Note: Cover -- Marine Pollution -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction to the Marine Environment and Pollution -- What is the marine environment? -- What are some basics of marine ecosystems and food webs? -- Why is there concern about the state of the oceans? -- What is a contaminant? Is there a difference between a contaminant and a pollutant? -- What are the major sources of pollution in the marine environment? -- What are the major ways that land-based pollutants enter the marine environment? -- Which pollutants enter the ocean from the air? -- Can objects in the water cause pollution? -- How can aquaculture cause pollution? -- Once in the water, what happens to the pollutants? -- How do chemicals get into marine animals? -- What is toxicity? -- What effects can pollutants have besides killing living things? -- How is the degree of toxicity measured? -- How can field studies be used to understand toxicity? -- Why are some species more sensitive to pollution than others? -- What laws regulate marine pollution? -- Why are some contaminants that have been banned still a problem? -- How extensive and severe is marine pollution around the world? -- 2. Nutrients -- Why are nutrients considered pollutants, since they are required for life? -- Where do the nutrients come from? -- How does a sewage treatment plant work? -- What is Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO)? -- What are Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)? -- What effects do excess nutrients have, or what is eutrophication? -- What effects are seen in seagrasses? -- What effects are seen in coral reefs? -- What is a dead zone? -- Can excess nutrients damage salt marshes? -- How widespread is eutrophication? -- What are Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)? -- What are some harmful algal species? -- How widespread is their occurrence?. , What can be done to reduce farm runoff? -- What can be done to reduce runoff from cities and suburbs? -- What can be done about combined sewer overflow? -- What techniques in the water can reduce effects of eutrophication? -- What is the prognosis for eutrophication in the future? -- 3. Marine Debris -- Why is marine debris so abundant? -- Where does marine debris come from? -- What are the major constituents of debris? -- What happens to the plastic? Does it break down? -- How is debris in the ocean measured? -- How much is there? -- Why does debris accumulate in large patches in the middle of the ocean? -- Where else does debris accumulate? -- Granted it is ugly, but can the litter harm marine life? -- What problems are caused by derelict fishing gear? -- What are the biggest pieces of marine litter? -- Can marine debris harm people? -- What can be done about it? Can cleanups be effective? -- What about public education? -- Are there laws to reduce marine litter? -- Can new technologies reduce the problems of marine debris? -- 4. Oil and Related Chemicals -- What are the components of oil? -- What are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)? -- What are the major sources of oil in the ocean? -- What happens to the oil after it is spilled? -- What happened with the Exxon Valdez? -- What were the causes of the accident? -- What actions were taken after the spill to protect shorelines? -- How was the spill cleaned up? -- Have there been some resulting policy changes to prevent future spills? -- What happened with the well blowout in the Gulf of Mexico? -- What responses were taken? -- Why was the use of dispersants so controversial? -- What happened to the oil and dispersants? -- What were the overall impacts to the ecology of the Gulf? -- What happens when oil reaches shorelines? -- How does oil harm marine birds and mammals?. , What kinds of toxic effects does oil produce in other marine animals? -- How long do effects of oil spills last? -- Can oiled birds and sea otters be rehabilitated? -- How can oil spills be cleaned up? -- What are the trends in oil spills over the decades? -- 5. Metals -- What are the major sources of metal pollutants? -- What are some highly mercury-contaminated sites? -- How does the chemical form of the metal affect what it does? -- Where do metals concentrate in the environment? -- What are the toxic effects of different metals? -- What can organisms do to defend themselves against metal toxicity? -- Can elevated levels of metals in seafood be a risk to humans? -- What are the trends in metal pollution? -- What can be done to reduce metal pollution? -- What is natural attenuation? -- What is capping? -- What is Confined Aquatic Disposal (CAD)? -- What is bioremediation of metals? -- What is phytoremediation? -- 6. Pesticides and Industrial Organic Chemicals -- What are the sources of pesticides to the marine environment? -- What happens to these chemicals after they enter the water? -- What is the importance of the book Silent Spring? -- What are some newer types of pesticides? -- What are "third-generation" pesticides? -- How are pesticides regulated? -- What is integrated pest management? -- What are the effects of pesticides on nontarget organisms? -- What is endocrine disruption? -- What are biomarkers? -- What kinds of population level effects can be produced? -- What community level