Synthesis of Optically Active α-Amino Acids -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- Chapter 1. Asymmetrie Derivatization of Glycine -- A. Glycine and Related Enolates -- B. Glycine Cations -- C. Miscellaneous Methods -- References -- Chapter 2. Homologation of the β-Carbon -- A. β-Carbon Homologations -- B. ɤ-Carbon Homologations -- References -- Chapter 3. Electrophilic Amination of Enolates -- References -- Chapter 4. Nucleophilic Amination of α- Substituted Acids -- References -- Chapter 5. Asymmetric Strecker Syntheses -- References -- Chapter 6. Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Dehydroamino Acids -- A. Heterogeneous Hydrogenation of Dehydroamino Acids -- B. Asymmetric Homogeneous Hydrogenation of Dehydroamino Acids -- References -- Chapter 7. Enzymatic Syntheses of α- Amino Acids -- A. Enzymatic Resolution of Racemic Amino Acid Derivatives -- B. Asymmetric Bond-Forming Reactions on Prochiral Substrates Catalyzed by an Enzymatic System -- References -- Chapter 8. Miscellaneous Methods -- References -- Chapter 9. Total Synthesis of Complex Amino Acids -- A. The Kainic Acid Family -- B. Acivicin (AT-125) -- C. Bulgecin -- D. Echinocandin -- E. Complex Cyclic Peptides and Depsipeptides -- F. Cyclosporine -- G. Miscellaneous -- References -- Amino Acid Natural Products Not Yet Synthesized -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Measurement and Control of Colloidal Processes -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE -- PARTICIPANTS AND ADVISORS -- PART I: PROCESSING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AGGREGATED MATERIALS -- CHAPTER 1. EFFECT OF DOSING AND MIXING CONDITIONS ON FLOCCULATION BY POLYMERS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 RATE PROCESSES -- 3 EXPERIMENTAL -- 4 CONCLUSIONS -- 5 REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2. OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEWATERING AGGREGATED COLLOIDAL MATERIALS USING SMALL DIAMETER HYDROCYCLONES -- 1. INTRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL SIGNIFICANCE -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES -- 3. DEWATERING OF AGGREGATED KAOLINITE -- 4. DEWATERING OF AGGREGATED ALUMINA -- 5. DESIGN OF HYDROCYCLONE NETWORKS -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 8. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3. USING POLYMER THEORY TO CALCULATE THE FIRST CUMULANT OF AN AGGREGATING SUSPENSION -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.THEORY -- 3.COMPUTER SIMULATIONS -- 4.EXPERIMENTAL -- 5.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 6.CONCLUSIONS -- 7.REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4. CONSOLIDATION OF DEPLETION FLOCCULATED CONCENTRATED SUSPENSIONS INFLUENCE OF NON-ADSORBING POLYMER CONCENTRATION -- INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5. Interface Chemistry for Optimized Sludge Dewatering in Wastewater Treatment -- 1. Introduction -- II. Experimental -- III. Results and Discussion -- IV. Summary -- References -- CHAPTER 6. Dispersity and Stability of Ultra-fine Ammonium Perchlorate Particles in Liquid Media -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental methods -- 3. Experimental results and discussion -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 7. On the disintegration of submicron agglomerates -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 4. Conclusion -- 5. Acknowledgement -- 6. References. , PART II: DEVELOPMENTS IN INSTRUMENTATION FOR MONITORING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DISPERSIONS -- CHAPTER 8. TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF PHASE BOUNDARIES IN MULTI-COMPONENT PROCESSES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CASE STUDY - MULTI-COMPONENT FLOW MEASUREMENT -- 3. VECTOR VELOCITY MEASUREMENT - APPLICATION TO COMPONENT MASS FLOW MEASUREMENT -- 4. DISCUSSION -- 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 6. