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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cancer incidence among firefighters in Seattle and Tacoma, Washington (United States) (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 129-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Cancer incidence ; colon cancer ; firefighters ; males ; prostate cancer ; USA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to determine if exposure to carcinogens in fire smoke increases the risk of cancer, we examined the incidence of cancer in a cohort of 2,447 male firefighters in Seattle and Tacoma, (Washington, USA). The study population was followed for 16 years (1974–89) and the incidence of cancer, ascertained using a population-based tumor registry, was compared with local rates and with the incidence among 1,878 policemen from the same cities. The risk of cancer among firefighters was found to be similar to both the police and the general male population for most common sites. An elevated risk of prostate cancer was observed relative to the general population (standardized incidence ratio [SIR]=1.4, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.1–1.7) but was less elevated compared with rates in policement (incidence density ratio [IDR]=1.1, CI=0.7–1.8) and was not related to duration of exposure. The risk of colon cancer, although only slightly elevated relative to the general population (SIR=1.1, CI=0.7–1.6) and the police (IDR=1.3, CI=0.6–3.0), appeared to increase with duration of employment. Although the relationship between firefighting and colon cancer is consistent with some previous studies, it is based on small numbers and may be due to chance. While this study did not find strong evidence for an excess risk of cancer, the presence of carcinogens in the firefighting environment warrants periodic re-evaluation of cancer incidence in this population and the continued use of protective equipment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830258
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alcoholism and cancer of the larynx: a case-control study in western Washington (United States) (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 3-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Alcohol ; alcoholism ; laryngeal cancer ; larynx ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Alcohol consumption is a well-known risk factor for laryngeal cancer. To determine whether alcoholism, as measured by responses to the Michigan alcoholism screening test (MAST), is a risk factor for laryngeal cancer independent of alcohol consumption, we analyzed data from a population-based case-control study. Personal interviews were conducted with 235 patients (81 percent response rate) with laryngeal cancer diagnosed from September 1983 through February 1987, who were residents of the Seattle metropolitan area. A total of 547 controls frequency-matched by age and gender, selected by random-digit dialing, were interviewed (75 percent response rate). When considered in a multivariate model, independent risk factors for laryngeal cancer included: alcohol consumption (42 or more drinks/wk compared with seven or less drinks/wk: odds ratio [OR]=3.1,95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.2–7.9); cigarette use (40 or more cigarettes/day compared with never-smoked: OR=23.1, CI=9.4–52.6); and weighted positive responses to the MAST (score of five or more compared with score of zero: OR=1.9, CI=1.1–3.4). Possible explanations for the association between alcoholism and laryngeal cancer are that a measure of alcoholism improves the accuracy of assessment of alcohol consumption, that alcoholism is associated with a pattern of alcohol consumption that increases the risk of laryngeal cancer, or that alcoholism may be a marker for host susceptibility to the carcinogenic effects of alcohol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830720
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gastroesophageal reflux disease, use of H2 receptor antagonists, and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 231-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: esophageal neoplasms ; gastric neoplasms ; gastroesophageal reflux disease ; H2 receptor antagonists
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has risen rapidly in the past two decades, for unknown reasons. The goal of this analysis was to determine whether gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or the medications used to treat it are associated with an increased risk of esophageal or gastric cancer, using data from a large population-based case–control study. Methods: Cases were aged 30–79 years, newly diagnosed with esophageal adenocarcinoma (n = 293), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (n = 221), gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (n = 261), or non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma (n = 368) in three areas with population-based tumor registries. Controls (n = 695) were chosen by random digit dialing and from Health Care Financing Administration rosters. Data were collected using an in-person structured interview. Results: History of gastric ulcer was associated with an increased risk of non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.4–3.2). Risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma increased with frequency of GERD symptoms; the odds ratio in those reporting daily symptoms was 5.5 (95% CI 3.2–9.3). Ever having used H2 blockers was unassociated with esophageal adenocarcinoma risk (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.5–1.5). The odds ratio was 1.3 (95% CI 0.6–2.8) in long-term (4 or more years) users, but increased to 2.1 (95% CI 0.8–5.6) when use in the 5 years prior to the interview was disregarded. Risk was also modestly increased among users of antacids. Neither GERD symptoms nor use of H2 blockers or antacids was associated with risk of the other three tumor types. Conclusions: Individuals with long-standing GERD are at increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma, whether or not the symptoms are treated with H2blockers or antacids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008913828105
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of survival following the diagnosis of esophageal adenocarcinoma (United States) (1996)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 7 (1996), S. 322-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Esophageal neoplasms ; SEER ; data ; survival ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The rapidly rising incidence of esophageal adenocarcinomas in the United States and western Europe remains unexplained. Most persons who develop the disease have had long-standing gastroesophageal reflux symptoms with concomitant Barrett's metaplasia. They are, therefore, potentially identifiable for endoscopic screening and cancer surveillance, which should facilitate the early detection of these tumors. We undertook these analyses to determine the extent to which the opportunity for early diagnosis and treatment of esophageal adenocarcinomas has been realized in the US. Specifically, using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the US National Cancer Institute, we examined changes in stage of disease at diagnosis and in survival between 1973 and 1991 and investigated patient characteristics as predictors of survival. Improvements in stage at diagnosis and in survival between 1973 and 1991 were minor and clinically insignificant; overall five-year survival never exceeded 10 percent. Stage of disease at diagnosis was the strongest determinant of subsequent survival; five-year survival with patients with in situ tumors was 68.2 percent. This survival advantage persisted up to 15 years after diagnosis and was independent of other prognostic factors. We conclude that the opportunity for reduction in esophageal cancer mortality has been largely unrealized in the US. In light of the increasing incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, efforts should be devoted to identifying those at highest risk of developing Barrett's metaplasia and subsequent adenocarcinoma, and to developing cost-effective primary prevention and cancer surveillance methods targetting them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052937
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