effects can be produced? -- What can marine organisms to do defend themselves against toxic effects? -- What are the trends in pesticide contamination? -- What are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)? -- How did PCBs get into the marine environment? -- What are Dioxins? -- How do they get into the marine environment? -- What effects do they have?. , Can PCBs or dioxins be a risk to people who eat seafood? -- What can be done about organic chemical pollution? -- 7. Emerging Concerns -- What other types of contaminants are we beginning to learn about? -- Why are pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) a concern? -- What can be done about PPCPs? -- What are polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and why are they a concern in the marine environment? -- What is the problem with fluorinated compounds? -- What is the concern about alkylphenols? -- What are nanoparticles and what is the concern about them? -- Are existing regulations adequate to protect against harm to marine life, wildlife, and humans by these new chemicals? Are there any technological improvements? -- What is Noise pollution? -- What types of noise occur in the ocean? -- What effects are produced by noise pollution? -- What can be done about noise pollution? -- Are there concerns about radioactivity in the marine environment? -- What is light pollution? -- What can be done about light pollution? -- 8. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification -- What is bioaccumulation and what is biomagnification? -- What happens once a metal is taken up into an organism? -- Where and how are metals stored in organisms? -- How are organic contaminants taken up by organisms? -- How do organisms metabolize organic contaminants? -- Which marine organisms are good sentinels for bioaccumulation and biomagnification of chemicals? -- What are safety issues for humans who consume seafood that may be contaminated? -- What is Minamata disease? -- Are there any concerns about mercury pollution in seafood today? -- Can metal pollution be found in calcium supplements derived from oyster shells? -- What problems can result from eating seafood containing organic contaminants? -- Can dioxin contamination be found in seafood?. , Can contaminants be found in fish oil supplements? -- How can eating fish or shellfish that have accumulated HAB toxins cause disease? -- What is Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)? -- What is diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP)? -- What is neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP)? -- What is amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP)? -- What is Ciguatera? -- How can the incidence of poisoning by marine toxins be reduced? -- 9. Climate Change and Ocean Acidification -- What causes global warming or climate change? -- What problems are happening or expected to happen in the marine environment because of climate change? -- Why are coral reefs particularly vulnerable? -- What happens in polar regions? -- Can climate change affect the distribution of species? -- Can climate change have effects on aquaculture? -- Can climate change affect the size of animals? -- Can climate change affect predator/prey interactions? -- What effects can happen from sea level rise? -- Why is sea level rising faster than was predicted? -- What can be done about sea level rise? -- What is pH? -- What is ocean acidification? -- What effects are produced by ocean acidification? -- Hasn't ocean pH changed in the past? Why is this different? Will marine organisms be able to adapt? -- Which species are most threatened by ocean acidification? -- How can organisms protect themselves against effects of warming and acidification? -- What economic effects could result from Ocean Acidification? -- What can we do to mitigate effects of ocean acidification? -- 10. Biological Pollution -- Where does microbial pollution come from? -- How is microbial pollution detected? -- What kind of diseases may result from exposure? -- How can people know if it is safe to swim at their favorite beach? -- What are invasive species? -- How do they get to new locations?. , What are some invasive marine fishes and what harm do they do?.

Note: Walking Sideways -- Contents -- List of Vignettes -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter One: Introducing Crabs -- Chapter Two: Habitats -- Chapter Three: Form and Function -- Chapter Four: Reproduction and Life Cycle -- Chapter Five: Behavior -- Chapter Six: Ecology -- Chapter Seven: Crab Problems and Problem Crabs -- Chapter Eight: Crab Fisheries -- Chapter Nine: Eating Crabs -- Chapter Ten: Crabs and Humans -- Bibliography -- Index -- Color plates.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- I. Natural History -- 1. Salt-Marsh Basics -- 2. Primary Producers: The Plants -- 3. Animals of the Salt Marsh: Consumers -- II. Human Alterations to Salt Marshes -- 4. Physical Alterations -- 5. Pollution -- 6. Biological Alterations: Non-indigenous Species -- 7. Marsh Restoration and Management for Environmental Improvement -- 8. Death and Rebirth of an Urban Wetland: The Hackensack Meadowlands -- Appendix: List of Species Discussed in the Text -- References -- Index -- About the Authors.