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9. A SEDIMENTATION ANALYSER SUITABLE FOR OPAQUE DISPERSIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SEDIMENTATION MONITORING SYSTEMS -- 3. A NOVEL SEDIMENTATION ANALYSER -- 4. CONCLUSION -- 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 6. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10. IMPROVEMENTS IN ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY MEASUREMENTS USING LASER-DOPPLER TECHNIQUES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIAL -- 3. MEASUREMENT OF AN ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY -- 4. CORRECTING MOBILITY SPECTRA FOR BROADENING DUE TO DIFFUSION -- 5. HOMODYNE AND HETERODYNE MOBILITY MEASUREMENTS -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- 7. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 11. NOVEL ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE FOR CMC AND SELF-DIFFUSION STUDIES OF THE MICELLES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 12. MONITORING THE AMOUNT OF MICROGEL STRUCTURES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF IONIC AND NON - IONIC POLYMERS, USING THE ELECTRICAL SENSING ZONE TECHNIQUE. -- 1. INTRODUCTION. -- 2. MICROGELS IN GELATIN -- 3. MATERIALS & -- METHODS -- 4. RESULTS -- 5. POLYVINYLALCOHOL -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- 7. REFERENCES -- PART III: CONTROLLED PARTICLE FORMATION TECHNOLOGIES -- CHAPTER 13. NUCLEATION AND CRYSTALLIZATION PHENOMENA HOSTED IN EMULSIONS. APPLICATION TO MICROPARTICLE FORMATION -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SOLIDIFICATION OF DROPLETS MADE OF A PURE COMPOUND -- 3. SOLIDIFICATION OF PURE COMPOUND DROPLETS. EMULSION TECHNIQUE -- 4. SOLIDIFICATION OF DROPLETS MADE OF TWO COMPOUNDS -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES. , CHAPTER 14. FORMATION AND SURFACE ENGINEERING OF MAGNETIC POLYMER BEADS FOR LARGE SCALE BIO-PROCESS APPLICATIONS -- 1. PROCESS APPLICATIONS FOR MAGNETIC CARRIER TECHNOLOGY -- 2. DESIGN OF MAGNETIC CARRIERS -- 3. ENZYME PROCESSING -- 4. CONCLUSIONS AND THE FUTURE OF MAGNETOPROCESSING -- 5. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 15. A HYDROTHERMAL METHOD PRODUCE TITANATE POWDERS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- 5. REFERNECES -- CHAPTER 16. A HYDROTHERMAL METHOD TO PRODUCE BARIUM FERRITE POWDERS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- 5. REFERENCE -- CHAPTER 17. SURFACE MODIFICATION OF ULTRA-FINE AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON PROPELLANT PROPERTIES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 3. IMPLICATIONS FOR PROPELLANTS TECHNOLOGY -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY -- PART IV: MINERAL AND INORGANIC COLLOIDS - MICRO AND MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION METHODS -- CHAPTER 18. THE DETERMINATION OF SURFACE TENSION PARAMETERS OF POWDERS BY THIN LAYER WICKING -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 BACKGROUND -- 3 EXPERIMENTAL -- 4 RESULTS -- 5 CONCLUSIONS -- 6 REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 19. AFFINITY OF NITROGEN FOR THE SURFACE OF TALC. RELATION TO THE NATURAL HYDROPHOBICITY OF THIS MINERAL -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS. -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- 5. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 20. MICRO-ELECTROPHORESIS OF HOMOIONIC ILLITES. -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL -- 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- 5. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 21. FACTORS EFFECTING COLLOID STABILITY OF CONCENTRATED MIXED AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS OF TITANUM DIOXIDE / CARBON-BLACK / POLYVINYLALCOHOL -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS. , 3. THE PREPARATION OF A STABLE TiO2 IN PVA BASIC DISPERSION WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF DISPERSION AND A SIMPLE FORMULATION -- 4. CARBON-BLACK DISPERSIONS IN PVA -- 5. The mixed TiO2 - carbon black / PVA dispersion -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- 7. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 22. Electrokinetic Surface Investigations - An Important Technique For Ceramic Powder Processing -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 4. Summary -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 23. RHEOLOGICAL STUDY OF BLENDS OF LAPONITE AND POLYMERIC THICKENERS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS -- 3. RESULTS -- 4. DISCUSSION -- 5. REFERENCES -- PART V: MEASUREMENT AND SIMULATION OF COMPLEX COLLOIDAL PROCESSES -- CHAPTER 24. MODELLING THE PHYSICS OF FOAM -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. LIQUID FOAMS -- 3. THEORETICAL MODEL -- 4. ELEMENTARY CONSEQUENCES OF THE MODEL -- 5. SIMULATION -- 6. RESULTS -- 7. FURTHER EXTENSIONS OF THE MODEL -- 8. CONCLUSIONS -- 9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 10. APPENDIX -- 11. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 25. TOWARDS THE ANIMATION OF COLLOIDAL PARTICLE-PARTICLE AND PARTICLE-SURFACE INTERACTIONS IN VARIOUS FORCE FIELDS USING A SUPERCOMPUTER -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SIMULATION STRATEGIES -- 3. DISPERSION BEHAVIOUR IN A QUIESCENT VESSEL -- 4. DISPERSION BEHAVIOUR IN A PARALLEL PLATE FLOW CHAMBER -- 5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS -- 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- 7. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 26. COEXISTENT PHASES IN OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS FLOCCULATED BY POLYSACCHARIDE -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 3. THEORY OF CREAMING OR SEDIMENTATION -- 4 RESULTS -- 5 DISCUSSION -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 27. STREAMING POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS OF FILMS AND FIBERS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE ELECTROCHEMICAL DOUBLE LAYER -- 3. METHODS TO DETERMINE THE ZETA-POTENTIAL -- 4. THE ELECTROKINETIC ANALYZER -- 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. , 6. CHARACTERISATION OF POLYMERIC SURFACES -- 7. FINAL REMARKS -- 8. REFERENCES -- PART VI: ADVANCES AND PROBLEMS IN MICRON AND SUB-MICRON SIZING TECHNIQUES -- CHAPTER 28. COMPARATIVE PARTICLE SIZE MEASUREMENTS USING THE ELECTRICAL SENSING ZONE AND LASER DIFFRACTION METHODS: A COLLABORATIVE STUDY -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 6. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 29. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF BIMODALS : A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SUBMICRON SIZING INSTRUMENTATION -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS. -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4. CONCLUSION -- 5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 6. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 30. MAXIMUM ENTROPY INVERSION OF STATIC LIGHT SCATTERING DATA FOR THE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION BY NUMBER AND VOLUME -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DATA ANALYSIS OF SLS MEASUREMENTS -- 3. EXPERIMENTAL -- 4. RESULTS -- 5. CONCLUSION -- 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 7. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 31. COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR HIGH RESOLUTION SUB-MICRON SIZING BY QUASI-ELASTIC LIGHT SCATTERING (PCS) -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIAL -- 3. DESCRIPTION OF ANALYSIS METHODS -- 4. COMPARISON OF ANALYSES -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- 6. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 32. NON-INVASIVE PARTICLE SIZE MEASUREMENT USING DIELECTRIC SEDIMENTATION SENSORS: A COMPARISON WITH ELECTRICAL SENSING ZONE AND ANDREASEN METHODS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- 3. RESULTS -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 6. REFERENCES.