Note: Cover -- Half title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- 1 Introduction -- Part I Behaviour and the Invasion Process -- 2 The Role of Behavioural Variation across Different Stages of the Introduction Process -- 3 Invading New Environments: A Mechanistic Framework Linking Motor Diversity and Cognition to Establishment Success -- 4 Invader Endocrinology: The Regulation of Behaviour in Pesky Phenotypes -- 5 Life History, Behaviour and Invasion Success -- 6 Behaviour on Invasion Fronts, and the Behaviour of Invasion Fronts -- 7 The Role of Dispersal Behaviour and Personality in Post-establishment Spread -- Part II Behavioural Interactions Between Invaders and Native Species -- 8 Invasive Plants as Novel Food Resources, the Pollinators' Perspective -- 9 In the Light of Introduction: Importance of Introduced Populations for the Study of Brood Parasite-Host Coevolution -- 10 Flight Behaviour of an Introduced Parasite Affects its Galápagos Island Hosts: Philornis downsi and Darwin's Finches -- 11 Eat or be Eaten: Invasion and Predation in Aquatic Ecosystems -- 12 Evolutionary Novelty and the Behaviour of Introduced Predators -- Part III Case Studies -- 13 Behaviours Mediating Ant Invasions -- 14 Invasions by Mosquitoes: The Roles of Behaviour Across the Life Cycle -- 15 How Behaviour Contributes to the Success of an Invasive Poeciliid Fish: The Trinidadian Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) as a Model Species -- 16 How Behaviour Has Helped Invasive Crayfish to Conquer Freshwater Ecosystems -- 17 Behaviours of Pacific Lionfish Facilitate Invasion of the Atlantic -- 18 Wildlife Trade, Behaviour and Avian Invasions -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Part I: Physiology -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Marine Pollution -- 1.1 Sources and Fate in the Environment -- 1.1.1 Metals -- 1.1.2 Organics -- Oil -- Pesticides -- Industrial Chemicals -- 1.1.3 Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) -- Halogenated Organics -- Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) -- Nanoparticles -- Noise Pollution -- 1.1.4 Nutrients and Sewage -- 1.1.5 Carbon Dioxide, Climate Change and Ocean Acidification -- 1.1.6 Litter, Marine Debris -- 1.2 Measuring Effects on Biota -- 1.2.1 Hormesis -- 1.2.2 Mechanistic Approaches -- 1.2.3 Linked Responses - Metals -- 1.2.4 Field Studies -- 1.2.5 Oil -- 1.2.6 CECs -- 1.2.7 Nutrients -- 1.2.8 Climate Change -- 1.2.9 Marine Debris/Litter -- 1.2.10 Survival in Contaminated Environments -- References -- Chapter 2: Feeding and Digestion -- 2.1 Feeding -- 2.1.1 Crustaceans -- Metals -- Organics -- Hypoxia -- Climate Change/Acidification -- Impacts in Polluted Sites -- Litter -- 2.1.2 Mollusks -- Metals -- Organics -- Hypoxia -- Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- Polluted Sites -- 2.1.3 Fishes -- Metals -- Organics -- Acidification -- Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) -- Hypoxia -- Polluted Environment -- 2.1.4 Other Taxa -- Metals -- Organics -- Climate Change -- Hypoxia/Nutrients -- Polluted Sites -- 2.2 Digestion and Assimilation -- 2.2.1 Crustaceans -- Metals -- Organic Pollutants - Pesticides -- Polluted Sites -- 2.2.2 Mollusks -- Pesticides -- Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- Acidification -- 2.2.3 Fishes -- Metals -- Organic Pollutants - Pesticides -- Hypoxia -- 2.2.4 Other Taxa -- Metals -- Organics -- Hypoxia -- Polluted Sites -- 2.