Note: Cover -- The Chemistry of Evolution -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- Contents -- The Evolution of Earth-The Geochemical Partner of the Global Ecosystem (5 Billion Years of History) -- Introduction -- The Formation of the Atomic Elements: Abundances -- Earth's Physical Nature: Temperature and Pressure -- Earth's Atmosphere and Its Composition -- The Initial Formation of Minerals -- The Reforming of Solids from Melts: Minority Solids -- The Settling Down of Earth's Physical Nature -- The Initial Formation of the Sea and Its Contents -- Detailed Composition of the Original Sea: Availability -- Geological Periods - Chemical and Fossil Records -- Fissures in the Surface and Impacts of Meteorites -- The Geochemical Effects of Oxygen -- Conclusion -- Further Reading -- Basic Chemistry of the Ecosystem -- Introduction* -- Atoms and The Periodic Table -- Inorganic Chemistry -- Nature of Inorganic Chemical Compounds: Groups 1 to 3 and 12 to 17 -- The Nature of Transition Metal Compounds: Groups 4 to 11 -- Variable Combining Ratios and Spin States -- Important Heavy Elements -- Availability -- Non-Equilibrated Inorganic Systems: Barriers to Change -- Non-Equilibrium Inorganic Systems: Energy Storage -- Reactions and Catalysis by Inorganic Environmental Compounds, Especially Sulfides -- Summary of Inorganic Compounds Related to the Global Ecosystem -- Organic Chemistry -- Introduction to Organic Compounds of Ecological Relevance -- Stability and Reactivity of Organic Chemicals -- Stereochemistry -- The Importance of Temperature and Light: Rates of Organic Reactions -- Bringing Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Together -- Introduction -- Complex Formation: Selectivity -- Matching Redox Potentials of Inorganic and Organic Chemicals -- Electron and Proton Transfer -- The Importance of Rates of Exchange -- Selective Action of Metal Ion Complexes in Catalysis. , The Special Nature of Hydrogen -- Summary of the Basic Chemistry Relevant to Our Global Ecosystem -- Further Reading -- Energy, Order and Disorder, and Organised Systems -- Introduction -- Energy -- Order and Disorder: Equilibrium -- Some Steady States and Organisation -- Radiation Energy: Calculating its Disorder and Amount of Flow -- Optimal Rates of Energy Conversion and Optimal Retention of Energy in Cyclic Steady States: Content of a System -- Shape of Organised Systems and Energy: Maintained Form -- Evolution of a System going away from Equilibrium -- Form and Information: Multiple Component Systems -- Organisation and Compartments -- Organisation Messengers Feedback and Codes -- Energy Sources and Controlled Distribution of Energy -- Information Defined -- Cell Organisation, Equilibrium and Kinetic Constraints -- Informed Cellular Systems -- Ways of Looking at Ecological Chemical Systems: Summary -- A Note on Equilibrium Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Constants -- Further Reading -- Outline of Biological Chemical Principles: Components, Pathways and Controls -- Introduction -- Organisms: Their Classification as Thermodynamic Chemotypes -- Organisms: Their Generalised Element Content -- The Functional Value of the Elements in Organisms: Introduction to Biological Compounds -- Non-Metal Chemistry and its Basic Biological Pathways: Coding -- Informed Systems of Organic Molecules -- Pathways and Efficiency -- Structures and Maintained Flow: Containment -- The Selection of Coded Molecules: DNA(RNA) -- RNA and the Possible RNA World -- Proteins: Folding, Catalysts and Transcription Factors -- Proteins: Biological Machines in Water -- Proteins in Membranes -- Summary of Non-Metal Functions in Cells -- Why were Metal Ions Required? -- Combining Metal and Non-Metal Chemistry: Structures and Activities -- The Biological Properties of Hydrogen. , Cell Organisation and Constraints: Equilibria -- Kinetic Controls and Networks and their Energetics -- Summary -- The Magnitudes of Equilibrium Constraints in Cell Systems -- Equilibrium Redox Potential Controls -- Molecular Machines - Efficiency and Effectiveness -- References to Appendix 4c -- Further Reading -- First Steps in Evolution of Prokaryotes: Anaerobic Chemotypes Four to Three Billion Years Ago -- Introduction -- First Steps: The Evolution of Prokaryotes: General Considerations of the Origins of Anaerobes -- The Two Classes of Recognised Early Prokaryotes -- The Introduction of Coenzymes: Optimalising Basic H, C, N, O, P Distribution -- Primitive Metal Reaction Centres -- Metal/Organic Cofactors -- The Use of Light to Full Advantage -- Manganese in Cells/Oxygen Evolution -- The Molybdenum Cofactor, Moco -- Early Uses of Zinc, Calcium, Vanadium and Sodium -- Summary of Anaerobic Prokaryote Metabolism -- Energy Flow in Anaerobes -- The Polymers in Primitive Cells -- Gene Responses in Prokaryotes -- Satellite DNA: Plasmids -- Prokaryote Controls -- Internal Flows and General Movement: Sensing and Searching Chemotaxis -- Conclusion: Anaerobic Chemotypes and their Development -- Further Reading -- The Evolution of Protoaerobic and Aerobic Prokaryote Chemotypes (Three to Two Billion Years Ago) -- Introduction -- The Beginning of an Aerobic Environment: Protoaerobic Bacteria -- Protection of the Cytoplasm of Protoaerobes -- Reduction of Environmental Oxidised Compounds of Non-Metals -- The Employment of Metal Ions in Protoaerobes and the Special Cases of Molybdenum and Vanadium -- The Direct Use of Oxygen: Aerobes -- The Handling of Metals by Aerobes -- Cytoplasmic and Membrane Organisation of Proteins -- The Need for Extra Compartments -- The Periplasmic Space and Oxidative Metabolism. , Novel Forms of Control and Organisation: New Genetic Features of Aerobes -- Summary of Prokaryote Development -- Further Reading -- Unicellular Eukaryotes Chemotypes (About One and a Half Billion Years Ago?) -- Introduction -- Plant, Animal and Fungal Eukaryotes and Interactions between them -- Connections between Eukaryotes, their Compartments and Prokaryotes -- The Organelles of Eukaryotes -- The uses of Other Compartments: Further Separate Activities -- Reproduction, Growth and Form -- The Threat of Dioxygen : The Chemistry of Protection -- Additional Distributions of Elements in Unicellular Eukaryote Compartments: the Eukaryote Metallome and the Advantages of Compartmentalised Oxygen Metabolism -- The Proteome and the Metabolome -- The Proteins for Metal Ions in Eukaryotes -- Messengers in Single-Cell Eukaryotes -- The Crucial Nature of the Calcium Ion -- Minerals in Unicellular Plants and Animals and their Deposition -- Gene Development in Eukaryotes -- Mutual Dependence of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes -- Further Reading -- Multi-Cellular Eukaryote Chemotypes (From One Billion Year Ago) -- Introduction -- The Morphological Nature of Multi-Cellular Eukaryotes -- The Evolution of Multi-Cellular Plants -- The Evolution of Multi-Cellular Fungi -- The Evolution of Multi-Cellular Animals -- Diversity within the Major Chemotypes -- Growth of Plants and Animals from Single Cells -- The General Chemical Changes in the Ecosystem Some one Billion Years Ago -- The Chemical Changes of the Environment -- Chemical Changes in Whole Multi-Cellular Organisms -- Novel Proteins Associated with Multi-Cellular Organisms -- New Functional uses of Elements: General Outline -- The Use of Elements in Compartments and in Signalling -- Growth and Differentiation -- The Production of Chemical Messengers between Cells in Organs -- Connective Tissues. , A Further Note on Calcium -- Light Switches in Plants and Animals -- The Protection Systems of Plants and Animals -- Changes in Genetic Structure -- Degradation Activity and Apoptosis -- Conclusion -- Further Reading -- The Evolution of Chemotypes with Nerves and a Brain (0.5 Billion Years Ago to Today) -- Introduction -- Senses -- The Development of Nerves -- The Brain -- The Physical Evolution of the Brain -- The Chemical Element Composition of the Brain -- The Brain Development as an Information Store: The Human Phenotype -- A Note on Animal Genes and Morphology -- The Biological Chemotypes of the Ecosystem: A Summary -- The Relationship between Plants, Fungi and Bacteria: A Summary -- The Relationship between Plants and Animals -- Energised Inorganic Elements and their Uses by the End of Biological Evolution -- The Direction of Biological Evolution -- Further Reading -- Evolution due to Mankind: A Completely Novel Chemotype (Less than One Hundred Thousand Years Ago) -- Introduction -- The Nature of Homo Sapiens -- The Evolution of Human Beings from 100,000 Years Ago -- The Coming of Science -- Mankind and the Detailed Use of Chemical Elements -- Mankind, Energy and External Machines -- Transport -- Human Message Systems -- Organisation and Mankind -- The Development of Self-Consciousness -- Human Genes -- Summary -- Note on Creation and Intelligent Design: Mankind's Inventions -- A Note on General Culture -- Further Reading -- Conclusion: The Inevitable Factors in Evolution -- Introduction -- The Darwinian Approach to Evolution -- Genes and Darwin's Proposals -- The General Thermodynamic View of Ecosystem Evolution in this Book -- The Chemical Sequence of the Environment -- Chemicals and their Changes in Organisms: Chemotypes -- The Continuous Gain in Use of Energy and its Degradation -- The Changing Use of Space -- The Changes in Organisation. , Symbiosis: A Form of Compartmental Collaboration.

Note: Ebook , Chapter 1: An Outline of the History of the University of Oxford with Reference to its Chemistry School-- Chapter 2: From Alchemy to Air Pumps: the Foundation of Oxford Chemistry to 1700-- Chapter 3: The Eighteenth Century: Chemistry Allied to Anatomy-- Chapter 4: Chemistry Comes of Age: the 19th Century-- Chapter 5: Research as the Thing: Oxford Chemistry 1912-1939-- Chapter 6: Interlude: Chemists at War-- Chapter 7: Recent Times 1945-2005: a School of World Renown.

Note: Cover -- The Chemistry of Evolution -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- Contents -- The Evolution of Earth-The Geochemical Partner of the Global Ecosystem (5 Billion Years of History) -- Introduction -- The Formation of the Atomic Elements: Abundances -- Earth's Physical Nature: Temperature and Pressure -- Earth's Atmosphere and Its Composition -- The Initial Formation of Minerals -- The Reforming of Solids from Melts: Minority Solids -- The Settling Down of Earth's Physical Nature -- The Initial Formation of the Sea and Its Contents -- Detailed Composition of the Original Sea: Availability -- Geological Periods - Chemical and Fossil Records -- Fissures in the Surface and Impacts of Meteorites -- The Geochemical Effects of Oxygen -- Conclusion -- Further Reading -- Basic Chemistry of the Ecosystem -- Introduction* -- Atoms and The Periodic Table -- Inorganic Chemistry -- Nature of Inorganic Chemical Compounds: Groups 1 to 3 and 12 to 17 -- The Nature of Transition Metal Compounds: Groups 4 to 11 -- Variable Combining Ratios and Spin States -- Important Heavy Elements -- Availability -- Non-Equilibrated Inorganic Systems: Barriers to Change -- Non-Equilibrium Inorganic Systems: Energy Storage -- Reactions and Catalysis by Inorganic Environmental Compounds, Especially Sulfides -- Summary of Inorganic Compounds Related to the Global Ecosystem -- Organic Chemistry -- Introduction to Organic Compounds of Ecological Relevance -- Stability and Reactivity of Organic Chemicals -- Stereochemistry -- The Importance of Temperature and Light: Rates of Organic Reactions -- Bringing Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Together -- Introduction -- Complex Formation: Selectivity -- Matching Redox Potentials of Inorganic and Organic Chemicals -- Electron and Proton