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Respiration and Metabolism -- 3.1 Crustaceans -- 3.1.1 Metals -- Cadmium -- Mercury -- Copper and Zinc -- 3.1.2 Organics -- Oil. , Pesticides and Other Organic Chemicals -- 3.1.3 Hypoxia -- 3.1.4 Climate Change/Ocean Acidification -- 3.2 Mollusks -- 3.2.1 Metals -- 3.2.2 Organics -- Oil -- Pesticides -- 3.2.3 Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- 3.2.4 Hypoxia -- 3.2.5 Climate Change/Ocean Acidification -- 3.2.6 Polluted Environment -- 3.3 Fishes -- 3.3.1 Metals -- 3.3.2 Organics - Oil -- 3.3.3 Hypoxia -- 3.3.4 Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- 3.3.5 Polluted Environments -- 3.4 Other Taxa -- 3.4.1 Metals -- 3.4.2 Ocean Acidification -- 3.4.3 Hypoxia -- 3.4.4 Polluted Environments -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Osmoregulation and Excretion -- 4.1 Osmoregulation -- 4.1.1 Crustaceans -- Metals -- Organic Chemicals -- Hypoxia -- Polluted Sites -- Climate Change/Acidification -- 4.1.2 Mollusks -- 4.1.3 Fishes -- Metals -- Organics -- Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- Hypoxia -- Acidification -- Polluted Sites -- 4.1.4 Other Taxa -- Metals -- Ocean Acidification -- 4.2 Excretion -- 4.2.1 Crustacea -- Metals -- Organic Contaminants -- Hypoxia -- Acidification -- 4.2.2 Mollusks -- Metals -- Organics -- Acidification -- Polluted Environment -- 4.2.3 Fishes -- Metals -- Organics -- Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- Hypoxia -- Ocean Acidification -- 4.2.4 Other Taxa -- Metals -- Acidification -- 4.3 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Reproduction and Development -- Chapter 5: Reproduction -- 5.1 Endocrine Effects -- 5.1.1 Crustaceans -- Pesticides and Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- Metals -- Polluted Environment -- 5.1.2 Mollusks -- Metals -- 5.1.3 Fishes -- Metals -- Organics -- Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- Hypoxia -- Climate Change -- Polluted Sites -- 5.1.4 Other Taxa -- Polychaetes -- Marine Mammals -- Corals -- 5.2 Gametogenesis and Fecundity -- 5.2.1 Crustaceans -- Metals -- Organics -- Acidification and Climate Change -- Hypoxia -- Polluted Sites. , 5.2.2 Mollusks -- Metals -- Organics -- Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- Polluted Sites -- 5.2.3 Fishes -- Organics -- Climate Change -- Polluted Sites -- 5.2.4 Other Taxa -- Corals -- Sea Anemones -- Polychaetes -- 5.3 Mating and Fertilization -- 5.3.1 Crustaceans -- 5.3.2 Mollusks -- 5.3.3 Fishes -- Metals -- Organics -- Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- 5.3.4 Other Taxa -- Metals -- Organics -- Climate Change/Acidification -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Embryonic Development -- 6.1 Crustaceans -- 6.1.1 Metals -- 6.1.2 Organics -- Pesticides -- Oil -- Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- 6.1.3 Acidification -- 6.1.4 Hypoxia -- 6.1.5 Polluted Environment -- 6.2 Fishes -- 6.2.1 Metals -- Mercury -- Cadmium -- Tributyltin -- Copper -- Zinc -- Silver -- 6.2.2 Organics -- Pesticides -- PCBs and Dioxins -- Oil/PAHs -- 6.2.3 CECs -- 6.2.4 Hypoxia -- 6.2.5 Climate/Ocean Acidification -- 6.2.6 Polluted Sites -- 6.3 Mollusks -- 6.3.1 Metals -- 6.3.2 Organics -- Pesticides -- Oil -- 6.3.3 Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- 6.3.4 Hypoxia -- 6.3.5 Climate and Ocean Acidification -- 6.4 Other Taxa -- 6.4.1 Echinoderms -- Metals -- Pesticides and CECs -- Ocean Acidification/Climate Change -- 6.4.2 Corals -- 6.4.3 Sea Turtles -- 6.4.4 Rotifers -- 6.4.5 Tunicates -- 6.5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Larval Development -- 7.1 Crustaceans -- 7.1.1 Metals -- 7.1.2 Organics -- Pesticides -- PCBs -- Oil -- 7.1.3 Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- 7.1.4 Hypoxia -- 7.1.5 Ocean Acidification/Climate Change -- 7.1.6 Polluted Environment -- 7.2 Mollusks -- 7.2.1 Metals -- 7.2.2 Organics -- 7.2.3 Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- 7.2.4 Hypoxia -- 7.2.5 Ocean Acidification/CO2 -- 7.2.6 Polluted Environments -- 7.3 Fishes -- 7.3.1 Metals -- 7.3.2 Organics -- Pesticides and PCBs -- Oil and Dispersants. , Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- 7.3.3 Hypoxia -- 7.3.4 Ocean Acidification -- 7.3.5 Polluted Environments -- 7.4 Other Taxa -- 7.4.1 Metals -- 7.4.2 Organics -- Oil and Dispersants -- Pesticides -- Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- 7.4.3 Hypoxia -- 7.4.4 Climate Change/Ocean Acidification -- Corals -- Echinoderms -- 7.5 Conclusions/Discussion -- References -- Chapter 8: Developmental Processes Later in Life -- 8.1 Growth -- 8.1.1 Fishes -- Metals -- Organics -- Hypoxia -- Polluted Environment -- 8.1.2 Mollusks -- Metals -- Organics -- Hypoxia -- Acidification/Climate Change -- Other Pollutants -- 8.1.3 Crustaceans -- Organics -- 8.1.4 Other Taxa -- Acidification/Climate Change -- 8.2 Regeneration and Molting -- 8.2.1 Crustaceans -- Metals -- Organic Contaminants -- Hypoxia -- 8.2.2 Fishes -- Metals -- Organics -- Polluted Environment -- 8.2.3 Other Taxa -- Metals -- Hypoxia -- Acidification/Climate Change -- 8.3 Shell/Bone Formation -- 8.3.1 Crustacea -- Polluted Sites -- Acidification -- 8.3.2 Mollusks -- Metals -- Organics -- Acidification -- Polluted Sites -- 8.3.3 Fishes -- Metals -- Organics -- 8.3.4 Other Taxa -- Foraminifera -- Echinoderms -- Corals -- Coccolithophores/Calcareous Algae -- 8.4 Carcinogenesis -- 8.4.1 Mollusks -- 8.4.2 Fishes -- 8.5 Smoltification -- 8.5.1 Metals -- 8.5.2 Pesticides and PCBs -- 8.5.3 Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) -- 8.5.4 Acidification -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Behavior -- Chapter 9: Behavior -- 9.1 General Activity -- 9.1.1 Crustaceans -- Metals -- Organics -- CECs -- 9.1.2 Mollusks -- Metals -- Organics -- Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- Hypoxia -- Polluted Environment -- 9.1.3 Fishes -- Metals -- Organics -- Emerging Contaminants -- Hypoxia -- Polluted Environments -- 9.1.4 Other Taxa -- 9.2 Burrowing Behavior -- 9.2.1 Crustaceans -- Metals -- Organics -- Hypoxia. , 9.2.2 Mollusks -- Metals -- Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- Polluted Environment -- 9.2.3 Other Taxa -- Metals -- Organics -- 9.3 Feeding and Predator Avoidance -- 9.3.1 Crustaceans -- Metals -- Organics -- Hypoxia -- Climate Change/Acidification -- Polluted Environment -- 9.3.2 Mollusks -- Hypoxia -- Climate Change/Acidification -- 9.3.3 Fishes -- Metals -- Organics - Pesticides and PCBs -- Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- Hypoxia -- Acidification -- Polluted Environments -- 9.3.4 Other Taxa -- 9.4 Reproductive Behavior -- 9.4.1 Crustaceans -- Metals -- Organics -- 9.4.2 Mollusks -- 9.4.3 Fishes -- Metals -- Organics -- Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) -- Hypoxia -- Polluted Environment -- 9.5 Aggression -- 9.5.1 Crustaceans -- Organics -- Hypoxia -- Polluted Environment -- 9.5.2 Fishes -- Emerging Contaminants -- 9.6 Social Behavior -- 9.6.1 Fishes -- Schooling -- Communication -- 9.6.2 Other Taxa -- Cetaceans and Noise Pollution -- 9.7 Migration and Homing/Habitat Evaluation -- 9.7.1 Crustaceans -- Hypoxia -- Acidification -- 9.7.2 Fishes -- Metals -- Organics -- CECs -- Acidification -- 9.7.3 Other Taxa -- Corals and Acidification -- 9.8 Neurotoxicology Underlying Behavior -- 9.8.1 Crustaceans -- Neurosecretion and CNS -- Sense Organs -- 9.8.2 Fishes -- Neurotransmitters -- Sense Organs -- Endocrine System -- 9.8.3 Other Taxa -- 9.9 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Part IV: Dealing with Pollutants -- Chapter 10: Bioaccumulation/Storage/Detoxification -- 10.1 Metals -- 10.1.1 Bioaccumulation -- Crustaceans -- Mollusks -- Fishes -- Other Taxa -- 10.1.2 Subcellular Disposition/Detoxification -- Intracellular Localization and Trophic Transfer -- Metallothioneins -- Lysosomes -- Insoluble Granules -- Stress Proteins -- Other Antioxidants -- 10.2 Organic Contaminants -- 10.2.1 Accumulation of Halogenated Organics -- Crustaceans. , Mollusks.

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