Transfer -- The Importance of Rates of Exchange -- Selective Action of Metal Ion Complexes in Catalysis. , The Special Nature of Hydrogen -- Summary of the Basic Chemistry Relevant to Our Global Ecosystem -- Further Reading -- Energy, Order and Disorder, and Organised Systems -- Introduction -- Energy -- Order and Disorder: Equilibrium -- Some Steady States and Organisation -- Radiation Energy: Calculating its Disorder and Amount of Flow -- Optimal Rates of Energy Conversion and Optimal Retention of Energy in Cyclic Steady States: Content of a System -- Shape of Organised Systems and Energy: Maintained Form -- Evolution of a System going away from Equilibrium -- Form and Information: Multiple Component Systems -- Organisation and Compartments -- Organisation Messengers Feedback and Codes -- Energy Sources and Controlled Distribution of Energy -- Information Defined -- Cell Organisation, Equilibrium and Kinetic Constraints -- Informed Cellular Systems -- Ways of Looking at Ecological Chemical Systems: Summary -- A Note on Equilibrium Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Constants -- Further Reading -- Outline of Biological Chemical Principles: Components, Pathways and Controls -- Introduction -- Organisms: Their Classification as Thermodynamic Chemotypes -- Organisms: Their Generalised Element Content -- The Functional Value of the Elements in Organisms: Introduction to Biological Compounds -- Non-Metal Chemistry and its Basic Biological Pathways: Coding -- Informed Systems of Organic Molecules -- Pathways and Efficiency -- Structures and Maintained Flow: Containment -- The Selection of Coded Molecules: DNA(RNA) -- RNA and the Possible RNA World -- Proteins: Folding, Catalysts and Transcription Factors -- Proteins: Biological Machines in Water -- Proteins in Membranes -- Summary of Non-Metal Functions in Cells -- Why were Metal Ions Required? -- Combining Metal and Non-Metal Chemistry: Structures and Activities -- The Biological Properties of Hydrogen. , Cell Organisation and Constraints: Equilibria -- Kinetic Controls and Networks and their Energetics -- Summary -- The Magnitudes of Equilibrium Constraints in Cell Systems -- Equilibrium Redox Potential Controls -- Molecular Machines - Efficiency and Effectiveness -- References to Appendix 4c -- Further Reading -- First Steps in Evolution of Prokaryotes: Anaerobic Chemotypes Four to Three Billion Years Ago -- Introduction -- First Steps: The Evolution of Prokaryotes: General Considerations of the Origins of Anaerobes -- The Two Classes of Recognised Early Prokaryotes -- The Introduction of Coenzymes: Optimalising Basic H, C, N, O, P Distribution -- Primitive Metal Reaction Centres -- Metal/Organic Cofactors -- The Use of Light to Full Advantage -- Manganese in Cells/Oxygen Evolution -- The Molybdenum Cofactor, Moco -- Early Uses of Zinc, Calcium, Vanadium and Sodium -- Summary of Anaerobic Prokaryote Metabolism -- Energy Flow in Anaerobes -- The Polymers in Primitive Cells -- Gene Responses in Prokaryotes -- Satellite DNA: Plasmids -- Prokaryote Controls -- Internal Flows and General Movement: Sensing and Searching Chemotaxis -- Conclusion: Anaerobic Chemotypes and their Development -- Further Reading -- The Evolution of Protoaerobic and Aerobic Prokaryote Chemotypes (Three to Two Billion Years Ago) -- Introduction -- The Beginning of an Aerobic Environment: Protoaerobic Bacteria -- Protection of the Cytoplasm of Protoaerobes -- Reduction of Environmental Oxidised Compounds of Non-Metals -- The Employment of Metal Ions in Protoaerobes and the Special Cases of Molybdenum and Vanadium -- The Direct Use of Oxygen: Aerobes -- The Handling of Metals by Aerobes -- Cytoplasmic and Membrane Organisation of Proteins -- The Need for Extra Compartments -- The Periplasmic Space and Oxidative Metabolism. , Novel Forms of Control and Organisation: New Genetic Features of Aerobes -- Summary of Prokaryote Development -- Further Reading -- Unicellular Eukaryotes Chemotypes (About One and a Half Billion Years Ago?) -- Introduction -- Plant, Animal and Fungal Eukaryotes and Interactions Between them -- Connections between Eukaryotes, their Compartments and Prokaryotes -- The Organelles of Eukaryotes -- The uses of Other Compartments: Further Separate Activities -- Reproduction, Growth and Form -- The Threat of Dioxygen : The Chemistry of Protection -- Additional Distributions of Elements in Unicellular Eukaryote Compartments: the Eukaryote Metallome and the Advantages of Compartmentalised Oxygen Metabolism -- The Proteome and the Metabolome -- The Proteins for Metal Ions in Eukaryotes -- Messengers in Single-Cell Eukaryotes -- The Crucial Nature of the Calcium Ion -- Minerals in Unicellular Plants and Animals and their Deposition -- Gene Development in Eukaryotes -- Mutual Dependence of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes -- Further Reading -- Multi-Cellular Eukaryote Chemotypes (From One Billion Year Ago) -- Introduction -- The Morphological Nature of Multi-Cellular Eukaryotes -- The Evolution of Multi-Cellular Plants -- The Evolution of Multi-Cellular Fungi -- The Evolution of Multi-Cellular Animals -- Diversity within the Major Chemotypes -- Growth of Plants and Animals from Single Cells -- The General Chemical Changes in the Ecosystem Some one Billion Years Ago -- The Chemical Changes of the Environment -- Chemical Changes in Whole Multi-Cellular Organisms -- Novel Proteins Associated with Multi-Cellular Organisms -- New Functional uses of Elements: General Outline -- The Use of Elements in Compartments and in Signalling -- Growth and Differentiation -- The Production of Chemical Messengers between Cells in Organs -- Connective Tissues. , A Further Note on Calcium -- Light Switches in Plants and Animals -- The Protection Systems of Plants and Animals -- Changes in Genetic Structure -- Degradation Activity and Apoptosis -- Conclusion -- Further Reading -- The Evolution of Chemotypes with Nerves and a Brain (0.5 Billion Years Ago to Today) -- Introduction -- Senses -- The Development of Nerves -- The Brain -- The Physical Evolution of the Brain -- The Chemical Element Composition of the Brain -- The Brain Development as an Information Store: The Human Phenotype -- A Note on Animal Genes and Morphology -- The Biological Chemotypes of the Ecosystem: A Summary -- The Relationship between Plants, Fungi and Bacteria: A Summary -- The Relationship between Plants and Animals -- Energised Inorganic Elements and their Uses by the End of Biological Evolution -- The Direction of Biological Evolution -- Further Reading -- Evolution due to Mankind: A Completely Novel Chemotype (Less than One Hundred Thousand Years Ago) -- Introduction -- The Nature of Homo Sapiens -- The Evolution of Human Beings from 100,000 Years Ago -- The Coming of Science -- Mankind and the Detailed Use of Chemical Elements -- Mankind, Energy and External Machines -- Transport -- Human Message Systems -- Organisation and Mankind -- The Development of Self-Consciousness -- Human Genes -- Summary -- Note on Creation and Intelligent Design: Mankind's Inventions -- A Note on General Culture -- Further Reading -- Conclusion: The Inevitable Factors in Evolution -- Introduction -- The Darwinian Approach to Evolution -- Genes and Darwin's Proposals -- The General Thermodynamic View of Ecosystem Evolution in this Book -- The Chemical Sequence of the Environment -- Chemicals and their Changes in Organisms: Chemotypes -- The Continuous Gain in Use of Energy and its Degradation -- The Changing Use of Space -- The Changes in Organisation. , Symbiosis: A Form of Compartmental Collaboration.

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- GENERAL INDEX -- Plant Index.

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- PROLOGUE -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX.